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      <title><![CDATA[Dolly Parton deserves some praise]]></title>
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      <title><![CDATA[TIL the most successful Nazi interrogator in world war 2 never physically harmed an enemy soldier, but treated them all with respect and kindness, taking them for walks, letting them visit their comrades in the hospital, even letting one captured pilot test fly a plane. Virtually everybody talked.]]></title>
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		<div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn">Hanns-Joachim Gottlob Scharff</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nickname(s)</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Poker Face<br />Stone Face</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1907-12-16)December 16, 1907<br />Rastenburg, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> (now <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%99trzyn" title="Kętrzyn">Kętrzyn</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">September 10, 1992(1992-09-10) (aged 84)<br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_Valley_Springs" class="mw-redirect" title="Bear Valley Springs">Bear Valley Springs</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehachapi,_California" title="Tehachapi, California">Tehachapi</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Service/<wbr />branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Balkenkreuz.svg" class="image"><img alt="Balkenkreuz.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Balkenkreuz.svg/25px-Balkenkreuz.svg.png" width="25" height="25" srcset="1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Balkenkreuz.svg/50px-Balkenkreuz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1942–45</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obergefreiter" title="Obergefreiter">Obergefreiter</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data">Auswertestelle West, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberursel" class="mw-redirect" title="Oberursel">Oberursel</a>, Germany</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other work</th><td class="infobox-data">(Before World War II) Textile salesman, South Africa; (After World War II) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">Mosaic</a> artist, United States</td></tr></tbody></table><p><b>Hanns-Joachim Gottlob Scharff</b> (December 16, 1907 – September 10, 1992) was a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrogator" class="mw-redirect" title="Interrogator">interrogator</a> during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>.  He has been called the "Master Interrogator" of the Luftwaffe, and possibly of all <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>; he has also been praised for his contribution in shaping U.S. interrogation techniques after the war.  As an <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obergefreiter" title="Obergefreiter">Obergefreiter</a></i> (equivalent to Private First Class) he was charged with interrogating captured American <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter_pilots" class="mw-redirect" title="Fighter pilots">fighter pilots</a> after he became an interrogation officer in 1943.  He has been highly praised for the success of his techniques, in particular because he never used physical means to obtain the required information.  Scharff's interrogation techniques were so effective that he was occasionally called upon to assist other German interrogators in their questioning of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">bomber</a> pilots and aircrews, including those crews and fighter pilots from countries other than the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.  Additionally, he was charged with questioning many more important prisoners who were funnelled through the interrogation center, such as senior officers and famous <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter_aces" class="mw-redirect" title="Fighter aces">fighter aces</a>.
</p><p>In 1948, Scharff was invited by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> to give lectures on his interrogation techniques and first-hand experiences.  The U.S. military later incorporated his methods into its curriculum at its interrogation schools.  Many of his methods are still taught in US Army interrogation schools. Scharff was granted immigration status.
</p><p>From the 1950s until his death in 1992, he redirected his efforts to the creation of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaics" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaics">mosaics</a>.  He became a world-renowned mosaic artisan, with his handiwork on display in locations such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Capitol" title="California State Capitol">California State Capitol</a> building; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_City_Hall" title="Los Angeles City Hall">Los Angeles City Hall</a>; several schools, colleges, and universities, including the giant Outdoor Mosaic Mural facade of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie_State_College_of_Utah" class="mw-redirect" title="Dixie State College of Utah">Dixie State College</a> Fine Arts Center; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epcot_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Epcot Center">Epcot Center</a>; and in the 15-foot arched mosaic walls featuring the story of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinderella" title="Cinderella">Cinderella</a> inside <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinderella_Castle" title="Cinderella Castle">Cinderella Castle</a> at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_World" title="Walt Disney World">Walt Disney World</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>.
</p>

<h2>Biography[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hanns_Scharff&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Biography">edit</a>]</h2>
<h3>Early life[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hanns_Scharff&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</h3>
<p>Scharff was born on December 16, 1907, in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%99trzyn" title="Kętrzyn">Rastenburg</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a> (now <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%99trzyn" title="Kętrzyn">Kętrzyn</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>), to Hans Hermann Scharf and Else Scharf (née Jahn) and was the second of three sons, the elder being Eberhardt and the younger, Wolfgang, who died in his teens.  Hanns Scharff added an extra ‘f’ to the end of his last name as an adult; some ancestors spelled their last names that way.
</p><p>Scharff's father, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_Army" title="Prussian Army">Prussian Army</a> officer before and during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, died in 1917 in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a> from wounds received during World War I on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> in July 1916.  He was the recipient of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Cross" title="Iron Cross">Iron Cross</a> (I and II Class), the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Merit_Cross_(Reuss)" title="War Merit Cross (Reuss)">Reuss Cross</a>, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanseatic_Cross" title="Hanseatic Cross">Hanseatic Cross</a>, "all for bravery in combat,"<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> of which his son was immensely proud.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup></p><p>Scharff's mother was the daughter of one of the founders of one of the largest <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textile</a> mills in Germany.  Her father, Christian G. Jahn, lived at the spacious Villa Jahn in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greiz" title="Greiz">Greiz</a>, Germany, just south of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, and adjacent to the large textile factory compound.  After Hans Hermann Scharf's first stint in the army prior to World War I, he joined Christian Jahn as a partner in the textile business, moving his family into the Villa Jahn to live with his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father-in-law" class="mw-redirect" title="Father-in-law">father-in-law</a>.  His son, Hanns Scharff, was raised in the Villa Jahn until adulthood and schooled in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>.  It was during his schooling there that he was first trained in various forms of art,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> which would eventually serve as a basis for his profession after World War II.
</p>
<h3>Pre-war career[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hanns_Scharff&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Pre-war career">edit</a>]</h3>
<p>Scharff's older brother, Eberhardt, was expected to take over the textile business from his grandfather, Jahn.  Hanns was also encouraged to learn the family business and trained for three years in textiles and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">weaving</a> while still a teenager.  Next, he was trained in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchandizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchandizing">merchandizing</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a>, and finally <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">exporting</a>.  Scharff then traveled to work in the Adlerwerke Foreign Office in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>, South Africa to gain experience in sales (specifically of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adler_(automobile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adler (automobile)">Adler automobiles</a> produced in Frankfurt, Germany) for one year.  However, he was so successful at his job that, instead of returning to Germany, he was promoted to Director of the Overseas Division and continued to make Johannesburg his home for the next 10 years leading up to the outbreak of World War II.
</p><p>While in South Africa, Scharff met and married a South African British woman, Margaret Stokes.  Margaret was the daughter of Captain <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claud_Stokes" title="Claud Stokes">Claud Stokes</a>, first a pilot in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_rule_in_Rhodesia" title="Company rule in Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a> in 1913, and later a squadron leader in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps" title="Royal Flying Corps">Royal Flying Corps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup></p>
<h3>World War II[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hanns_Scharff&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: World War II">edit</a>]</h3>
<h4>Pre-Auswertestelle West military career[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hanns_Scharff&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Pre-Auswertestelle West military career">edit</a>]</h4>
<p>Scharff was visiting Greiz, Germany, during the summer of 1939 when World War II broke out.  Because of the war and being unable to travel as a result, he was more or less stranded in Germany.  After finding work in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> and while living in Berlin with his wife and then three children, he was drafted into the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a>; he subsequently trained for two months in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a>.  Scharff was originally to be deployed to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Russian Front</a>.  However, when Margaret Scharff learned of her husband's destination, she, angry at the thought of a fluent English-speaking German soldier's life being wasted at the Eastern Front, intervened.  She talked her way into the office of a German general in Berlin and pleaded her husband's case, convincing the general of the error which was about to take place.  The general sent a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">telegram</a> to Scharff's panzer unit, informing his superiors that Scharff was to be transferred immediately to the <i>Dolmetscher Kompanie XII</i> (Interpreters Company 12), based in Wiesbaden, to serve as a German/English <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpreter" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpreter">interpreter</a>.  He had been slated to leave for the Russian Front the morning the telegram arrived.  His fellow grenadiers were sent on to Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup></p><p>After traveling by train to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a>, Scharff asked at the train station where Dolmetscher Kompanie XII was based, not having been given any indication of its location before leaving his panzer unit.  Unfamiliar with Kompanie XII, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_police#Germany" title="Military police">Military Police</a> at the train station directed Scharff to report to another panzergrenadier battalion destined for the Eastern Front.  Frustrated and concerned over his new battalion's unwillingness to transfer him to his correct unit, Scharff recalled a letter that his father had written to each of his boys shortly before he died.  In the letter, his father told him that, should he ever need help or guidance, to contact one or both of his dearest friends in his regiment, Majors Ledebur and Postel.  Scharff contacted then-Lieutenant Colonel Postel, who agreed to take his situation up with the commanding general, whom he knew personally.  The next morning, the general telephoned the panzer unit and ordered that Scharff be released to his proper unit.
</p><p>After arriving at Kompanie XII in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a>, Scharff trained in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> nuances and military organization.  During the spring of 1943, he was promoted to <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauptgefreiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Hauptgefreiter">Hauptgefreiter</a></i> and transferred to headquarters in Wiesbaden.  Unsatisfied with his job of "manufactur[ing] little round holes" as a clerk at Headquarters,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> he joked to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjutant" title="Adjutant">adjutant</a> that he had figured out that the cost of each hole he punched was five <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfennig" title="Pfennig">pfennig</a>.  The adjutant informed the general of Scharff's calculations, and the general summoned Scharff and told him that he did not like low-ranking personnel "figuring out costs what were none of their business."<sup id="cite_ref-T_26_7-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-T_26-7">[7]</a></sup>  However, after hearing Scharff's story, the general agreed to send him—only one of three allowed per year—to the Luftwaffe interrogation center at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberursel" class="mw-redirect" title="Oberursel">Oberursel</a>, Germany, to interpret for the interrogators.<sup id="cite_ref-T_26_7-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-T_26-7">[7]</a></sup></p>
<h4>Auswertestelle West Interrogation Officer[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hanns_Scharff&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Auswertestelle West Interrogation Officer">edit</a>]</h4>
<p>The Luftwaffe interrogation centre at Oberursel, just north of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, was officially known as <i>Auswertestelle West</i> (Intelligence and Evaluation Center West).  It served as the initial in-processing and interrogation centre for all captured <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> Air Force personnel, except for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> aircrews, who were interrogated elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup>  Upon arrival, Scharff began in the Camp Office—Reception (COR) and was eventually promoted by the Chief of the Fighter Interrogation Section, Captain Horst H. "Big Chief" Barth, to assistant interrogation officer of the American Fighters section responsible for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Air_Force" title="Eighth Air Force">8th</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_Air_Force" title="Ninth Air Force">9th Air Forces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup>  It was during his training as an assistant interrogation officer that Scharff claims he learned his interrogation techniques through observation; he was never formally trained.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup></p><p>He assisted two USAAF Fighter interrogators named Weyland and Schröder.  While Scharff was on leave in late 1943, Weyland and Schröder went up in a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fieseler_Fi_156" class="mw-redirect" title="Fieseler Fi 156">Fieseler Storch</a> aircraft with a Luftwaffe fighter pilot from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampfgeschwader_27" title="Kampfgeschwader 27">Kampfgeschwader 27</a> unit at Eschborn Airbase.  The aircraft's engine malfunctioned, and the plane crashed, killing the pilot and Schröder, and mortally injuring Weyland.  The accident prompted Barth to promote Scharff to interrogation officer over the USAAF Fighter Section; he was also officially transferred from the Army to the Luftwaffe at that time but was not promoted in rank.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup>  He was later provided with an assistant interrogator, Otto "Canadian Wild Bill" Engelhardt.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup></p>
<h4>Technique[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hanns_Scharff&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Technique">edit</a>]</h4>
<p>Scharff was opposed to physically abusing prisoners to obtain information. Learning on the job, he instead relied upon the Luftwaffe's approved list of techniques, which mostly involved making the interrogator seem as if he is his prisoner's greatest advocate while in captivity.
Scharff described various experiences with new POWs (prisoners of war), outlining the procedure most of his fellow interrogators were instructed to use. Initially, the POWs fear and sense of disorientation, combined with isolation while not in interrogation, were exploited to gain as much initial biographical information as possible. A prisoner was frequently warned that, unless he could produce information beyond name, rank, and serial number, such as the name of his unit and airbase, the Luftwaffe would have no choice but to assume he was a spy and turn him over to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> for questioning. For Scharff, this technique apparently worked quite well. In addition to initially preying upon his prisoner's fears of the infamous Gestapo, he portrayed himself as their closest ally in their predicament, telling them that while he would like nothing more than to see them safely deposited in a POW camp; his hands, he claimed, were tied unless the prisoner gave him the few details that he requested to help him properly identify the prisoner as a true POW.</p><p>After a prisoner's fear had been allayed, Scharff continued to act as a good friend, including sharing jokes, homemade food items, and occasionally alcoholic beverages. He was fluent in English and knowledgeable about British customs and some American ones, which helped him to gain the trust and friendship of many of his prisoners.  In addition, he could empathize with the captured Allied aviators, drawing on the fact that he was not only married to an Englishwoman but also a son-in-law of a World War I British fighter ace (Claude Stokes, as noted above).   Some high-profile prisoners were treated to outings to German airfields (one POW was even allowed to take a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bf_109" class="mw-redirect" title="Bf 109">Bf 109</a> fighter for a trial run), tea with German fighter aces, swimming pool excursions, and luncheons, among other things.  Prisoners were treated well, medically speaking, at the nearby Hohe Mark Hospital, and some POWs were occasionally allowed to visit their comrades at this hospital for company's sake, as well as the better meals provided there.  Scharff was best known for taking his prisoners on strolls through the nearby woods, first having them swear an oath of honor that they would not attempt to escape during their walk.  He chose not to use these nature walks as a time to directly ask his prisoners obvious military-related questions but instead relied on the POWs desire to speak to anyone outside of isolated captivity about informal, generalized topics. Prisoners often volunteered information the Luftwaffe had instructed Scharff to acquire, frequently without realizing they had done so.</p><p>The Luftwaffe kept a vast collection of personal information about any pilot or commander in an enemy air wing in individual files.  Scharff, when faced with a tight-lipped prisoner, usually consulted these files during interrogation sessions. He began by asking a prisoner a question he already knew the answer to, informing the prisoner that he already knew everything about him, but his superiors had given instruction that the prisoner himself had to say it. Scharff continued asking questions that he would then provide the answers for, each time hoping to convince his captive that there was nothing he did not already know. When he eventually got to the piece of information he did not have, prisoners would frequently give the answer, assuming Scharff already had it in his files anyway, often saying so as they provided the information.  Scharff made a point of keeping the Luftwaffe's lack of knowledge a strict secret so as to exploit the same tactic further in later conversations.</p>
<h4>Scharff's prisoners[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hanns_Scharff&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Scharff's prisoners">edit</a>]</h4>
<p>Scharff interrogated many prisoners over the course of his few years as an interrogator at Auswertestelle West.  Among the most famous of these was Lt. Col. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabby_Gabreski" title="Gabby Gabreski">Francis "Gabby" Gabreski</a>, the top American fighter ace in Europe during the war.  Scharff expressed his delight at finally being able to meet Gabreski, who had crashed his P-47 while strafing a German airfield, as he stated he had been expecting his arrival for some time.  He had Gabreski's photo hanging on the wall in his office for months prior to his arrival in anticipation of his capture and interrogation.  Gabreski holds the distinction of being one of the few captives that Scharff never gained any intelligence from during interrogation.  Scharff and Gabreski remained friends well after the war.  In 1983, they reenacted an interrogation at a reunion held in Chicago of Stalag Luft III POWS.</p><p>Scharff also interrogated Col. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Zemke" title="Hubert Zemke">Hubert Zemke</a>, Maj. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duane_Beeson" title="Duane Beeson">Duane Beeson</a>, Capt. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_T._Godfrey" title="John T. Godfrey">John T. Godfrey</a>, Col. Charles W. Stark, Maj. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_W._Johnson_(military_officer)" title="Gerald W. Johnson (military officer)">Gerald W. Johnson</a>, and Col. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einar_Axel_Malmstrom" title="Einar Axel Malmstrom">Einar Axel Malmstrom</a>, amongst many others.
</p><p>He was also asked to interrogate Lt. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_J._Monti" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin J. Monti">Martin J. Monti</a>, who later pleaded guilty to treason against the United States for his activities during the war.  Scharff was asked to testify during his trial in the U.S. in 1948.
</p>
<h4>Immigration to the U.S.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hanns_Scharff&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Immigration to the U.S.">edit</a>]</h4>
<p>Scharff first came to the U.S. in 1948 when he was asked to testify in Lt. Monti's treason trial.  While there, he met with various USAF officials and lectured about prisoner interrogation techniques at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">the Pentagon</a> and other locales.
</p>
<h3>Mosaic creation[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hanns_Scharff&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Mosaic creation">edit</a>]</h3>
<p>After immigrating to the United States following World War II, Scharff fell back upon the artistic influences and training he had acquired during his youth in Germany and began creating mosaic art and furniture products decorated with mosaics for sale within the New York City area.  Reportedly instantly successful, he expanded his business to locations around the U.S.  Now financially successful, he moved his business to Los Angeles, California, less than a decade after starting it.  His new business, Hanns Scharff Designs, brought in even more business in the private, public, and business realms, with each design making his name and work better known and desirable.
</p><p>In 1971, Scharff invited his daughter-in-law, Monika Scharff, to study under him alongside other mosaic artists in his expanding business.  Both Scharffs created one of the most well known mosaics associated with Scharff's business, the five 15-foot wall mosaics telling the story of Cinderella in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinderella_Castle" title="Cinderella Castle">Cinderella Castle</a> at Walt Disney World in Orlando, Florida.
</p><p>Among the many commissions Scharff received, he and his studio created the marbled mosaic floor in the California state capitol building, the mosaic entry ramps at Disney's Epcot Center in Florida, a large outdoor building facade mosaic at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Dixie College">Dixie College</a> in Utah, and the mosaiced eagle floor at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a> campus, in addition to several other private homes, hotels, schools, universities, department stores, shopping malls and churches worldwide.
</p><p>In the mid-1980s, Scharff asked Monika to be his business partner, forming the new "Scharff and Scharff".  The two Scharffs continued to work together, expanding their business, until the elder Scharff's death on September 10, 1992.  Monika continued their business as Scharff and Scharff, which is still in operation.
</p>
<h2>Impact on modern interrogation[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hanns_Scharff&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: Impact on modern interrogation">edit</a>]</h2>
<h3><i>The Interrogator</i>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hanns_Scharff&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: The Interrogator">edit</a>]</h3>
<p>Following the war and his moving to the U.S., Scharff began to write his memoirs of his time as a Luftwaffe interrogator.  He reportedly never meant for his writings to be seen by anyone but himself.  He chose select sections to publish in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argosy_(magazine)" title="Argosy (magazine)">Argosy Magazine</a></i> in 1950 in the form of a brief article titled "Without Torture".  In the 1970s, military author Raymond Toliver contacted Scharff and asked if he could collaborate with him to publish what Scharff had written about his wartime experiences.  Toliver examined what Scharff had written, and went about contacting many of the associates and former prisoners Scharff spoke about in his writings to verify what Scharff had claimed.  Many of those contacted wrote letters to Toliver in return, which he then published in the book chronologically alongside what Scharff had written.  In addition, Toliver conducted his own research of Scharff's life before, during, and after the war, essentially writing a nearly complete biography of Scharff in addition to Scharff's personal thoughts.  The book was published in 1978 under the title <i>The Interrogator: the Story of Hanns Scharff, Luftwaffe's Master Interrogator</i>.  It was republished by a different publisher in 1997.
</p>
<h2>Notes[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hanns_Scharff&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</h2>
<div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width">
<ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> Toliver, p.15
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> Toliver, p.21
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> Several, August 1997
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> Toliver, p.84
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> Toliver, p.18-20
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> Toliver, p.25
</li>
<li id="cite_note-T_26-7">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-T_26_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-T_26_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> Toliver, p.26
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> Toliver, p.14
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> Toliver, p.29-30
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> Toliver, p.30
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> , Toliver, p.37
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> Toliver, p.273
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2>References[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hanns_Scharff&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</h2>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allearsnet.com/tp/mk/castle.htm">"Cinderella Castle, Magic Kingdom"</a> Some photos of Scharff's mosaic work can be seen.</li>
<li>Fulton, Ben "The Interrogator: After Abu Ghraib and Gitmo, Torin Nelson has some questions about the War on Terror." Salt Lake City Weekly <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060721230837/http://www.slweekly.com/editorial/2005/feat_2005-03-10.cfm">slweekly.com</a>, March 10, 2005</li>
<li>Grier, Peter and Faye Bowers "How interrogation tactics have changed" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2004/0527/p02s01-usmi.html">The Christian Science Monitor</a>, May 27, 2004 edition</li>
<li>Littlefield, Robert M. excerpt from <i>Double Nickel - Double Trouble</i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.station131.co.uk/55th/Personal%20Accounts.htm#The%20Greifswald%20Incident">The "Greifswald Incident"</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9623080-3-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-9623080-3-X">0-9623080-3-X</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060501112748/http://www.mcitta.org/scharff0505.htm">The Marine Corps Interrogator Translator Teams Association</a> "Hanns Scharff: Master Interrogator"</li>
<li>Scharff, Hanns J. "Without Torture," <i>Argosy Magazine</i>, May 1950 issue</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scharffandscharff.com/aboutus.htm">"Scharff and Scharff"</a> The history of the custom mosaics company Hanns Scharff created with his daughter-in-law and business partner, Monika Scharff</li>
<li>Several, Michael "Hanns Scharff: Biographical Information" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publicartinla.com/CivicCenter/scharff_bio.html">Los Angeles Civic Center</a> August 1997</li>
<li>Skindrud, Erik "The Good Soldier: Lessons from the past for this generation’s military interrogators" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012140824/http://www.ocweekly.com/news/talk/the-good-soldier/15299/">www.ocweekly.com</a> September 9, 2004</li>
<li>Toliver, Raymond F. "The Interrogator: the Story of Hanns Scharff, Luftwaffe's Master Interrogator" AERO Publishers, 1978; Schiffer Publishing, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996" /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8168-6470-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8168-6470-5">0-8168-6470-5</a></li>
<li>Vest, Jason "Haunted by Abu Ghraib" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.govexec.com/features/0406-01/0406-01s3.htm">www.govexec.com</a> April 1, 2006</li>
<li>Wainright, Marshall "The Strange Tale of the Only USAAF Pilot to Desert to the Germans" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3901/is_200409/ai_n9454071"><i>Air Classics Magazine</i></a> September 2004</li>
<li>Walton, Marilyn Jeffers "Rhapsody in Junk: A Daughter's Return To Germany To Finish Her Father's Story" AuthorHouse Publishers, May 4, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996" /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4259-7486-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4259-7486-2">978-1-4259-7486-2</a></li></ul><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless_&amp;#124;text-top_&amp;#124;10px_&amp;#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5649265#identifiers&amp;#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner"><tbody><tr><th id="Authority_control_frameless_&amp;#124;text-top_&amp;#124;10px_&amp;#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5649265#identifiers&amp;#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5649265#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" width="10" height="10" srcset="1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIBSYS_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="BIBSYS (identifier)">BIBSYS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/98054301">98054301</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GND_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="GND (identifier)">GND</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/121423921">121423921</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISNI_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISNI (identifier)">ISNI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000011748162X">0000 0001 1748 162X</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n78062845">n78062845</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="NKC (identifier)">NKC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=uk2011653963&amp;CON_LNG=ENG">uk2011653963</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIAF_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="VIAF (identifier)">VIAF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/18484936">18484936</a></li>
<li> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WorldCat_Identities_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WorldCat Identities (identifier)">WorldCat Identities</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n78062845">lccn-n78062845</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>



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<td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Minecraft/comments/mih3jc/i_made_windows_xp/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/zGiYUrMLsZitkSWpLI-1ms89ny_bE6uni15SHKbkHDU.png?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=59a692e1f360a23909b3ce9408c586628181d825" alt="I made windows XP" title="I made windows XP"></a> </td>
<td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/finley-aubin"> /u/finley-aubin </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Minecraft/"> r/Minecraft </a> <br><span><a href="https://v.redd.it/dmm4z5ksfqq61">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Minecraft/comments/mih3jc/i_made_windows_xp/">[comments]</a></span> </td>
</tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><h2>I made windows XP</h2><ul><li>Score: 13240</li><li>Comments: 162</li><li>Flair: Art</li></ul><p><img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/zGiYUrMLsZitkSWpLI-1ms89ny_bE6uni15SHKbkHDU.png?format=pjpg&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=7b863fb12768eeae3ca908d6d542e3e02b7bf382"></p></div><iframe src="https://v.redd.it/dmm4z5ksfqq61/DASH_1080.mp4?source=fallback" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" width="1920" height="1080" allowfullscreen></iframe>]]></description>
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      <title><![CDATA[I have contacted the SEC regarding my findings of the cyclical deep ITM call activity on GME. The ball is in their court.]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[
<!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md">
<h1>You wanted it, it's the right thing to do, so it's been done.</h1> <p>I have also notified FINRA Whistleblower service, and they thanked me for my research.</p> <p><a href="https://preview.redd.it/a3vvc0umeqq61.png?width=1322&amp;format=png&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=593afee04a4722f1139d31a31287b95b929080ca">https://preview.redd.it/a3vvc0umeqq61.png?width=1322&amp;format=png&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=593afee04a4722f1139d31a31287b95b929080ca</a></p> <p><a href="https://preview.redd.it/abkqr8x8fqq61.png?width=1285&amp;format=png&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=b81904ac851c3d4f8eb2679bfda22b0a8a3cf324">https://preview.redd.it/abkqr8x8fqq61.png?width=1285&amp;format=png&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=b81904ac851c3d4f8eb2679bfda22b0a8a3cf324</a></p> <p><a href="https://preview.redd.it/awqs3rj2iqq61.png?width=848&amp;format=png&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=61560b71e8f92c10010c17f955be577e113276de">https://preview.redd.it/awqs3rj2iqq61.png?width=848&amp;format=png&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=61560b71e8f92c10010c17f955be577e113276de</a></p> <p>I guess a thing to do would be to contact relevant SEC individuals, your state, senate and Congress representatives, and quote this submission number as urgently in need of investigation. It has been submitted to the SEC Tips, Complaints and Referrals, and also opted into the Whistleblower program.</p> <p>SEC TCR submission no 16173-793-285.</p> <p>The community has already shown their brainpower, willpower, and persistence. Now it's time to exert influence on the people that are meant to protect and serve us.</p> <h1>Power to the Players.</h1> <p>#wearethewhalenow</p> </div>
<!-- SC_ON -->   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/dejf2"> /u/dejf2 </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/GME/"> r/GME </a> <br><span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/GME/comments/mihbr1/i_have_contacted_the_sec_regarding_my_findings_of/">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/GME/comments/mihbr1/i_have_contacted_the_sec_regarding_my_findings_of/">[comments]</a></span>
<br/><hr/><br/><div><h2>I have contacted the SEC regarding my findings of the cyclical deep ITM call activity on GME. The ball is in their court.</h2><ul><li>Score: 6829</li><li>Comments: 446</li><li>Flair: DD ?</li><li>Author: dejf2</li></ul></div><!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><h1>You wanted it, it&#39;s the right thing to do, so it&#39;s been done.</h1>

<p>I have also notified FINRA Whistleblower service, and they thanked me for my research.</p>

<p><a href="https://preview.redd.it/a3vvc0umeqq61.png?width=1322&amp;format=png&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=593afee04a4722f1139d31a31287b95b929080ca">https://preview.redd.it/a3vvc0umeqq61.png?width=1322&amp;format=png&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=593afee04a4722f1139d31a31287b95b929080ca</a></p>

<p><a href="https://preview.redd.it/abkqr8x8fqq61.png?width=1285&amp;format=png&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=b81904ac851c3d4f8eb2679bfda22b0a8a3cf324">https://preview.redd.it/abkqr8x8fqq61.png?width=1285&amp;format=png&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=b81904ac851c3d4f8eb2679bfda22b0a8a3cf324</a></p>

<p><a href="https://preview.redd.it/awqs3rj2iqq61.png?width=848&amp;format=png&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=61560b71e8f92c10010c17f955be577e113276de">https://preview.redd.it/awqs3rj2iqq61.png?width=848&amp;format=png&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=61560b71e8f92c10010c17f955be577e113276de</a></p>

<p>I guess a thing to do would be to contact relevant SEC individuals, your state, senate and Congress representatives, and quote this submission number as urgently in need of investigation. It has been submitted to the SEC Tips, Complaints and Referrals, and also opted into the Whistleblower program.</p>

<p>SEC TCR submission no 16173-793-285.</p>

<p>The community has already shown their brainpower, willpower, and persistence. Now it&#39;s time to exert influence on the people that are meant to protect and serve us.</p>

<h1>Power to the Players.</h1>

<p>#wearethewhalenow</p>
</div><!-- SC_ON -->]]></description>
      <link>https://www.reddit.com/r/GME/comments/mihbr1/i_have_contacted_the_sec_regarding_my_findings_of/</link>
      <guid>https://www.reddit.com/r/GME/comments/mihbr1/i_have_contacted_the_sec_regarding_my_findings_of/</guid>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Apr 8768 16:17:36 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[The “road to hell” Carlsbad Caverns National Park, New Mexico]]></title>
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<td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/interestingasfuck/comments/mifqh4/the_road_to_hell_carlsbad_caverns_national_park/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/llq1mnj7wpq61.jpg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=2680c2d90da8c27d587f7aabc92a8164fca12d44" alt="The “road to hell” Carlsbad Caverns National Park, New Mexico" title="The “road to hell” Carlsbad Caverns National Park, New Mexico"></a> </td>
<td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/DMmeYourCat"> /u/DMmeYourCat </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/interestingasfuck/"> r/interestingasfuck </a> <br><span><a href="https://i.redd.it/llq1mnj7wpq61.jpg">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/interestingasfuck/comments/mifqh4/the_road_to_hell_carlsbad_caverns_national_park/">[comments]</a></span> </td>
</tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><p><img src="https://i.redd.it/llq1mnj7wpq61.jpg"></p></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://i.redd.it/llq1mnj7wpq61.jpg</link>
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      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Apr 8768 16:17:36 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[oddly terrifying but made really well:]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table><tr>
<td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/nextfuckinglevel/comments/migr1y/oddly_terrifying_but_made_really_well/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/1k2m1GGeKO_K3Cb5_ippJkw4PIMJXLT-T7FkaQUKzoo.png?width=320&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=d6b3dd8c4b620a2bd58889ad89cfb68be7a99cb6" alt="oddly terrifying but made really well:" title="oddly terrifying but made really well:"></a> </td>
<td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/snoopman420"> /u/snoopman420 </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/nextfuckinglevel/"> r/nextfuckinglevel </a> <br><span><a href="https://v.redd.it/ffg9u1j1bqq61">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/nextfuckinglevel/comments/migr1y/oddly_terrifying_but_made_really_well/">[comments]</a></span> </td>
</tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><h2>oddly terrifying but made really well:</h2><ul><li>Score: 12836</li><li>Comments: 81</li><li>Flair: </li></ul><p><img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/1k2m1GGeKO_K3Cb5_ippJkw4PIMJXLT-T7FkaQUKzoo.png?format=pjpg&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=eaaca1050b81fc2d947f98021620455f77dc5920"></p></div><iframe src="https://v.redd.it/ffg9u1j1bqq61/DASH_1080.mp4?source=fallback" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" width="608" height="1080" allowfullscreen></iframe>]]></description>
      <link>https://v.redd.it/ffg9u1j1bqq61</link>
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      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Apr 8768 16:17:36 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Soulmates]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table><tr>
<td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Unexpected/comments/mil4ep/soulmates/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/lEaWy-2h43Wet_1JdKQ9PNzoZHpsQuotqdYLuusl-TE.png?width=320&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=f4fa71f75f4b6e56451a9581d04c3dbc6ab08269" alt="Soulmates" title="Soulmates"></a> </td>
<td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/abdirahmanmahdi"> /u/abdirahmanmahdi </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Unexpected/"> r/Unexpected </a> <br><span><a href="https://v.redd.it/45n14ifbprq61">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Unexpected/comments/mil4ep/soulmates/">[comments]</a></span> </td>
</tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><h2>Soulmates</h2><ul><li>Score: 7683</li><li>Comments: 120</li><li>Flair: </li></ul><p><img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/lEaWy-2h43Wet_1JdKQ9PNzoZHpsQuotqdYLuusl-TE.png?format=pjpg&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=02e776a0019ea74b9c8ae9c4b9fca047125272e7"></p></div><iframe src="https://v.redd.it/45n14ifbprq61/DASH_720.mp4?source=fallback" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" width="405" height="720" allowfullscreen></iframe>]]></description>
      <link>https://v.redd.it/45n14ifbprq61</link>
      <guid>https://v.redd.it/45n14ifbprq61</guid>
      <pubDate>Wed, 02 Apr 8724 16:17:37 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[The Falcon and the Winter Soldier S01E03 - Discussion Thread]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[
<!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md">
<p>This thread is for discussion about the episode.</p> <h1>Insight will be on for the next 24 hours!</h1> <p>We will also be removing any threads posted within these 24 hours to prevent unmarked spoilers to go up onto the sub</p> <p><strong>Discussion about previous episodes is permitted, discussion about episodes after this is NOT.</strong></p> <p><strong>Proceed at your own risk:</strong> Spoilers for this episode do not need to be tagged inside this thread.</p> <hr>
<table>
<thead><tr>
<th align="left">EPISODE</th> <th align="center">DIRECTED BY</th> <th align="center">WRITTEN BY</th> <th align="center">ORIGINAL RELEASE DATE</th> </tr></thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td align="left">S01E03</td> <td align="center">Kari Skogland</td> <td align="center">TBA</td> <td align="center">April 2, 2021 on Disney+</td> </tr></tbody>
</table>
<hr>
<p>For more in-depth discussion about Marvel shows on Disney+, visit <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/MarvelStudiosPlus">/r/MarvelStudiosPlus</a></p> </div>
<!-- SC_ON -->   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/iliekpixels"> /u/iliekpixels </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/marvelstudios/"> r/marvelstudios </a> <br><span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/marvelstudios/comments/mievvp/the_falcon_and_the_winter_soldier_s01e03/">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/marvelstudios/comments/mievvp/the_falcon_and_the_winter_soldier_s01e03/">[comments]</a></span>
<br/><hr/><br/><div><h2>The Falcon and the Winter Soldier S01E03 - Discussion Thread</h2><ul><li>Score: 788</li><li>Comments: 3034</li><li>Flair: Discussion</li><li>Author: iliekpixels</li></ul></div><!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>This thread is for discussion about the episode.</p>

<h1>Insight will be on for the next 24 hours!</h1>

<p>We will also be removing any threads posted within these 24 hours to prevent unmarked spoilers to go up onto the sub</p>

<p><strong>Discussion about previous episodes is permitted, discussion about episodes after this is NOT.</strong></p>

<p><strong>Proceed at your own risk:</strong>
Spoilers for this episode do not need to be tagged inside this thread.</p>

<hr/>

<table><thead>
<tr>
<th align="left">EPISODE</th>
<th align="center">DIRECTED BY</th>
<th align="center">WRITTEN BY</th>
<th align="center">ORIGINAL RELEASE DATE</th>
</tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left">S01E03</td>
<td align="center">Kari Skogland</td>
<td align="center">TBA</td>
<td align="center">April 2, 2021 on Disney+</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>

<hr/>

<p>For more in-depth discussion about Marvel shows on Disney+, visit <a href="/r/MarvelStudiosPlus">/r/MarvelStudiosPlus</a></p>
</div><!-- SC_ON -->]]></description>
      <link>https://www.reddit.com/r/marvelstudios/comments/mievvp/the_falcon_and_the_winter_soldier_s01e03/</link>
      <guid>https://www.reddit.com/r/marvelstudios/comments/mievvp/the_falcon_and_the_winter_soldier_s01e03/</guid>
      <pubDate>Mon, 02 Apr 8407 16:17:36 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[I can't uninstall Facebook]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table><tr>
<td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/assholedesign/comments/mijf3r/i_cant_uninstall_facebook/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/5tk3bwxd8rq61.jpg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=c3e4a00151f6a9eff3d73cfbc7bf71d43bb0b44b" alt="I can't uninstall Facebook" title="I can't uninstall Facebook"></a> </td>
<td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/iggykoopa31"> /u/iggykoopa31 </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/assholedesign/"> r/assholedesign </a> <br><span><a href="https://i.redd.it/5tk3bwxd8rq61.jpg">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/assholedesign/comments/mijf3r/i_cant_uninstall_facebook/">[comments]</a></span> </td>
</tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><p><img src="https://i.redd.it/5tk3bwxd8rq61.jpg"></p></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://i.redd.it/5tk3bwxd8rq61.jpg</link>
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      <pubDate>Sat, 02 Apr 7887 16:17:37 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[DHS watchdog finds widespread mistreatment of immigrants at ICE facility]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[  submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/djh860"> /u/djh860 </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/news/"> r/news </a> <br><span><a href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/immigration-mistreatment-ice-detention-dhs-inspector-general/">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/news/comments/mijr3u/dhs_watchdog_finds_widespread_mistreatment_of/">[comments]</a></span>
<br/><hr/><br/><div class="content__high-wrapper" id="article-header" data-sort-time="1617361634000" data-update-time="1617361634000"><header class="content__header content__header--no-promo">
<p class="content__meta content__meta--byline">By Camilo Montoya-Galvez</p>
<p class="content__meta content__meta--timestamp"><time datetime="2021-04-02T07:07:14-0400">April 2, 2021 / 7:07 AM</time> / CBS News</p>
</header></div><figure class="embed embed--type-video embed--type-content_video is-video embed--float-none embed--size-medium is-hero" data-ads="{&quot;extraWordCount&quot;:50}"><div class="embed__content-wrapper"><div class="embed__content--draggable" data-component="draggableFrame" data-draggable-frame-options="{&quot;pauseOnClose&quot;:true,&quot;appearAfterClose&quot;:true}"><div class="player-overlay__container player-overlay--draggable uvpjs" data-theme="default"><p> ICE rolls out new guidelines for deportations </p></div></div></div>
<figcaption class="embed__caption-container"></figcaption></figure><section class="content__body" data-page="1" data-page-hidden="0" data-use-autolinker="true"><p>Immigrants held at an immigration detention center in Arizona were subject to widespread mistreatment last year, ranging from inadequate medical care to excessive punishment for peacefully protesting lax coronavirus mitigation efforts, an internal government watchdog found.</p><p>During a remote inspection of the La Palma Correctional Center in Eloy, Arizona, the Department of Homeland Security's Office of Inspector General (OIG) found violations that jeopardized "the health, safety, and rights" of detainees, according to a <a href="https://www.oig.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/assets/2021-04/OIG-21-30-Mar21.pdf" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">report</a> published Thursday. Citing nearly 1,300 grievances from immigrants held at the detention facility, the internal watchdog said detainees depicted "an environment of mistreatment and verbal abuse."</p><p>Immigrants held at the Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) detention center in Eloy, which is run by a for-profit prison company, told inspectors they held peaceful protests in April 2020 because they were concerned that staff was not providing them the necessary protective equipment to curb the spread of the coronavirus. The detention center's staff deployed pepper spray to quell one of the protests on April 13, according to Thursday's report and surveillance footage.</p><p>A screenshot of the surveillance footage from April 13 shows several dozen detainees sitting or standing outside their holding cells and inside the common eating area as part of a peaceful protest. Another screenshot from later that day shows at least a dozen facility employees, many equipped with riot shields, aiming handheld pepper spray devices at a smaller group of detainees laying on the floor. The image captures one staffer spraying an immigrant who appears to be trying to stand up.</p><figure class="embed embed--type-image is-image embed--float-none embed--size-medium"><img src="https://cbsnews3.cbsistatic.com/hub/i/r/2021/04/01/d3fe758a-7f78-4f05-a4f0-dbf95bfade69/thumbnail/620x620/c4b74de5f6ec635e520f97a72649aedd/ice-protest.png%201x" alt="ice-protest.png" height="620" width="620" class="lazyload" srcset="denied:data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20x" /><figcaption class="embed__caption-container">Security footage from an immigration detention facility in Arizona shows staff firing pepper spray at detainees who were peacefully protesting on April 13, 2020. Department of Homeland Security's Office of Inspector General</figcaption></figure><p>One immigrant detainee said he was injured by the pepper spray balls, but did not file a grievance report fearing reprisals by facility staff. Those who did file grievances had their complaints rejected by detention center employees, the OIG report said.</p><p>Detainees told inspectors that immigrants who participated in the protests were also punished "with lengthy stays in segregation." According to the inspectors, those held in segregation reported being denied access to clean bedding and clothing, legal materials, the commissary, haircuts and recreation — required services for all detainees.</p><aside class="recirculation recirculation--type-collection">
</aside><p>In addition to the alleged physical abuse, the report found that facility staff demeaned and verbally abused detainees, citing one grievance by an immigrant who reported being called a racial slur by a staffer who allegedly hanged up a family call and threatened to pepper spray him.</p><p>Thursday's report corroborated detainees' concerns about the spread of the coronavirus inside the Arizona detention facility. Inspectors said they found that facility staff failed to ensure all detainees had and used face masks and practiced social distancing, noting the lax protocols "may have contributed to the widespread COVID-19 outbreak at the facility."</p><p>In August, more than 200 of 1,200 immigrants held at the Eloy facility tested positive for the coronavirus.</p><p>Inspectors also detailed subpar medical services, a common finding in external and internal reports on ICE's sprawling detention system, which is primarily comprised of county jails and detention facilities operated by for-prison companies, like CoreCivic. The reports said the Eloy's facility medical unit was "critically understaffed," citing 21 vacancies that inspectors determined may have slowed responses to detainee sick calls and efforts to provide immigrants prescribed medication. </p><p>"One detainee, who is a cancer patient, ran out of leukemia medication after the medical staff did not order a refill on time," the report said. "Since the detainee did not hold the medication, he was not aware of when the medication was running out or how long it would take medical staff to obtain a refill."</p><p>DHS inspectors found that employees at the Arizona detention facility had properly complied with ICE rules on separating immigrants with only civil immigration violations from those with criminal records. All immigrants held by ICE, including those with criminal charges or convictions, are, legally, in civil detention.</p><p>In its response to the report, ICE disagreed with most of the findings. It said the use-of-force examples cited in the report complied with the agency's detention rules set in 2011 and that staff who mistreated detainees "received remedial action." The agency also maintained that it was offering immigrants in segregation the required services.</p><p>ICE said the Eloy facility was complying with Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) protocols to mitigate the spread of the coronavirus. The agency said it has provided immigrants in the facility soap and face coverings, as well as training on social distancing.</p><p>A spokeswoman for CoreCivic told CBS News that the company agrees with ICE's response, saying the report "has it wrong about [La Palma Correctional Center] in more ways than it has it right."</p><p>"We operate every day in a challenging environment that was made all the more difficult by a pandemic with which the entire world has and continues to struggle with," spokeswoman Amanda Gilchrist said in a statement. "We always appreciate the feedback and accountability that our partners provide, and we strive every day to do better in our service to them and the people in our care."</p><p>DHS inspectors noted that during a follow-up inspection in 2021, the Eloy detention center was complying with rules related to medical services for immigrants in segregation. The report also said the facility instituted a new policy requiring staff to monitor and automatically refill the medication for detainees with chronic medical conditions.</p></section><footer class="content__footer"><p class="content__published-on"><small>First published on April 1, 2021 / 2:05 PM</small></p>
<p class="content__copyright"><small>© 2021 CBS Interactive Inc. All Rights Reserved.</small></p>
<div class="content-author"><a href="https://www.cbsnews.com/search/author/camilo-montoya-galvez/" class="content-author__name" data-invalid-url-rewritten-http="">Camilo Montoya-Galvez</a><div class="content-author__bio"><div class="content-author__image"><a href="https://www.cbsnews.com/search/author/camilo-montoya-galvez/" data-invalid-url-rewritten-http=""><img src="https://cbsnews3.cbsistatic.com/hub/i/r/2019/10/17/2dd622f7-57c9-41fe-9154-2211d00515af/thumbnail/80x80/6e8be3ef6d2df1a7b81ba0a682fabb11/img-3131.jpg%201x,%20https://cbsnews1.cbsistatic.com/hub/i/r/2019/10/17/2dd622f7-57c9-41fe-9154-2211d00515af/thumbnail/160x160/0a1645942d378abdbb145da9941cf1ae/img-3131.jpg%202x" alt="Camilo Montoya-Galvez" height="80" width="80" class="lazyload" srcset="denied:data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20x" /></a></div><div class="content-author__full-information"><p class="content-author__text">Camilo Montoya-Galvez is the immigration reporter at CBS News. Based in Washington, he covers immigration policy and politics.</p><p><a href="https://twitter.com/camiloreports" class="content-author__social-link" rel="nofollow noopener"> Twitter</a></p></div></div></div>
</footer>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.cbsnews.com/news/immigration-mistreatment-ice-detention-dhs-inspector-general/</link>
      <guid>https://www.cbsnews.com/news/immigration-mistreatment-ice-detention-dhs-inspector-general/</guid>
      <pubDate>Sat, 02 Apr 7644 16:17:37 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[THE MOASS WON'T HAPPEN UNTIL OPTIONS ARE NOT REGULATED: DTC-2021-005 JUST CHANGED THE GAME]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[
<!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md">
<p>ERRATUM ON TITLE PHRASING: THE MOASS WON'T HAPPEN UNTIL <strong>OPTIONS ARE REGULATED</strong>.</p> <p>​</p> <p>LET ME START WITH A QUICK INTRO: SO WE ALL KNOW HOW HF ARE HIDING THEIR SHORT POSITION.</p> <p>Actually, even the SEC knows, since they wrote a "risk alert" on it in fuck** 2013.<a href="https://www.sec.gov/about/offices/ocie/options-trading-risk-alert.pdf">Strengthening Practices for Preventing and Detecting Illegal Options Trading Used to Reset Reg SHO Close-out Obligations</a>.</p> <h1>LET ME SUMMARISE THIS RISK ALERT FOR YOU</h1> <p>​</p> <p><strong>How do HF manage to make it look like they covered? Easily, with 2 types of deceptive options trading.</strong></p> <p>​</p> <ol>
<li>A buy-write trade, i.e. selling deep ITM call + buying a synthetic long share from MM</li> <li>Buying a married put: buying an option put with a synthetic share.</li> </ol>
<p>​</p> <p><strong>What's the difference between selling calls and buying puts?</strong></p> <p>Well, not much, it's a question of obligation vs possibility, but in our scenario, it does not matter much.</p> <p>​</p> <p><strong>Why buy a synthetic long at the same time as the option?</strong></p> <p>They use the synthetic share to appear as if they "close" their short position. Pouf FINRA number goes down, Bloomberg writes an article <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-02-01/gamestop-short-interest-plummets-in-a-sign-traders-are-covering">" GameStop Short Interest Plunges in Sign Traders Are Covering</a>" saying the HF have covered, end of the story.</p> <p>​</p> <p><strong>How can they buy a synthetic long?</strong></p> <p>if a market maker buys options from an options writer, the market maker has legal privileges to do a version of “naked shorting” as part of their hedging function. This is necessary, under the current rules and the current system, for market makers to protect themselves when facilitating options trades.</p> <p>​</p> <p><strong>Do buying synthetic long have an impact on the price of the stock?</strong></p> <p>Well, I do not think so, since they are not part of the float, they are not purchased on the market.</p> <p>​</p> <p><strong>It it good news or bad news?</strong></p> <p>Well, we are not sure. There is a theory saying that the FTD cycles are getting bigger and it will only get worse for them, but I don't like the wait and pray tactic when we're dealing with HF. To me, it's rather a bad news to only rely on HODL and pray for the MOASS to start without the regulations in place to force short to close their positions.Their deceptive options duckery means they can reset their FTD indefinitely, the close-out requirement (which will trigger the MOASS) will never be enforced, and we are fucked.They are not bleeding as we thought they were. The SEC papers mention that with this tactic, they do not have to pay the borrowing fees for shorting, just a pre-arranged premium with the MM, which can be seen as a cost to leverage the MM hedging prerogatives of naked shorting.</p> <p>​</p> <p><strong>Who is short then, the HF or the MM?</strong></p> <p>As long as the double trade is done (buy-write or married put), the HF are no longer short, fron a reporting standpoint, but the MM are, They usually don't want to stay short too long, so they most of the time exercise these options the same day. Which now makes the HF short on his turn, but with a reset for FTD.</p> <p>​</p> <p><a href="https://whalewisdom.com/filer/melvin-capital-management-lp#tabholdings_tab_link">Someone remember Melvin Capital revealing 6,000,000 Puts in the SEC filing from February?</a> But no long position with their put, so naked puts. I'm willing to bet 1 trillion dollars these puts are leftovers of married puts he used as deceptive options to trade to look like he covered during the Jan squeeze.</p> <p>​</p> <p><a href="https://preview.redd.it/9l3xg2226pq61.png?width=2836&amp;format=png&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=14e2215d5bf26b53050ff56b22beaa8325819db1">https://preview.redd.it/9l3xg2226pq61.png?width=2836&amp;format=png&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=14e2215d5bf26b53050ff56b22beaa8325819db1</a></p> <p>​</p> <p><strong>The amount of such options that need to be traded is too big not to be noticed. They all know. The SECC, DTCC, any concurrent HF, and now even us.</strong></p> <p>This is why I'm convinced our best chance is a regulation of Options trading. But that would be too much to ask, right? Well, the DTCC just made the best "April fool" joke to Citadel with <a href="https://www.dtcc.com/-/media/Files/Downloads/legal/rule-filings/2021/DTC/SR-DTC-2021-005.pdf"><strong>DTC-2021-005</strong></a><strong>,</strong> submitted after market close on Thursday (Have a nice Easter weekend Ken!)</p> <p>​</p> <h1>How <a href="https://www.dtcc.com/-/media/Files/Downloads/legal/rule-filings/2021/DTC/SR-DTC-2021-005.pdf">DTC-2021-005</a> is a GAME CHANGER</h1> <p>Well, it's almost too real to be true, but on Thursday, after the market closed, DTCC submitted a rule filing to be reviewed by the SEC. Here is a high-level summary of the 3 main points first, but I will expand mostly on the last one.</p> <ol>
<li>Securities can't be "borrowed" more than once</li> <li>Some securities won't be able to be used as collateral</li> <li><strong>Short/naked options selling or buying won't be possible: HF will need to have the shares when buying puts or selling calls.</strong></li> </ol>
<p><strong>Page 42:</strong></p> <p><strong><em>Pledges to the Options Clearing Corporation</em></strong><em>A Participant writing an option on any options exchange may fully collateralize that option by pledging the underlying securities by book-entry through DTC to the Options Clearing Corporation (OCC). If the option is called (exercised), the securities may be released and delivered to the holder of the call. If the option contract is not exercised, OCC validates a release of the pledged securities, which are then returned to the Participant's general free account.</em></p> <p><strong><em>\</em>** Release of Deposits with Options Clearing Corporation on Expired Options</strong>*<em>OCC automatically releases securities deposited with it to cover margin requirements on an option contract when the option contract expires. The securities are then allocated to your general free account. Notification of the released securities is received via the Collateral Loan Services functionality in the Settlement User Interface or automated output.</em></p> <p>​</p> <p>No more synthetic long, FTD, and other fuckery, this will force the Reg SHO Close-out Requirement which will trigger the MOASS into Uranus.</p> <p>​</p> <h1>I WISH I WAS A COW TO BE JACKED TO ALL MY TITS !!</h1> <p>​</p> <h1>TOO APE ; DID NOT READ:</h1> <p>If short sellers are facing a squeeze because shares are hard to buy, or scrutiny for holding an illegal short position, they can create an appearance of having closed their short position through the use of deceptive options trades. (Selling ITM call or buying married put).</p> <p>It does not make them cover, just reset the clock so FTD doesn't skyrocket.</p> <p>DTCC is unhappy about this mess and wants to ensure Options can no longer be used like this.</p> <p>When it gets enforced, it will force a close-out requirement (force HF to buy the stock in the actual market, launching our rocket to the sun)</p> <p>​</p> <p>​</p> <p><strong>EDITS 1:</strong></p> <p>So, guys, I see lots of questions around when this goes into effect.I believe it's effective immediately after the SEC approves it.</p> <p>How long does the SEC usually take to approve these fillings?WELL, SURPRISINGLY, NOT SO LONG! Could be even just a week or two.Here a brief history:</p> <ul>
<li>DTC-2021-003 (Force HF to reveal their position on a daily basis): submitted the 09/03, approved the 16/03</li> <li>
<a href="https://www.dtcc.com/legal/sec-rule-filings">SR-DTC-2021-004:</a> Approved in a few days</li> <li>
<a href="https://www.dtcc.com/legal/sec-rule-filings">SR-DTC-2021-003</a> was approved quickly as well</li> <li>All the ones before are approved (before Jan 2021)</li> </ul>
<p>​</p> <p><strong>EDITS 2:</strong></p> <p>This is not financial advice, as I can only speak French. DTCC stands for "Dans Ton Cul Citadel", right?</p> <p>​</p> <p><strong>EDITS 3:</strong></p> <p>Please smart apes, come forward and help us make it stronger and more accurate.</p> <p>​</p> </div>
<!-- SC_ON -->   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/lighthouse30130"> /u/lighthouse30130 </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/GME/"> r/GME </a> <br><span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/GME/comments/mibedc/the_moass_wont_happen_until_options_are_not/">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/GME/comments/mibedc/the_moass_wont_happen_until_options_are_not/">[comments]</a></span>
<br/><hr/><br/><div><h2>THE MOASS WON'T HAPPEN UNTIL OPTIONS ARE NOT REGULATED: DTC-2021-005 JUST CHANGED THE GAME</h2><ul><li>Score: 9707</li><li>Comments: 1036</li><li>Flair: DD ?</li><li>Author: lighthouse30130</li></ul></div><!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>ERRATUM ON TITLE PHRASING: THE MOASS WON&#39;T HAPPEN UNTIL <strong>OPTIONS ARE REGULATED</strong>.</p>

<p>&#x200B;</p>

<p>LET ME START WITH A QUICK INTRO: SO WE ALL KNOW HOW HF ARE HIDING THEIR SHORT POSITION.</p>

<p>Actually, even the SEC knows, since they wrote a &quot;risk alert&quot; on it in fuck** 2013.<a href="https://www.sec.gov/about/offices/ocie/options-trading-risk-alert.pdf">Strengthening Practices for Preventing and Detecting Illegal Options Trading Used to Reset Reg SHO Close-out Obligations</a>.</p>

<h1>LET ME SUMMARISE THIS RISK ALERT FOR YOU</h1>

<p>&#x200B;</p>

<p><strong>How do HF manage to make it look like they covered? Easily, with 2 types of deceptive options trading.</strong></p>

<p>&#x200B;</p>

<ol>
<li>A buy-write trade, i.e. selling deep ITM call + buying a synthetic long share from MM</li>
<li>Buying a married put: buying an option put with a synthetic share.</li>
</ol>

<p>&#x200B;</p>

<p><strong>What&#39;s the difference between selling calls and buying puts?</strong></p>

<p>Well, not much, it&#39;s a question of obligation vs possibility, but in our scenario, it does not matter much.</p>

<p>&#x200B;</p>

<p><strong>Why buy a synthetic long at the same time as the option?</strong></p>

<p>They use the synthetic share to appear as if they &quot;close&quot; their short position. Pouf FINRA number goes down, Bloomberg writes an article <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-02-01/gamestop-short-interest-plummets-in-a-sign-traders-are-covering">&quot; GameStop Short Interest Plunges in Sign Traders Are Covering</a>&quot; saying the HF have covered, end of the story.</p>

<p>&#x200B;</p>

<p><strong>How can they buy a synthetic long?</strong></p>

<p>if a market maker buys options from an options writer, the market maker has legal privileges to do a version of “naked shorting” as part of their hedging function. This is necessary, under the current rules and the current system, for market makers to protect themselves when facilitating options trades.</p>

<p>&#x200B;</p>

<p><strong>Do buying synthetic long have an impact on the price of the stock?</strong></p>

<p>Well, I do not think so, since they are not part of the float, they are not purchased on the market.</p>

<p>&#x200B;</p>

<p><strong>It it good news or bad news?</strong></p>

<p>Well, we are not sure. There is a theory saying that the FTD cycles are getting bigger and it will only get worse for them, but I don&#39;t like the wait and pray tactic when we&#39;re dealing with HF. To me, it&#39;s rather a bad news to only rely on HODL and pray for the MOASS to start without the regulations in place to force short to close their positions.Their deceptive options duckery means they can reset their FTD indefinitely, the close-out requirement (which will trigger the MOASS) will never be enforced, and we are fucked.They are not bleeding as we thought they were. The SEC papers mention that with this tactic, they do not have to pay the borrowing fees for shorting, just a pre-arranged premium with the MM, which can be seen as a cost to leverage the MM hedging prerogatives of naked shorting.</p>

<p>&#x200B;</p>

<p><strong>Who is short then, the HF or the MM?</strong></p>

<p>As long as the double trade is done (buy-write or married put), the HF are no longer short, fron a reporting standpoint, but the MM are, They usually don&#39;t want to stay short too long, so they most of the time exercise these options the same day. Which now makes the HF short on his turn, but with a reset for FTD.</p>

<p>&#x200B;</p>

<p><a href="https://whalewisdom.com/filer/melvin-capital-management-lp#tabholdings_tab_link">Someone remember Melvin Capital revealing 6,000,000 Puts in the SEC filing from February?</a> But no long position with their put, so naked puts. I&#39;m willing to bet 1 trillion dollars these puts are leftovers of married puts he used as deceptive options to trade to look like he covered during the Jan squeeze.</p>

<p>&#x200B;</p>

<p><a href="https://preview.redd.it/9l3xg2226pq61.png?width=2836&amp;format=png&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=14e2215d5bf26b53050ff56b22beaa8325819db1">https://preview.redd.it/9l3xg2226pq61.png?width=2836&amp;format=png&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=14e2215d5bf26b53050ff56b22beaa8325819db1</a></p>

<p>&#x200B;</p>

<p><strong>The amount of such options that need to be traded is too big not to be noticed. They all know. The SECC, DTCC, any concurrent HF, and now even us.</strong></p>

<p>This is why I&#39;m convinced our best chance is a regulation of Options trading. But that would be too much to ask, right? Well, the DTCC just made the best &quot;April fool&quot; joke to Citadel with <a href="https://www.dtcc.com/-/media/Files/Downloads/legal/rule-filings/2021/DTC/SR-DTC-2021-005.pdf"><strong>DTC-2021-005</strong></a><strong>,</strong> submitted after market close on Thursday (Have a nice Easter weekend Ken!)</p>

<p>&#x200B;</p>

<h1>How <a href="https://www.dtcc.com/-/media/Files/Downloads/legal/rule-filings/2021/DTC/SR-DTC-2021-005.pdf">DTC-2021-005</a> is a GAME CHANGER</h1>

<p>Well, it&#39;s almost too real to be true, but on Thursday, after the market closed, DTCC submitted a rule filing to be reviewed by the SEC. Here is a high-level summary of the 3 main points first, but I will expand mostly on the last one.</p>

<ol>
<li>Securities can&#39;t be &quot;borrowed&quot; more than once</li>
<li>Some securities won&#39;t be able to be used as collateral</li>
<li><strong>Short/naked options selling or buying won&#39;t be possible: HF will need to have the shares when buying puts or selling calls.</strong></li>
</ol>

<p><strong>Page 42:</strong></p>

<p><strong><em>Pledges to the Options Clearing Corporation</em></strong><em>A Participant writing an option on any options exchange may fully collateralize that option by pledging the underlying securities by book-entry through DTC to the Options Clearing Corporation (OCC). If the option is called (exercised), the securities may be released and delivered to the holder of the call. If the option contract is not exercised, OCC validates a release of the pledged securities, which are then returned to the Participant&#39;s general free account.</em></p>

<p><strong><em>\</em>** Release of Deposits with Options Clearing Corporation on Expired Options</strong>*<em>OCC automatically releases securities deposited with it to cover margin requirements on an option contract when the option contract expires. The securities are then allocated to your general free account. Notification of the released securities is received via the Collateral Loan Services functionality in the Settlement User Interface or automated output.</em></p>

<p>&#x200B;</p>

<p>No more synthetic long, FTD, and other fuckery, this will force the Reg SHO Close-out Requirement which will trigger the MOASS into Uranus.</p>

<p>&#x200B;</p>

<h1>I WISH I WAS A COW TO BE JACKED TO ALL MY TITS !!</h1>

<p>&#x200B;</p>

<h1>TOO APE ; DID NOT READ:</h1>

<p>If short sellers are facing a squeeze because shares are hard to buy, or scrutiny for holding an illegal short position, they can create an appearance of having closed their short position through the use of deceptive options trades. (Selling ITM call or buying married put).</p>

<p>It does not make them cover, just reset the clock so FTD doesn&#39;t skyrocket.</p>

<p>DTCC is unhappy about this mess and wants to ensure Options can no longer be used like this.</p>

<p>When it gets enforced, it will force a close-out requirement (force HF to buy the stock in the actual market, launching our rocket to the sun)</p>

<p>&#x200B;</p>

<p>&#x200B;</p>

<p><strong>EDITS 1:</strong></p>

<p>So, guys, I see lots of questions around when this goes into effect.I believe it&#39;s effective immediately after the SEC approves it.</p>

<p>How long does the SEC usually take to approve these fillings?WELL, SURPRISINGLY, NOT SO LONG! Could be even just a week or two.Here a brief history:</p>

<ul>
<li>DTC-2021-003 (Force HF to reveal their position on a daily basis): submitted the 09/03, approved the 16/03</li>
<li><a href="https://www.dtcc.com/legal/sec-rule-filings">SR-DTC-2021-004:</a> Approved in a few days</li>
<li><a href="https://www.dtcc.com/legal/sec-rule-filings">SR-DTC-2021-003</a> was approved quickly as well</li>
<li>All the ones before are approved (before Jan 2021)</li>
</ul>

<p>&#x200B;</p>

<p><strong>EDITS 2:</strong></p>

<p>This is not financial advice, as I can only speak French. DTCC stands for &quot;Dans Ton Cul Citadel&quot;, right?</p>

<p>&#x200B;</p>

<p><strong>EDITS 3:</strong></p>

<p>Please smart apes, come forward and help us make it stronger and more accurate.</p>

<p>&#x200B;</p>
</div><!-- SC_ON -->]]></description>
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      <pubDate>Wed, 02 Apr 7208 16:17:36 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Dr. Technicality reporting for duty]]></title>
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<td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/technicallythetruth/comments/mii90m/dr_technicality_reporting_for_duty/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/b3gcl2jtuqq61.jpg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=e348f6ccb4a0d529204b207fe9c8dcc236d452b6" alt="Dr. Technicality reporting for duty" title="Dr. Technicality reporting for duty"></a> </td>
<td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/mydoggoisagoodboi"> /u/mydoggoisagoodboi </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/technicallythetruth/"> r/technicallythetruth </a> <br><span><a href="https://i.redd.it/b3gcl2jtuqq61.jpg">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/technicallythetruth/comments/mii90m/dr_technicality_reporting_for_duty/">[comments]</a></span> </td>
</tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><p><img src="https://i.redd.it/b3gcl2jtuqq61.jpg"></p></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://i.redd.it/b3gcl2jtuqq61.jpg</link>
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      <pubDate>Sun, 02 Apr 6682 16:17:37 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Kindergarten class learns how to sign ‘Happy Birthday’ for deaf janitor’s birthday]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table><tr>
<td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/PublicFreakout/comments/mijdek/kindergarten_class_learns_how_to_sign_happy/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/EylNud2l4A5lo_JGcY0Hj1bj-nejG7KqOW-bcPFwWsY.png?width=320&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=6ec1d58058fc5e862cb34253a8568de84c902d41" alt="Kindergarten class learns how to sign ‘Happy Birthday’ for deaf janitor’s birthday" title="Kindergarten class learns how to sign ‘Happy Birthday’ for deaf janitor’s birthday"></a> </td>
<td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Kevin_0019"> /u/Kevin_0019 </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/PublicFreakout/"> r/PublicFreakout </a> <br><span><a href="https://v.redd.it/33sjr5pt7rq61">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/PublicFreakout/comments/mijdek/kindergarten_class_learns_how_to_sign_happy/">[comments]</a></span> </td>
</tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><h2>Kindergarten class learns how to sign ‘Happy Birthday’ for deaf janitor’s birthday</h2><ul><li>Score: 8914</li><li>Comments: 108</li><li>Flair: </li></ul><p><img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/EylNud2l4A5lo_JGcY0Hj1bj-nejG7KqOW-bcPFwWsY.png?format=pjpg&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=c33d9ad41e6a3559f61c18f299a122a8d3d74483"></p></div><iframe src="https://v.redd.it/33sjr5pt7rq61/DASH_240.mp4?source=fallback" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" width="426" height="238" allowfullscreen></iframe>]]></description>
      <link>https://v.redd.it/33sjr5pt7rq61</link>
      <guid>https://v.redd.it/33sjr5pt7rq61</guid>
      <pubDate>Sat, 02 Apr 6444 16:17:37 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Women are perceived differently from men — even when they're robots. Female bots are perceived to have more positive human qualities, such as warmth, experience and emotion, than male bots, and this greater humanness leads consumers to prefer female artificial intelligence, a new study has found.]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table><tr>
<td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/science/comments/mih2id/women_are_perceived_differently_from_men_even/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/wtl0yW7N2Y_U4shSGtH1Nfdn2Ji_2k8t1k_deK4KzH0.jpg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=758705acbd54ad7e8556600bf3ddf62bd6f2a19b" alt="Women are perceived differently from men — even when they're robots. Female bots are perceived to have more positive human qualities, such as warmth, experience and emotion, than male bots, and this greater humanness leads consumers to prefer female artificial intelligence, a new study has found." title="Women are perceived differently from men — even when they're robots. Female bots are perceived to have more positive human qualities, such as warmth, experience and emotion, than male bots, and this greater humanness leads consumers to prefer female artificial intelligence, a new study has found."></a> </td>
<td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/mvea"> /u/mvea </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/science/"> r/science </a> <br><span><a href="https://academictimes.com/women-are-perceived-differently-from-men-even-when-theyre-robots/">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/science/comments/mih2id/women_are_perceived_differently_from_men_even/">[comments]</a></span> </td>
</tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><p dir="ltr">Female bots are perceived to have more positive human qualities, such as warmth, experience and emotion, than male bots, and this greater humanness leads consumers to prefer female artificial intelligence, a new study has found.</p><p dir="ltr">Consumers think that <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/mar.21480">female AI</a> is not only more human but also more trustworthy and more likely to consider the unique needs of users, according to a new study published March 22 in <em>Psychology &amp; Marketing</em>. The large-scale study is the first of its kind about gendered AI and is key to understanding how current technology may objectify women.</p><p dir="ltr">The preference for female AI is evident in the market today, from virtual assistants such as Siri and Alexa to robots such as Sophia (<a href="https://www.cnn.com/style/article/nft-art-sophia-robot-self-portrait-scn/index.html">who recently sold an NFT for nearly $700,000</a>). Machines lack warmth and friendliness, and humanizing technology makes users more apt to trust robots — especially when the robots are cast as female. </p><p dir="ltr">Previous studies have shown that gendered and<a href="https://academictimes.com/realistic-robots-are-starting-to-talk-more-like-humans/"> realistic robots</a> are seen as more human, but researchers have largely overlooked the differences between female and male bots. Sylvie Borau, lead author of the study and a professor of ethical marketing at TBS Business School in Toulouse, France, said this distinction is important. </p><p dir="ltr">Borau's research uses "what really makes something human as a building block [to] explain why female features are so prominent in AI settings." She tested human characteristics, including competence, warmth and experience, in five separate studies. Online interactions and surveys with over 3,000 people compared gender perceptions not just in machines but in humans and animals, too.</p><p dir="ltr">In one study, participants were randomly assigned to either a female or a male chatbot and then answered questions about the chatbot's humanness, such as how mechanical, cold and evolved the bot was perceived to be. The male and female chatbots' ages, facial expressions and physical attractiveness were identical. Even their names, Oliver and Olivia, were similar.</p><p dir="ltr">In another study, participants were shown an image called "<a href="https://sites.wustl.edu/prosper/on-the-origins-of-the-march-of-progress/">The March of Progress</a>," which illustrates man's progression from ape to human. Though the drawing is famous in human evolution, there has never been a female version of this "Road to Homo Sapiens." Borau had to create a gendered image for her research, which measured dehumanization in humans and animals.</p><p dir="ltr">Participants reported that their views on gender were influenced by qualities such as age and parenthood, which have been shown to increase gender biases. People who follow gender stereotypes are more likely to dehumanize women, whether human or machine, according to the researchers. This study found that older participants were less likely to humanize bots and, perhaps unsurprisingly, that narcissists were more negative toward bots. </p><p dir="ltr">Overall, participants perceived human women as having more positive human qualities than human men for nearly all variables in the study. People made both subtle and blatant links between female robots and their human character. In health care services, the female bots and chatbots were thought to give more unique treatment solely because of their gender. In all cases, male bots were perceived to be less human.</p><p dir="ltr">But relying on female AI creates an ethical issue.</p><p dir="ltr">Transforming women into objects as virtual bots "could actually lead to women's objectification," Borau told <em>The Academic Times</em>. Using a female personality to make technology seem more human promotes an "idea that women are simple tools designed to fulfill their owners' needs," she said. </p><p dir="ltr">And most virtual programs use only the mental state of women, while the woman's body disappears. Similar to how women are "sexually objectified based on their physical appearance in advertising," female bots are "mentally objectified in AI," Borau explained. </p><p dir="ltr">Gender-neutral robots are one possible solution, though Borau sees their voices as a big issue. "AI engineers will have to work very hard to make gender-neutral robots sound human," because their voices tend to sound more robotic, she said. </p><p dir="ltr">Another solution is to achieve gender parity in AI, which will be the focus of Borau's future research. While governments and workplaces sometimes struggle to have an equal number of women and men, Borau thinks gender parity can be very easy in AI. Companies choose the sex of the robot as part of the design, and there's no need for gender biases to get in the way of equality. "It's impossible that we're going to let these companies feminize all AI," she said. </p><p dir="ltr">Borau also plans to research how humans verbally abuse female robots. She assumes that people are more likely to make sexist statements to female bots. "I don't understand why there's not more backlash on women in AI," Borau said. "AI should reflect the ideal world we want to live in, not be a selection of the current sexist biases" in our society, she said. </p><p dir="ltr"><em>The study, "The most human bot: Female gendering increases humanness perceptions of bots and acceptance of AI," published March 22 in Psychology &amp; Marketing, was authored by Sylvie Borau and Samuel Fosso Wamba, TBS Business School; Tobias Otterbring, University of Agder and the Institute of Retail Economics; and Sandra Laporte, Toulouse School of Management.</em></p>]]></description>
      <link>https://academictimes.com/women-are-perceived-differently-from-men-even-when-theyre-robots/</link>
      <guid>https://academictimes.com/women-are-perceived-differently-from-men-even-when-theyre-robots/</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 02 Apr 5846 16:17:37 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[A raise or a four-day week; biggest German union seals new deal]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[  submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Maxcactus"> /u/Maxcactus </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/worldnews/"> r/worldnews </a> <br><span><a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-germany-wages-idUSKBN2BM1PY">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/worldnews/comments/mii53a/a_raise_or_a_fourday_week_biggest_german_union/">[comments]</a></span>
<br/><hr/><br/><div class="ArticleBody-byline-container-3H6dy"><p class="Byline-byline-1sVmo ArticleBody-byline-10B7D">By , </p><div class="ArticleBody-read-time-and-social-2VOIr"><p class="TextLabel__text-label___3oCVw TextLabel__gray___1V4fk TextLabel__small-all-caps-spaced-out___3O9H4 ReadTime-read-time-1s3CG ArticleBody-read-time-29pGN">3 Min Read</p></div></div><p class="Paragraph-paragraph-2Bgue ArticleBody-para-TD_9x">DUESSELDORF, Germany (Reuters) - Germany’s largest trade union, IG Metall, agreed a 2.3% wage increase, to be paid either in full or as part of a switch to a four-day week, in a key industrial region, setting the benchmark for 3.9 million metal and engineering workers nationwide.</p><figure class="WithCaption-container-Aau3d WithCaption-outside-2Jvzs"><p><figcaption>FILE PHOTO: A worker wearing a jacket with the logo of German union IG Metall stands next to other workers demonstrating from their cars during a warning strike organized by German union IG Metall, demanding higher wages, amid the outbreak of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), in Dortmund, Germany, March 2, 2021. REUTERS/Leon Kuegeler/File Photo</figcaption></p></figure><p class="Paragraph-paragraph-2Bgue ArticleBody-para-TD_9x">Salaries will increase from July, but the additional money will not be paid out until February next year, as 18.4% of a single monthly salary, according to IG Metall.</p><p class="Paragraph-paragraph-2Bgue ArticleBody-para-TD_9x">An equivalent payment in February 2023 will be worth 27.6% of a monthly salary.</p><p class="Paragraph-paragraph-2Bgue ArticleBody-para-TD_9x">There will also be a one-time “coronavirus premium” of 500 euros ($588).</p><p class="Paragraph-paragraph-2Bgue ArticleBody-para-TD_9x">The package is structured with the aim of allowing some workers to move to a four-day week without a significant loss of earnings. Employers and local works councils will consult on which option to take.</p><p class="Paragraph-paragraph-2Bgue ArticleBody-para-TD_9x">“This agreement offers answers to the pressing problems of our time: the acute consequences of the coronavirus pandemic and the structural challenges of our industries,” said the influential North Rhine-Westphalia branch of the union, covering Germany’s Ruhr Valley industrial heartland.</p><p class="Paragraph-paragraph-2Bgue ArticleBody-para-TD_9x">IG Metall, which represents 2.2 million workers nationwide, had originally demanded a 4% wage increase.</p><p class="Paragraph-paragraph-2Bgue ArticleBody-para-TD_9x">Employers had argued there was no leeway on wages due to the effects of the coronavirus pandemic. The German economy contracted by 5% last year.</p><p class="Paragraph-paragraph-2Bgue ArticleBody-para-TD_9x">However, Stefan Wolf, president of the Gesamtmetall employers’ association, said it was a good solution that could be adopted nationwide.</p><p class="Paragraph-paragraph-2Bgue ArticleBody-para-TD_9x">Deals agreed in NRW, home to a fifth of Germany’s 83 million population, traditionally serve as a template for agreements across the country.</p><p class="Paragraph-paragraph-2Bgue ArticleBody-para-TD_9x">The VDMA engineering association criticised the deal given the uncertain economic outlook. As the pandemic drags on, economists are cutting this year’s forecasts.</p><p class="Paragraph-paragraph-2Bgue ArticleBody-para-TD_9x">“The agreement in the metal and electrical industry is based on the optimistic assumption that companies will recover quickly from the coronavirus crisis. There are only tentative signs of this so far,” said VDMA managing director Thilo Brodtmann.</p><p class="Paragraph-paragraph-2Bgue ArticleBody-para-TD_9x">($1 = 0.8504 euros)</p><div><div class="Attribution-attribution-Y5JpY"><p>Additional reporting by Katharina Loesche; Writing by Thomas Escritt and Madeline Chambers; Editing by Kevin Liffey</p></div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.reuters.com/article/us-germany-wages-idUSKBN2BM1PY</link>
      <guid>https://www.reuters.com/article/us-germany-wages-idUSKBN2BM1PY</guid>
      <pubDate>Wed, 02 Apr 5845 16:17:37 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Pedophile freaks out after getting caught.]]></title>
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<td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/PublicFreakout/comments/miglu4/pedophile_freaks_out_after_getting_caught/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/DaEtMkd3q2Xt8f_V6OozzIyDZ0lTPy_zZZvr_Jt1WHc.png?width=320&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=9357f396b80cb2c75566a6b3ab3cede1a47975c0" alt="Pedophile freaks out after getting caught." title="Pedophile freaks out after getting caught."></a> </td>
<td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/nnotthinng"> /u/nnotthinng </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/PublicFreakout/"> r/PublicFreakout </a> <br><span><a href="https://v.redd.it/v2fh5go39qq61">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/PublicFreakout/comments/miglu4/pedophile_freaks_out_after_getting_caught/">[comments]</a></span> </td>
</tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><h2>Pedophile freaks out after getting caught.</h2><ul><li>Score: 6739</li><li>Comments: 1033</li><li>Flair: </li></ul><p><img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/DaEtMkd3q2Xt8f_V6OozzIyDZ0lTPy_zZZvr_Jt1WHc.png?format=pjpg&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=c73847ea3e0e099eefc5772a37818b2aa409a10e"></p></div><iframe src="https://v.redd.it/v2fh5go39qq61/DASH_360.mp4?source=fallback" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" width="360" height="360" allowfullscreen></iframe>]]></description>
      <link>https://v.redd.it/v2fh5go39qq61</link>
      <guid>https://v.redd.it/v2fh5go39qq61</guid>
      <pubDate>Sun, 02 Apr 5606 16:17:37 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[My pup teaching the new one to sit]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table><tr>
<td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/aww/comments/mij5ii/my_pup_teaching_the_new_one_to_sit/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/x-r9zv3yucpWBmHWA3wCQJ5XCPQG5s2v1xqjaDBEXQA.png?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=d34c0df34ae7ced0b9e477fd0e5351c4c34030e4" alt="My pup teaching the new one to sit" title="My pup teaching the new one to sit"></a> </td>
<td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/blackwrg"> /u/blackwrg </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/aww/"> r/aww </a> <br><span><a href="https://v.redd.it/71nth7ib5rq61">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/aww/comments/mij5ii/my_pup_teaching_the_new_one_to_sit/">[comments]</a></span> </td>
</tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><h2>My pup teaching the new one to sit</h2><ul><li>Score: 11511</li><li>Comments: 95</li><li>Flair: </li></ul><p><img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/x-r9zv3yucpWBmHWA3wCQJ5XCPQG5s2v1xqjaDBEXQA.png?format=pjpg&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=65f6b63c4faddccdacc71b3223b08123eba8c92c"></p></div><iframe src="https://v.redd.it/71nth7ib5rq61/DASH_1080.mp4?source=fallback" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" width="1512" height="1080" allowfullscreen></iframe>]]></description>
      <link>https://v.redd.it/71nth7ib5rq61</link>
      <guid>https://v.redd.it/71nth7ib5rq61</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 02 Apr 5604 16:17:37 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Braiding a (giant) rope]]></title>
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<td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/interestingasfuck/comments/miibik/braiding_a_giant_rope/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/xQU03GO7WkE6gPvp1l2rCxhjXss6ZhH4oQBlqj7kJN8.jpg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=93e7a937e4e5d0380a87fa720541000c57479bfa" alt="Braiding a (giant) rope" title="Braiding a (giant) rope"></a> </td>
<td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/aloofloofah"> /u/aloofloofah </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/interestingasfuck/"> r/interestingasfuck </a> <br><span><a href="https://i.imgur.com/wQNprJq.gifv">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/interestingasfuck/comments/miibik/braiding_a_giant_rope/">[comments]</a></span> </td>
</tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><video width="960" height="540" controls="controls"><source src="https://i.imgur.com/wQNprJq.mp4" type="video/mp4" /></video>]]></description>
      <link>https://i.imgur.com/wQNprJq.gifv</link>
      <guid>https://i.imgur.com/wQNprJq.gifv</guid>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Apr 5005 16:17:37 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Facehugger instakill]]></title>
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<td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/BetterEveryLoop/comments/miio4y/facehugger_instakill/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/EEAPPaMgoFblp9kK6PTBTf2wFrybziCraZM89vDjDn8.gif?width=320&amp;crop=smart&amp;s=efee219f124091794bfed144b475a468fc373248" alt="Facehugger instakill" title="Facehugger instakill"></a> </td>
<td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/smooth_teef"> /u/smooth_teef </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/BetterEveryLoop/"> r/BetterEveryLoop </a> <br><span><a href="https://i.imgur.com/1k3Q4Gc.gifv">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/BetterEveryLoop/comments/miio4y/facehugger_instakill/">[comments]</a></span> </td>
</tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><img src="https://i.imgur.com/1k3Q4Gc.gif" /></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://i.imgur.com/1k3Q4Gc.gifv</link>
      <guid>https://i.imgur.com/1k3Q4Gc.gifv</guid>
      <pubDate>Wed, 02 Apr 3687 16:17:37 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[I love it when a plan comes together]]></title>
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<td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/BlackPeopleTwitter/comments/mij4ph/i_love_it_when_a_plan_comes_together/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/VERsQ6LaWv7fbR_1P0ClfOs3HVR5rM_FOmSbZ8BF0Rk.jpg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=311fc3ddfdb2262a3dd69ad4c171c6934003de51" alt="I love it when a plan comes together" title="I love it when a plan comes together"></a> </td>
<td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/DubTeeDub"> /u/DubTeeDub </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/BlackPeopleTwitter/"> r/BlackPeopleTwitter </a> <br><span><a href="https://imgur.com/v7dMMXc">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/BlackPeopleTwitter/comments/mij4ph/i_love_it_when_a_plan_comes_together/">[comments]</a></span> </td>
</tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><img src="https://i.imgur.com/v7dMMXc.jpg" /></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://imgur.com/v7dMMXc</link>
      <guid>https://imgur.com/v7dMMXc</guid>
      <pubDate>Wed, 02 Apr 3687 16:17:37 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Airpods are the ugliest mainstream piece of tech right now]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[
<!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md">
<p>I just see people using airpods or whatever other brand with those long stems sticking out of their ears and it looks so damn stupid and ugly. No offence to airpods users but thosr things look kinda dumb.</p> <p>Then there are kids who have them in but aren't actually listening to anything but they're just kids so who cares but I've seen adults, full grown ass adults having them in. Sat there just put them in like some sort of fashion statement.</p> <p>Which I guess it is to a lot of people but then again, aren't all apple products to a majority of users a fashion statement?</p> <p>Lastly they sound like shit. The pros are not so bad but the price negates that. The long shower head ones sound like shit and cost an arm. And I'm not even considering the price of those yet</p> <p>Edit : Airpods and the copies look ugly compared to other wireless earphones. Wired in ear earphones hardly exist now. Also I'm talking about regular airpods. The pros are not as horrible</p> <p>Theres that percentage of people who use airpods as a status symbol or a hyped item like a supreme box logo t shirt that I hate.</p> </div>
<!-- SC_ON -->   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/pineapplelicker55"> /u/pineapplelicker55 </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/unpopularopinion/"> r/unpopularopinion </a> <br><span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/unpopularopinion/comments/mifywl/airpods_are_the_ugliest_mainstream_piece_of_tech/">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/unpopularopinion/comments/mifywl/airpods_are_the_ugliest_mainstream_piece_of_tech/">[comments]</a></span>
<br/><hr/><br/><div><h2>Airpods are the ugliest mainstream piece of tech right now</h2><ul><li>Score: 9203</li><li>Comments: 1384</li><li>Flair: </li><li>Author: pineapplelicker55</li></ul></div><!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>I just see people using airpods or whatever other brand with those long stems sticking out of their ears and it looks so damn stupid and ugly. No offence to airpods users but thosr things look kinda dumb.</p>

<p>Then there are kids who have them in but aren&#39;t actually listening to anything but they&#39;re just kids so who cares but I&#39;ve seen adults, full grown ass adults having them in. Sat there just put them in like some sort of fashion statement.</p>

<p>Which I guess it is to a lot of people but then again, aren&#39;t all apple products to a majority of users a fashion statement?</p>

<p>Lastly they sound like shit. The pros are not so bad but the price negates that. The long shower head ones sound like shit and cost an arm. And I&#39;m not even considering the price of those yet</p>

<p>Edit : Airpods and the copies look ugly compared to other wireless earphones. Wired in ear earphones hardly exist now. Also I&#39;m talking about regular airpods. The pros are not as horrible</p>

<p>Theres that percentage of people who use airpods as a status symbol or a hyped item like a supreme box logo t shirt that I hate.</p>
</div><!-- SC_ON -->]]></description>
      <link>https://www.reddit.com/r/unpopularopinion/comments/mifywl/airpods_are_the_ugliest_mainstream_piece_of_tech/</link>
      <guid>https://www.reddit.com/r/unpopularopinion/comments/mifywl/airpods_are_the_ugliest_mainstream_piece_of_tech/</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 02 Apr 3091 16:17:37 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Sea Monkeys can be cute]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table><tr>
<td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/aww/comments/mihh2d/sea_monkeys_can_be_cute/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/TqzHcY7QsNlx29AsrehGgm0Qwbn9yrIEKullnvCQgQM.png?width=216&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=8c38b3c920e86df9c5f20401ce6c300dcbfa1e0f" alt="Sea Monkeys can be cute" title="Sea Monkeys can be cute"></a> </td>
<td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/s0upYes"> /u/s0upYes </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/aww/"> r/aww </a> <br><span><a href="https://v.redd.it/a3zyo5rqkqq61">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/aww/comments/mihh2d/sea_monkeys_can_be_cute/">[comments]</a></span> </td>
</tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><h2>Sea Monkeys can be cute</h2><ul><li>Score: 9090</li><li>Comments: 182</li><li>Flair: </li></ul><p><img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/TqzHcY7QsNlx29AsrehGgm0Qwbn9yrIEKullnvCQgQM.png?format=pjpg&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=5462d1ab21be4034c40b8002000afa49ee855030"></p></div><iframe src="https://v.redd.it/a3zyo5rqkqq61/DASH_360.mp4?source=fallback" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" width="288" height="360" allowfullscreen></iframe>]]></description>
      <link>https://v.redd.it/a3zyo5rqkqq61</link>
      <guid>https://v.redd.it/a3zyo5rqkqq61</guid>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Apr 2244 16:17:37 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Max Verstappen wins the Sprint of the 2026 Singapore Grand Prix]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/formula1/comments/1x2btgv/max_verstappen_wins_the_sprint_of_the_2026/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/n0zc5nwo8muh1.png?width=140&amp;height=140&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=73efb11d1196ffe20f8af43aea070543affe07f3" alt="Max Verstappen wins the Sprint of the 2026 Singapore Grand Prix" title="Max Verstappen wins the Sprint of the 2026 Singapore Grand Prix"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/overspeeed"> /u/overspeeed </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/formula1/"> r/formula1 </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/gallery/1x2btgv">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/formula1/comments/1x2btgv/max_verstappen_wins_the_sprint_of_the_2026/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><p>You've been blocked by network security.</p><div class="text-16 text-neutral-content-weak"><div class="pt-md">To continue, log in to your Reddit account or use your developer token<p>If you think you've been blocked by mistake, file a ticket below and we'll look into it.</p><p><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-primary" href="https://www.reddit.com/login/">Log in </a><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-secondary" href="https://support.reddithelp.com/hc/en-us/requests/new?ticket_form_id=21879292693140">File a ticket</a></p></div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.reddit.com/gallery/1x2btgv</link>
      <guid>https://www.reddit.com/gallery/1x2btgv</guid>
      <pubDate>Sat, 10 Oct 2026 12:20:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[I bought game console and they sent me this]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/mildlyinfuriating/comments/1x2bk92/i_bought_game_console_and_they_sent_me_this/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/z39qyojx5muh1.jpg?width=140&amp;height=140&amp;crop=1:1,smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=8d978463a5c859d145dfd5b270558b204fe1cc13" alt="I bought game console and they sent me this" title="I bought game console and they sent me this"> </a> </td><td> <!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>I bought game console and they sent me fake one.</p> <p>Nothing works, sd-card slot is fake, the usb OTG also fake, the OS is fake..</p> <p>Even the sd card, they printed 64gb on it and it's only 8gb...</p> </div><!-- SC_ON -->   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/trap-2414"> /u/trap-2414 </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/mildlyinfuriating/"> r/mildlyinfuriating </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/gallery/1x2bk92">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/mildlyinfuriating/comments/1x2bk92/i_bought_game_console_and_they_sent_me_this/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><p>You've been blocked by network security.</p><div class="text-16 text-neutral-content-weak"><div class="pt-md">To continue, log in to your Reddit account or use your developer token<p>If you think you've been blocked by mistake, file a ticket below and we'll look into it.</p><p><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-primary" href="https://www.reddit.com/login/">Log in </a><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-secondary" href="https://support.reddithelp.com/hc/en-us/requests/new?ticket_form_id=21879292693140">File a ticket</a></p></div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.reddit.com/gallery/1x2bk92</link>
      <guid>https://www.reddit.com/gallery/1x2bk92</guid>
      <pubDate>Sat, 10 Oct 2026 12:04:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Priorités de daron]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/rance/comments/1x2bfkw/priorit%C3%A9s_de_daron/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/kre3pxik4muh1.png?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=12b2aa9710718450f230274bbb870319c4342e2d" alt="Priorités de daron" title="Priorités de daron"> </a> </td><td> <!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>starf', le divorce c'est les ténèbres.</p> </div><!-- SC_ON -->   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/cypher-dex"> /u/cypher-dex </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/rance/"> r/rance </a> <br> <span><a href="https://i.redd.it/kre3pxik4muh1.png">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/rance/comments/1x2bfkw/priorit%C3%A9s_de_daron/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><p><img src="https://i.redd.it/kre3pxik4muh1.png"></p></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://i.redd.it/kre3pxik4muh1.png</link>
      <guid>https://i.redd.it/kre3pxik4muh1.png</guid>
      <pubDate>Sat, 10 Oct 2026 11:56:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[7.3 banners via Seele Leaks / Genshin Leakflow]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Genshin_Impact_Leaks/comments/1x2ba8d/73_banners_via_seele_leaks_genshin_leakflow/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/zfgsnscd2muh1.png?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=edf11516abbab677b7136866122c5fe62bfcdc31" alt="7.3 banners via Seele Leaks / Genshin Leakflow" title="7.3 banners via Seele Leaks / Genshin Leakflow"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/darkvortex1"> /u/darkvortex1 </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Genshin_Impact_Leaks/"> r/Genshin_Impact_Leaks </a> <br> <span><a href="https://i.redd.it/zfgsnscd2muh1.png">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Genshin_Impact_Leaks/comments/1x2ba8d/73_banners_via_seele_leaks_genshin_leakflow/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><p><img src="https://i.redd.it/zfgsnscd2muh1.png"></p></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://i.redd.it/zfgsnscd2muh1.png</link>
      <guid>https://i.redd.it/zfgsnscd2muh1.png</guid>
      <pubDate>Sat, 10 Oct 2026 11:47:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Absolute Cinema]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[  submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/FeelingCareless4948"> /u/FeelingCareless4948 </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Unexpected/"> r/Unexpected </a> <br> <span><a href="https://v.redd.it/inwqz6re0muh1">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Unexpected/comments/1x2b2nr/absolute_cinema/">[comments]</a></span><br/><hr/><br/><p>You've been blocked by network security.</p><div class="text-16 text-neutral-content-weak"><div class="pt-md">To continue, log in to your Reddit account or use your developer token<p>If you think you've been blocked by mistake, file a ticket below and we'll look into it.</p><p><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-primary" href="https://www.reddit.com/login/">Log in </a><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-secondary" href="https://support.reddithelp.com/hc/en-us/requests/new?ticket_form_id=21879292693140">File a ticket</a></p></div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://v.redd.it/inwqz6re0muh1</link>
      <guid>https://v.redd.it/inwqz6re0muh1</guid>
      <pubDate>Sat, 10 Oct 2026 11:34:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[This painting doesn't make sense, it was obviously generated by AI 🙄]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/adressme/comments/1x2b1m2/this_painting_doesnt_make_sense_it_was_obviously/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/6u7b03070muh1.jpeg?width=320&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=5387620a7ea6594e2f6ad0e5988159533d165db9" alt="This painting doesn't make sense, it was obviously generated by AI 🙄" title="This painting doesn't make sense, it was obviously generated by AI 🙄"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Varness20"> /u/Varness20 </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/adressme/"> r/adressme </a> <br> <span><a href="https://i.redd.it/6u7b03070muh1.jpeg">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/adressme/comments/1x2b1m2/this_painting_doesnt_make_sense_it_was_obviously/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><p><img src="https://i.redd.it/6u7b03070muh1.jpeg"></p></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://i.redd.it/6u7b03070muh1.jpeg</link>
      <guid>https://i.redd.it/6u7b03070muh1.jpeg</guid>
      <pubDate>Sat, 10 Oct 2026 11:32:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Trump affirme avoir menacé Macron de droits de douane de 150 % si la France n’augmentait pas les prix de ses médicaments sur ordonnance : « He said... ‘Donald, it would be my great honor to raise our drug prices. It would be a great honor to double and triple our prices in France.’ »]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x2axyx/trump_affirme_avoir_menac%C3%A9_macron_de_droits_de/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/Z2dyNm9xcDF6bHVoMWEViYrW3xFRftyrC1C6Xkmmm3IqsW46W1-Nm3Q_u8ol.png?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=5ef39a3bb5b0ba2f4ac36b38ff75b3b068b76324" alt="Trump affirme avoir menacé Macron de droits de douane de 150 % si la France n’augmentait pas les prix de ses médicaments sur ordonnance : « He said... ‘Donald, it would be my great honor to raise our drug prices. It would be a great honor to double and triple our prices in France.’ »" title="Trump affirme avoir menacé Macron de droits de douane de 150 % si la France n’augmentait pas les prix de ses médicaments sur ordonnance : « He said... ‘Donald, it would be my great honor to raise our drug prices. It would be a great honor to double and triple our prices in France.’ »"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/loulan"> /u/loulan </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/"> r/france </a> <br> <span><a href="https://v.redd.it/v0wfl9dwyluh1">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x2axyx/trump_affirme_avoir_menac%C3%A9_macron_de_droits_de/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><p>You've been blocked by network security.</p><div class="text-16 text-neutral-content-weak"><div class="pt-md">To continue, log in to your Reddit account or use your developer token<p>If you think you've been blocked by mistake, file a ticket below and we'll look into it.</p><p><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-primary" href="https://www.reddit.com/login/">Log in </a><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-secondary" href="https://support.reddithelp.com/hc/en-us/requests/new?ticket_form_id=21879292693140">File a ticket</a></p></div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://v.redd.it/v0wfl9dwyluh1</link>
      <guid>https://v.redd.it/v0wfl9dwyluh1</guid>
      <pubDate>Sat, 10 Oct 2026 11:25:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Devant les entrepreneurs, Emmanuel Macron dénonce la "haine de la réussite" et "l'esprit de défaite"]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x2ax2u/devant_les_entrepreneurs_emmanuel_macron_d%C3%A9nonce/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/wI6YMRZ-Uck5cB0NfEAclbMzgUrfmJaz-7JS7OnUw9M.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=0c95c58e9f2f60a48065a778b133f9ea0d86c84f" alt="Devant les entrepreneurs, Emmanuel Macron dénonce la &quot;haine de la réussite&quot; et &quot;l'esprit de défaite&quot;" title="Devant les entrepreneurs, Emmanuel Macron dénonce la &quot;haine de la réussite&quot; et &quot;l'esprit de défaite&quot;"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Caramel_Mou"> /u/Caramel_Mou </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/"> r/france </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.bfmtv.com/politique/video-devant-les-entrepreneurs-emmanuel-macron-denonce-la-haine-de-la-reussite-et-l-esprit-de-defaite_VN-202610080700.html">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x2ax2u/devant_les_entrepreneurs_emmanuel_macron_d%C3%A9nonce/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><header class="main_header" id="main_header" role="banner">
</header><main class="main_wrapper video_wrapper" id="main_wrapper" role="main"><div class="grid_wrapper"><div class="grid_column grid_column_ab"><article class="content"><header class="content_header" id="content_header"><div class="video_block vjs-pip-container bitmovin-player-container"><img src="https://www.bfmtv.com/assets/v26/images/placeholder_lcp_video.96eed35e85390f3458d7c37050ae758e.webp" width="16" height="9" alt="placeholder video" class="bitmovin-placeholder" /></div>
<div class="title_description"><p>Emmanuel Macron parle aux entrepreneurs depuis l'événement BPI France "BIG", un grand rassemblement d'entrepreneurs en France, à Paris ce jeudi 8 octobre. </p></div>
</header></article></div><div class="grid_column grid_column_c aside_column"><aside class="video_list_c"><h2 class="mvm_title">Les plus vues</h2>
</aside></div></div>
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srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/1JVfolaWQO60NvZHWtplR4n_nik=/0x0:1280x720/63x0/images/Propos-antisemites-attribues-a-Jordan-Bardella-les-nouvelles-preuves-apportees-par-Mediapart-2362485.webp, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/WvTJ7XnteM0dAjCjP_x4_IumdZo=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Propos-antisemites-attribues-a-Jordan-Bardella-les-nouvelles-preuves-apportees-par-Mediapart-2362485.webp 2x" /><source type="image/jpeg" media="(min-width: 300px)" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/d5gA8wSMBaOWUznnjn0fUzXCNNA=/0x0:1280x720/63x0/images/Propos-antisemites-attribues-a-Jordan-Bardella-les-nouvelles-preuves-apportees-par-Mediapart-2362485.jpg, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/u_TJpV6NRl60a0CnTE6lELAX98A=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Propos-antisemites-attribues-a-Jordan-Bardella-les-nouvelles-preuves-apportees-par-Mediapart-2362485.jpg 2x" /><img src="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/DJDLUHeU1mT1RL5YOkpoOlfzd1I=/0x0:1280x720/283x0/images/Propos-antisemites-attribues-a-Jordan-Bardella-les-nouvelles-preuves-apportees-par-Mediapart-2362485.jpg" alt="Propos antisémites attribués à Jordan Bardella: les nouvelles preuves apportées par Mediapart" /></picture></noscript>
<figcaption>1:27</figcaption></figure><h3 class="last_videos_item_title">Propos antisémites attribués à Jordan Bardella: les nouvelles preuves apportées par Mediapart</h3>
</a></article><article class="last_videos_item"><a href="https://www.bfmtv.com/politique/video-nous-allons-demander-des-explications-au-ministre-sur-l-origine-de-ces-3024-professeurs-remplacants-qui-ont-l-air-de-sortir-du-chapeau-declare-sophie-venetitay-porte-parole-du-snes-fsu_VN-202610090610.html" title="&quot;Nous allons demander des explications [au ministre]&quot; sur l'origine de &quot;ces 3024 professeurs remplaçants qui ont l'air de sortir du chapeau&quot;, déclare Sophie Venétitay, porte-parole du SNES-FSU">
<figure class="meme_sujet_picture"><picture class="last_videos_item_cover with-js"><source media="(min-width: 441px)" class="lozad" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/2NfztauiWYZcyLlsUhQYsFNK2Z8=/0x0:1280x720/283x0/images/Nous-allons-demander-des-explications-au-ministre-sur-l-origine-de-ces-3024-professeurs-remplacants-qui-ont-l-air-de-sortir-du-chapeau-declare-Sophie-Venetitay-porte-parole-du-SNES-FSU-2362474.webp, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/QMOREMv0XyUyzV2gWMnbmwq9Z3I=/0x0:1280x720/566x0/images/Nous-allons-demander-des-explications-au-ministre-sur-l-origine-de-ces-3024-professeurs-remplacants-qui-ont-l-air-de-sortir-du-chapeau-declare-Sophie-Venetitay-porte-parole-du-SNES-FSU-2362474.webp 2x" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 441px)" class="lozad" 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/><source media="(min-width: 361px)" class="lozad" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/5GkbVjQo2M_fpv0q615myue-ilE=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Nous-allons-demander-des-explications-au-ministre-sur-l-origine-de-ces-3024-professeurs-remplacants-qui-ont-l-air-de-sortir-du-chapeau-declare-Sophie-Venetitay-porte-parole-du-SNES-FSU-2362474.jpg 2x" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 321px)" class="lozad" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/BFogYcttJwz5lCT23JjQ_DGI6dM=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Nous-allons-demander-des-explications-au-ministre-sur-l-origine-de-ces-3024-professeurs-remplacants-qui-ont-l-air-de-sortir-du-chapeau-declare-Sophie-Venetitay-porte-parole-du-SNES-FSU-2362474.webp 2x" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 321px)" class="lozad" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/5GkbVjQo2M_fpv0q615myue-ilE=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Nous-allons-demander-des-explications-au-ministre-sur-l-origine-de-ces-3024-professeurs-remplacants-qui-ont-l-air-de-sortir-du-chapeau-declare-Sophie-Venetitay-porte-parole-du-SNES-FSU-2362474.jpg 2x" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 300px)" class="lozad" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/BFogYcttJwz5lCT23JjQ_DGI6dM=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Nous-allons-demander-des-explications-au-ministre-sur-l-origine-de-ces-3024-professeurs-remplacants-qui-ont-l-air-de-sortir-du-chapeau-declare-Sophie-Venetitay-porte-parole-du-SNES-FSU-2362474.webp 2x" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 300px)" class="lozad" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/5GkbVjQo2M_fpv0q615myue-ilE=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Nous-allons-demander-des-explications-au-ministre-sur-l-origine-de-ces-3024-professeurs-remplacants-qui-ont-l-air-de-sortir-du-chapeau-declare-Sophie-Venetitay-porte-parole-du-SNES-FSU-2362474.jpg 2x" type="image/jpeg" /><img width="16" height="9" class="lozad" src="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/eDIgzRfb_HlHEyvJkLAPT1aS4-o=/0x0:1280x720/283x0/images/Nous-allons-demander-des-explications-au-ministre-sur-l-origine-de-ces-3024-professeurs-remplacants-qui-ont-l-air-de-sortir-du-chapeau-declare-Sophie-Venetitay-porte-parole-du-SNES-FSU-2362474.jpg" alt="&quot;Nous allons demander des explications [au ministre]&quot; sur l'origine de &quot;ces 3024 professeurs remplaçants qui ont l'air de sortir du chapeau&quot;, déclare Sophie Venétitay, porte-parole du SNES-FSU" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/eDIgzRfb_HlHEyvJkLAPT1aS4-o=/0x0:1280x720/283x0/images/Nous-allons-demander-des-explications-au-ministre-sur-l-origine-de-ces-3024-professeurs-remplacants-qui-ont-l-air-de-sortir-du-chapeau-declare-Sophie-Venetitay-porte-parole-du-SNES-FSU-2362474.jpg" /></picture><noscript><picture class="last_videos_item_cover"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 441px)" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/2NfztauiWYZcyLlsUhQYsFNK2Z8=/0x0:1280x720/283x0/images/Nous-allons-demander-des-explications-au-ministre-sur-l-origine-de-ces-3024-professeurs-remplacants-qui-ont-l-air-de-sortir-du-chapeau-declare-Sophie-Venetitay-porte-parole-du-SNES-FSU-2362474.webp, 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media="(min-width: 361px)" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/Z_hsGsa9XVNq0dsGpWuryqu0ohQ=/0x0:1280x720/63x0/images/Nous-allons-demander-des-explications-au-ministre-sur-l-origine-de-ces-3024-professeurs-remplacants-qui-ont-l-air-de-sortir-du-chapeau-declare-Sophie-Venetitay-porte-parole-du-SNES-FSU-2362474.webp, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/BFogYcttJwz5lCT23JjQ_DGI6dM=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Nous-allons-demander-des-explications-au-ministre-sur-l-origine-de-ces-3024-professeurs-remplacants-qui-ont-l-air-de-sortir-du-chapeau-declare-Sophie-Venetitay-porte-parole-du-SNES-FSU-2362474.webp 2x" /><source type="image/jpeg" media="(min-width: 361px)" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/O2mr8zy8GkGTmjEPzSx8aTiLk84=/0x0:1280x720/63x0/images/Nous-allons-demander-des-explications-au-ministre-sur-l-origine-de-ces-3024-professeurs-remplacants-qui-ont-l-air-de-sortir-du-chapeau-declare-Sophie-Venetitay-porte-parole-du-SNES-FSU-2362474.jpg, 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media="(min-width: 321px)" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/O2mr8zy8GkGTmjEPzSx8aTiLk84=/0x0:1280x720/63x0/images/Nous-allons-demander-des-explications-au-ministre-sur-l-origine-de-ces-3024-professeurs-remplacants-qui-ont-l-air-de-sortir-du-chapeau-declare-Sophie-Venetitay-porte-parole-du-SNES-FSU-2362474.jpg, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/5GkbVjQo2M_fpv0q615myue-ilE=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Nous-allons-demander-des-explications-au-ministre-sur-l-origine-de-ces-3024-professeurs-remplacants-qui-ont-l-air-de-sortir-du-chapeau-declare-Sophie-Venetitay-porte-parole-du-SNES-FSU-2362474.jpg 2x" /><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 300px)" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/Z_hsGsa9XVNq0dsGpWuryqu0ohQ=/0x0:1280x720/63x0/images/Nous-allons-demander-des-explications-au-ministre-sur-l-origine-de-ces-3024-professeurs-remplacants-qui-ont-l-air-de-sortir-du-chapeau-declare-Sophie-Venetitay-porte-parole-du-SNES-FSU-2362474.webp, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/BFogYcttJwz5lCT23JjQ_DGI6dM=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Nous-allons-demander-des-explications-au-ministre-sur-l-origine-de-ces-3024-professeurs-remplacants-qui-ont-l-air-de-sortir-du-chapeau-declare-Sophie-Venetitay-porte-parole-du-SNES-FSU-2362474.webp 2x" /><source type="image/jpeg" media="(min-width: 300px)" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/O2mr8zy8GkGTmjEPzSx8aTiLk84=/0x0:1280x720/63x0/images/Nous-allons-demander-des-explications-au-ministre-sur-l-origine-de-ces-3024-professeurs-remplacants-qui-ont-l-air-de-sortir-du-chapeau-declare-Sophie-Venetitay-porte-parole-du-SNES-FSU-2362474.jpg, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/5GkbVjQo2M_fpv0q615myue-ilE=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Nous-allons-demander-des-explications-au-ministre-sur-l-origine-de-ces-3024-professeurs-remplacants-qui-ont-l-air-de-sortir-du-chapeau-declare-Sophie-Venetitay-porte-parole-du-SNES-FSU-2362474.jpg 2x" /><img src="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/eDIgzRfb_HlHEyvJkLAPT1aS4-o=/0x0:1280x720/283x0/images/Nous-allons-demander-des-explications-au-ministre-sur-l-origine-de-ces-3024-professeurs-remplacants-qui-ont-l-air-de-sortir-du-chapeau-declare-Sophie-Venetitay-porte-parole-du-SNES-FSU-2362474.jpg" alt="&quot;Nous allons demander des explications [au ministre]&quot; sur l'origine de &quot;ces 3024 professeurs remplaçants qui ont l'air de sortir du chapeau&quot;, déclare Sophie Venétitay, porte-parole du SNES-FSU" /></picture></noscript>
<figcaption>2:11</figcaption></figure><h3 class="last_videos_item_title">"Nous allons demander des explications [au ministre]" sur l'origine de "ces 3024 professeurs remplaçants qui ont l'air de sortir du chapeau", déclare Sophie Venétitay, porte-parole du SNES-FSU</h3>
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https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/CxQ2qcmJGY-mPm5mNVeCyBOu1mE=/0x0:1280x720/566x0/images/Dunkerque-une-adolescente-de-14-ans-percutee-par-la-voiture-de-police-qui-a-fonce-vers-des-lyceens-2362470.jpg 2x" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 361px)" class="lozad" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/zYFC26P4oOcRF-Jp1A6TJk5rFCM=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Dunkerque-une-adolescente-de-14-ans-percutee-par-la-voiture-de-police-qui-a-fonce-vers-des-lyceens-2362470.webp 2x" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 361px)" class="lozad" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/3r-C_foZ5qWkLfBEddar3pA4LZ8=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Dunkerque-une-adolescente-de-14-ans-percutee-par-la-voiture-de-police-qui-a-fonce-vers-des-lyceens-2362470.jpg 2x" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 321px)" class="lozad" 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srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/3r-C_foZ5qWkLfBEddar3pA4LZ8=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Dunkerque-une-adolescente-de-14-ans-percutee-par-la-voiture-de-police-qui-a-fonce-vers-des-lyceens-2362470.jpg 2x" type="image/jpeg" /><img width="16" height="9" class="lozad" src="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/QhHeuGOFahom4ZI1BsycY7zhqfA=/0x0:1280x720/283x0/images/Dunkerque-une-adolescente-de-14-ans-percutee-par-la-voiture-de-police-qui-a-fonce-vers-des-lyceens-2362470.jpg" alt="Dunkerque: une adolescente de 14 ans percutée par la voiture de police qui a foncé vers des lycéens" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/QhHeuGOFahom4ZI1BsycY7zhqfA=/0x0:1280x720/283x0/images/Dunkerque-une-adolescente-de-14-ans-percutee-par-la-voiture-de-police-qui-a-fonce-vers-des-lyceens-2362470.jpg" /></picture><noscript><picture class="last_videos_item_cover"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 441px)" 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srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/dueur0bmj7NPy98DNbLNFuZ_0cw=/0x0:1280x720/63x0/images/Dunkerque-une-adolescente-de-14-ans-percutee-par-la-voiture-de-police-qui-a-fonce-vers-des-lyceens-2362470.webp, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/zYFC26P4oOcRF-Jp1A6TJk5rFCM=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Dunkerque-une-adolescente-de-14-ans-percutee-par-la-voiture-de-police-qui-a-fonce-vers-des-lyceens-2362470.webp 2x" /><source type="image/jpeg" media="(min-width: 321px)" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/qwQZa_L2Y6mJq4-pOEs_YdiFzf0=/0x0:1280x720/63x0/images/Dunkerque-une-adolescente-de-14-ans-percutee-par-la-voiture-de-police-qui-a-fonce-vers-des-lyceens-2362470.jpg, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/3r-C_foZ5qWkLfBEddar3pA4LZ8=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Dunkerque-une-adolescente-de-14-ans-percutee-par-la-voiture-de-police-qui-a-fonce-vers-des-lyceens-2362470.jpg 2x" /><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 300px)" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/dueur0bmj7NPy98DNbLNFuZ_0cw=/0x0:1280x720/63x0/images/Dunkerque-une-adolescente-de-14-ans-percutee-par-la-voiture-de-police-qui-a-fonce-vers-des-lyceens-2362470.webp, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/zYFC26P4oOcRF-Jp1A6TJk5rFCM=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Dunkerque-une-adolescente-de-14-ans-percutee-par-la-voiture-de-police-qui-a-fonce-vers-des-lyceens-2362470.webp 2x" /><source type="image/jpeg" media="(min-width: 300px)" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/qwQZa_L2Y6mJq4-pOEs_YdiFzf0=/0x0:1280x720/63x0/images/Dunkerque-une-adolescente-de-14-ans-percutee-par-la-voiture-de-police-qui-a-fonce-vers-des-lyceens-2362470.jpg, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/3r-C_foZ5qWkLfBEddar3pA4LZ8=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Dunkerque-une-adolescente-de-14-ans-percutee-par-la-voiture-de-police-qui-a-fonce-vers-des-lyceens-2362470.jpg 2x" /><img src="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/QhHeuGOFahom4ZI1BsycY7zhqfA=/0x0:1280x720/283x0/images/Dunkerque-une-adolescente-de-14-ans-percutee-par-la-voiture-de-police-qui-a-fonce-vers-des-lyceens-2362470.jpg" alt="Dunkerque: une adolescente de 14 ans percutée par la voiture de police qui a foncé vers des lycéens" /></picture></noscript>
<figcaption>3:52</figcaption></figure><h3 class="last_videos_item_title">Dunkerque: une adolescente de 14 ans percutée par la voiture de police qui a foncé vers des lycéens</h3>
</a></article><article class="last_videos_item"><a href="https://www.bfmtv.com/politique/video-le-mouvement-lyceen-connait-une-nette-deceleration-et-les-degats-en-marge-des-manifestations-ont-coute-a-minima-30-millions-d-euros-selon-une-source-proche-de-l-executif_VN-202610090574.html" title="Le mouvement lycéen connaît une &quot;nette décélération&quot; et les dégâts en marge des manifestations ont coûté &quot;a minima 30 millions d'euros&quot;, selon une source proche de l'exécutif.">
<figure class="meme_sujet_picture"><picture class="last_videos_item_cover with-js"><source media="(min-width: 441px)" class="lozad" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/X-Pkv9DQuL1BdLSMe-2ec8CwsK8=/0x0:1280x720/283x0/images/Le-mouvement-lyceen-connait-une-nette-deceleration-et-les-degats-en-marge-des-manifestations-ont-coute-a-minima-30-millions-d-euros-selon-une-source-proche-de-l-executif-2362458.webp, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/ywUnPmNE9UQJ6Tw_lII9xt_TzFw=/0x0:1280x720/566x0/images/Le-mouvement-lyceen-connait-une-nette-deceleration-et-les-degats-en-marge-des-manifestations-ont-coute-a-minima-30-millions-d-euros-selon-une-source-proche-de-l-executif-2362458.webp 2x" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 441px)" class="lozad" 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srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/ZbGJfVZOGOqKZbFyvyfXk_1WrxU=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Le-mouvement-lyceen-connait-une-nette-deceleration-et-les-degats-en-marge-des-manifestations-ont-coute-a-minima-30-millions-d-euros-selon-une-source-proche-de-l-executif-2362458.jpg 2x" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 300px)" class="lozad" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/aBqLTUDweO2-toETEHCakT9kqIs=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Le-mouvement-lyceen-connait-une-nette-deceleration-et-les-degats-en-marge-des-manifestations-ont-coute-a-minima-30-millions-d-euros-selon-une-source-proche-de-l-executif-2362458.webp 2x" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 300px)" class="lozad" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/ZbGJfVZOGOqKZbFyvyfXk_1WrxU=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Le-mouvement-lyceen-connait-une-nette-deceleration-et-les-degats-en-marge-des-manifestations-ont-coute-a-minima-30-millions-d-euros-selon-une-source-proche-de-l-executif-2362458.jpg 2x" type="image/jpeg" /><img width="16" height="9" class="lozad" src="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/f01DFn8qS5aVfNLELmKqjgdJeCo=/0x0:1280x720/283x0/images/Le-mouvement-lyceen-connait-une-nette-deceleration-et-les-degats-en-marge-des-manifestations-ont-coute-a-minima-30-millions-d-euros-selon-une-source-proche-de-l-executif-2362458.jpg" alt="Le mouvement lycéen connaît une &quot;nette décélération&quot; et les dégâts en marge des manifestations ont coûté &quot;a minima 30 millions d'euros&quot;, selon une source proche de l'exécutif." srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/f01DFn8qS5aVfNLELmKqjgdJeCo=/0x0:1280x720/283x0/images/Le-mouvement-lyceen-connait-une-nette-deceleration-et-les-degats-en-marge-des-manifestations-ont-coute-a-minima-30-millions-d-euros-selon-une-source-proche-de-l-executif-2362458.jpg" /></picture><noscript><picture class="last_videos_item_cover"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 441px)" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/X-Pkv9DQuL1BdLSMe-2ec8CwsK8=/0x0:1280x720/283x0/images/Le-mouvement-lyceen-connait-une-nette-deceleration-et-les-degats-en-marge-des-manifestations-ont-coute-a-minima-30-millions-d-euros-selon-une-source-proche-de-l-executif-2362458.webp, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/ywUnPmNE9UQJ6Tw_lII9xt_TzFw=/0x0:1280x720/566x0/images/Le-mouvement-lyceen-connait-une-nette-deceleration-et-les-degats-en-marge-des-manifestations-ont-coute-a-minima-30-millions-d-euros-selon-une-source-proche-de-l-executif-2362458.webp 2x" /><source type="image/jpeg" media="(min-width: 441px)" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/f01DFn8qS5aVfNLELmKqjgdJeCo=/0x0:1280x720/283x0/images/Le-mouvement-lyceen-connait-une-nette-deceleration-et-les-degats-en-marge-des-manifestations-ont-coute-a-minima-30-millions-d-euros-selon-une-source-proche-de-l-executif-2362458.jpg, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/ooogBo-W8MrclanrinEipDHuPbc=/0x0:1280x720/566x0/images/Le-mouvement-lyceen-connait-une-nette-deceleration-et-les-degats-en-marge-des-manifestations-ont-coute-a-minima-30-millions-d-euros-selon-une-source-proche-de-l-executif-2362458.jpg 2x" /><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 361px)" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/CTxnIdfY7aqePyHOXAHnXka7xQk=/0x0:1280x720/63x0/images/Le-mouvement-lyceen-connait-une-nette-deceleration-et-les-degats-en-marge-des-manifestations-ont-coute-a-minima-30-millions-d-euros-selon-une-source-proche-de-l-executif-2362458.webp, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/aBqLTUDweO2-toETEHCakT9kqIs=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Le-mouvement-lyceen-connait-une-nette-deceleration-et-les-degats-en-marge-des-manifestations-ont-coute-a-minima-30-millions-d-euros-selon-une-source-proche-de-l-executif-2362458.webp 2x" /><source type="image/jpeg" media="(min-width: 361px)" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/6F_NFmQyFvMHSrlxAPOlTai4Rd0=/0x0:1280x720/63x0/images/Le-mouvement-lyceen-connait-une-nette-deceleration-et-les-degats-en-marge-des-manifestations-ont-coute-a-minima-30-millions-d-euros-selon-une-source-proche-de-l-executif-2362458.jpg, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/ZbGJfVZOGOqKZbFyvyfXk_1WrxU=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Le-mouvement-lyceen-connait-une-nette-deceleration-et-les-degats-en-marge-des-manifestations-ont-coute-a-minima-30-millions-d-euros-selon-une-source-proche-de-l-executif-2362458.jpg 2x" /><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 321px)" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/CTxnIdfY7aqePyHOXAHnXka7xQk=/0x0:1280x720/63x0/images/Le-mouvement-lyceen-connait-une-nette-deceleration-et-les-degats-en-marge-des-manifestations-ont-coute-a-minima-30-millions-d-euros-selon-une-source-proche-de-l-executif-2362458.webp, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/aBqLTUDweO2-toETEHCakT9kqIs=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Le-mouvement-lyceen-connait-une-nette-deceleration-et-les-degats-en-marge-des-manifestations-ont-coute-a-minima-30-millions-d-euros-selon-une-source-proche-de-l-executif-2362458.webp 2x" /><source type="image/jpeg" media="(min-width: 321px)" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/6F_NFmQyFvMHSrlxAPOlTai4Rd0=/0x0:1280x720/63x0/images/Le-mouvement-lyceen-connait-une-nette-deceleration-et-les-degats-en-marge-des-manifestations-ont-coute-a-minima-30-millions-d-euros-selon-une-source-proche-de-l-executif-2362458.jpg, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/ZbGJfVZOGOqKZbFyvyfXk_1WrxU=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Le-mouvement-lyceen-connait-une-nette-deceleration-et-les-degats-en-marge-des-manifestations-ont-coute-a-minima-30-millions-d-euros-selon-une-source-proche-de-l-executif-2362458.jpg 2x" /><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 300px)" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/CTxnIdfY7aqePyHOXAHnXka7xQk=/0x0:1280x720/63x0/images/Le-mouvement-lyceen-connait-une-nette-deceleration-et-les-degats-en-marge-des-manifestations-ont-coute-a-minima-30-millions-d-euros-selon-une-source-proche-de-l-executif-2362458.webp, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/aBqLTUDweO2-toETEHCakT9kqIs=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Le-mouvement-lyceen-connait-une-nette-deceleration-et-les-degats-en-marge-des-manifestations-ont-coute-a-minima-30-millions-d-euros-selon-une-source-proche-de-l-executif-2362458.webp 2x" /><source type="image/jpeg" media="(min-width: 300px)" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/6F_NFmQyFvMHSrlxAPOlTai4Rd0=/0x0:1280x720/63x0/images/Le-mouvement-lyceen-connait-une-nette-deceleration-et-les-degats-en-marge-des-manifestations-ont-coute-a-minima-30-millions-d-euros-selon-une-source-proche-de-l-executif-2362458.jpg, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/ZbGJfVZOGOqKZbFyvyfXk_1WrxU=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Le-mouvement-lyceen-connait-une-nette-deceleration-et-les-degats-en-marge-des-manifestations-ont-coute-a-minima-30-millions-d-euros-selon-une-source-proche-de-l-executif-2362458.jpg 2x" /><img src="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/f01DFn8qS5aVfNLELmKqjgdJeCo=/0x0:1280x720/283x0/images/Le-mouvement-lyceen-connait-une-nette-deceleration-et-les-degats-en-marge-des-manifestations-ont-coute-a-minima-30-millions-d-euros-selon-une-source-proche-de-l-executif-2362458.jpg" alt="Le mouvement lycéen connaît une &quot;nette décélération&quot; et les dégâts en marge des manifestations ont coûté &quot;a minima 30 millions d'euros&quot;, selon une source proche de l'exécutif." /></picture></noscript>
<figcaption>1:33</figcaption></figure><h3 class="last_videos_item_title">Le mouvement lycéen connaît une "nette décélération" et les dégâts en marge des manifestations ont coûté "a minima 30 millions d'euros", selon une source proche de l'exécutif.</h3>
</a></article><article class="last_videos_item"><a href="https://www.bfmtv.com/police-justice/video-info-bfmtv-a-dunkerque-une-adolescente-de-14-ans-a-ete-percutee-par-la-voiture-de-police-qui-a-fonce-dans-la-foule-des-manifestants_VN-202610090566.html" title="INFO BFMTV : À Dunkerque, une adolescente de 14 ans a été percutée par la voiture de police qui a foncé dans la foule des manifestants">
<figure class="meme_sujet_picture"><picture class="last_videos_item_cover with-js"><source media="(min-width: 441px)" class="lozad" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/TIL7A4SQuUUoLFeaIsrmgcgwZ1k=/0x0:1280x720/283x0/images/INFO-BFMTV-A-Dunkerque-une-adolescente-de-14-ans-a-ete-percutee-par-la-voiture-de-police-qui-a-fonce-dans-la-foule-des-manifestants-2362453.webp, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/qtxkts_CqUtBr2A4qkZHf1GfskA=/0x0:1280x720/566x0/images/INFO-BFMTV-A-Dunkerque-une-adolescente-de-14-ans-a-ete-percutee-par-la-voiture-de-police-qui-a-fonce-dans-la-foule-des-manifestants-2362453.webp 2x" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 441px)" class="lozad" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/L4R5W8EvKOlZtR-buoEo1TY61pk=/0x0:1280x720/283x0/images/INFO-BFMTV-A-Dunkerque-une-adolescente-de-14-ans-a-ete-percutee-par-la-voiture-de-police-qui-a-fonce-dans-la-foule-des-manifestants-2362453.jpg, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/6lYjtcdDkUBga98FLq9wwWRw0vU=/0x0:1280x720/566x0/images/INFO-BFMTV-A-Dunkerque-une-adolescente-de-14-ans-a-ete-percutee-par-la-voiture-de-police-qui-a-fonce-dans-la-foule-des-manifestants-2362453.jpg 2x" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 361px)" class="lozad" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/olX6AUIO7XmkTma9dDqZ2dWmZKA=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/INFO-BFMTV-A-Dunkerque-une-adolescente-de-14-ans-a-ete-percutee-par-la-voiture-de-police-qui-a-fonce-dans-la-foule-des-manifestants-2362453.webp 2x" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 361px)" class="lozad" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/7WEOfrV3aVQ1EPfRH3en7CcWPAA=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/INFO-BFMTV-A-Dunkerque-une-adolescente-de-14-ans-a-ete-percutee-par-la-voiture-de-police-qui-a-fonce-dans-la-foule-des-manifestants-2362453.jpg 2x" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 321px)" class="lozad" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/olX6AUIO7XmkTma9dDqZ2dWmZKA=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/INFO-BFMTV-A-Dunkerque-une-adolescente-de-14-ans-a-ete-percutee-par-la-voiture-de-police-qui-a-fonce-dans-la-foule-des-manifestants-2362453.webp 2x" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 321px)" class="lozad" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/7WEOfrV3aVQ1EPfRH3en7CcWPAA=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/INFO-BFMTV-A-Dunkerque-une-adolescente-de-14-ans-a-ete-percutee-par-la-voiture-de-police-qui-a-fonce-dans-la-foule-des-manifestants-2362453.jpg 2x" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 300px)" class="lozad" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/olX6AUIO7XmkTma9dDqZ2dWmZKA=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/INFO-BFMTV-A-Dunkerque-une-adolescente-de-14-ans-a-ete-percutee-par-la-voiture-de-police-qui-a-fonce-dans-la-foule-des-manifestants-2362453.webp 2x" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 300px)" class="lozad" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/7WEOfrV3aVQ1EPfRH3en7CcWPAA=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/INFO-BFMTV-A-Dunkerque-une-adolescente-de-14-ans-a-ete-percutee-par-la-voiture-de-police-qui-a-fonce-dans-la-foule-des-manifestants-2362453.jpg 2x" type="image/jpeg" /><img width="16" height="9" class="lozad" src="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/L4R5W8EvKOlZtR-buoEo1TY61pk=/0x0:1280x720/283x0/images/INFO-BFMTV-A-Dunkerque-une-adolescente-de-14-ans-a-ete-percutee-par-la-voiture-de-police-qui-a-fonce-dans-la-foule-des-manifestants-2362453.jpg" alt="INFO BFMTV : À Dunkerque, une adolescente de 14 ans a été percutée par la voiture de police qui a foncé dans la foule des manifestants" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/L4R5W8EvKOlZtR-buoEo1TY61pk=/0x0:1280x720/283x0/images/INFO-BFMTV-A-Dunkerque-une-adolescente-de-14-ans-a-ete-percutee-par-la-voiture-de-police-qui-a-fonce-dans-la-foule-des-manifestants-2362453.jpg" /></picture><noscript><picture class="last_videos_item_cover"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 441px)" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/TIL7A4SQuUUoLFeaIsrmgcgwZ1k=/0x0:1280x720/283x0/images/INFO-BFMTV-A-Dunkerque-une-adolescente-de-14-ans-a-ete-percutee-par-la-voiture-de-police-qui-a-fonce-dans-la-foule-des-manifestants-2362453.webp, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/qtxkts_CqUtBr2A4qkZHf1GfskA=/0x0:1280x720/566x0/images/INFO-BFMTV-A-Dunkerque-une-adolescente-de-14-ans-a-ete-percutee-par-la-voiture-de-police-qui-a-fonce-dans-la-foule-des-manifestants-2362453.webp 2x" /><source type="image/jpeg" media="(min-width: 441px)" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/L4R5W8EvKOlZtR-buoEo1TY61pk=/0x0:1280x720/283x0/images/INFO-BFMTV-A-Dunkerque-une-adolescente-de-14-ans-a-ete-percutee-par-la-voiture-de-police-qui-a-fonce-dans-la-foule-des-manifestants-2362453.jpg, 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srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/dYiix5r50KyOVbazS4yf2VCtyy4=/0x0:1280x720/63x0/images/INFO-BFMTV-A-Dunkerque-une-adolescente-de-14-ans-a-ete-percutee-par-la-voiture-de-police-qui-a-fonce-dans-la-foule-des-manifestants-2362453.jpg, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/7WEOfrV3aVQ1EPfRH3en7CcWPAA=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/INFO-BFMTV-A-Dunkerque-une-adolescente-de-14-ans-a-ete-percutee-par-la-voiture-de-police-qui-a-fonce-dans-la-foule-des-manifestants-2362453.jpg 2x" /><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 321px)" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/6Kr5ZTyibp4msPCFJjHkDmVWGiE=/0x0:1280x720/63x0/images/INFO-BFMTV-A-Dunkerque-une-adolescente-de-14-ans-a-ete-percutee-par-la-voiture-de-police-qui-a-fonce-dans-la-foule-des-manifestants-2362453.webp, 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srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/6Kr5ZTyibp4msPCFJjHkDmVWGiE=/0x0:1280x720/63x0/images/INFO-BFMTV-A-Dunkerque-une-adolescente-de-14-ans-a-ete-percutee-par-la-voiture-de-police-qui-a-fonce-dans-la-foule-des-manifestants-2362453.webp, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/olX6AUIO7XmkTma9dDqZ2dWmZKA=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/INFO-BFMTV-A-Dunkerque-une-adolescente-de-14-ans-a-ete-percutee-par-la-voiture-de-police-qui-a-fonce-dans-la-foule-des-manifestants-2362453.webp 2x" /><source type="image/jpeg" media="(min-width: 300px)" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/dYiix5r50KyOVbazS4yf2VCtyy4=/0x0:1280x720/63x0/images/INFO-BFMTV-A-Dunkerque-une-adolescente-de-14-ans-a-ete-percutee-par-la-voiture-de-police-qui-a-fonce-dans-la-foule-des-manifestants-2362453.jpg, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/7WEOfrV3aVQ1EPfRH3en7CcWPAA=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/INFO-BFMTV-A-Dunkerque-une-adolescente-de-14-ans-a-ete-percutee-par-la-voiture-de-police-qui-a-fonce-dans-la-foule-des-manifestants-2362453.jpg 2x" /><img src="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/L4R5W8EvKOlZtR-buoEo1TY61pk=/0x0:1280x720/283x0/images/INFO-BFMTV-A-Dunkerque-une-adolescente-de-14-ans-a-ete-percutee-par-la-voiture-de-police-qui-a-fonce-dans-la-foule-des-manifestants-2362453.jpg" alt="INFO BFMTV : À Dunkerque, une adolescente de 14 ans a été percutée par la voiture de police qui a foncé dans la foule des manifestants" /></picture></noscript>
<figcaption>3:52</figcaption></figure><h3 class="last_videos_item_title">INFO BFMTV : À Dunkerque, une adolescente de 14 ans a été percutée par la voiture de police qui a foncé dans la foule des manifestants</h3>
</a></article><article class="last_videos_item"><a href="https://www.bfmtv.com/politique/video-pourquoi-ces-postes-n-ont-ils-pas-ete-deployes-plus-tot-s-interroge-benjamin-baune-co-secretaire-federal-sud-education-apres-l-annonce-de-l-arrivee-de-3-000-professeurs-remplacants_VN-202610090556.html" title="&quot;Pourquoi ces postes n'ont-ils pas été déployés plus tôt?&quot;, s'interroge Benjamin Bauné, co-secrétaire fédéral Sud Éducation, après l'annonce de l'arrivée de 3.000 professeurs remplaçants">
<figure class="meme_sujet_picture"><picture class="last_videos_item_cover with-js"><source media="(min-width: 441px)" class="lozad" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/HLOytbA9y92c9l4wut8C1gFRG7w=/0x0:1280x720/283x0/images/Pourquoi-ces-postes-n-ont-ils-pas-ete-deployes-plus-tot-s-interroge-Benjamin-Baune-co-secretaire-federal-Sud-Education-apres-l-annonce-de-l-arrivee-de-3-000-professeurs-remplacants-2362444.webp, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/-pztFrV4pr3YVHqH0xN4MAVJSJY=/0x0:1280x720/566x0/images/Pourquoi-ces-postes-n-ont-ils-pas-ete-deployes-plus-tot-s-interroge-Benjamin-Baune-co-secretaire-federal-Sud-Education-apres-l-annonce-de-l-arrivee-de-3-000-professeurs-remplacants-2362444.webp 2x" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 441px)" class="lozad" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/eO6yCIZAGZNewUOHdfRoxQhWL4M=/0x0:1280x720/283x0/images/Pourquoi-ces-postes-n-ont-ils-pas-ete-deployes-plus-tot-s-interroge-Benjamin-Baune-co-secretaire-federal-Sud-Education-apres-l-annonce-de-l-arrivee-de-3-000-professeurs-remplacants-2362444.jpg, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/ul7dX2JIfUbfennb3r4EBFBkekg=/0x0:1280x720/566x0/images/Pourquoi-ces-postes-n-ont-ils-pas-ete-deployes-plus-tot-s-interroge-Benjamin-Baune-co-secretaire-federal-Sud-Education-apres-l-annonce-de-l-arrivee-de-3-000-professeurs-remplacants-2362444.jpg 2x" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 361px)" class="lozad" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/BRAumTNzj5MsWF0OP5IYnd7jiIU=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Pourquoi-ces-postes-n-ont-ils-pas-ete-deployes-plus-tot-s-interroge-Benjamin-Baune-co-secretaire-federal-Sud-Education-apres-l-annonce-de-l-arrivee-de-3-000-professeurs-remplacants-2362444.webp 2x" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 361px)" class="lozad" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/juUg8pziU1mTWyi-mrahHXOXb0w=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Pourquoi-ces-postes-n-ont-ils-pas-ete-deployes-plus-tot-s-interroge-Benjamin-Baune-co-secretaire-federal-Sud-Education-apres-l-annonce-de-l-arrivee-de-3-000-professeurs-remplacants-2362444.jpg 2x" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 321px)" class="lozad" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/BRAumTNzj5MsWF0OP5IYnd7jiIU=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Pourquoi-ces-postes-n-ont-ils-pas-ete-deployes-plus-tot-s-interroge-Benjamin-Baune-co-secretaire-federal-Sud-Education-apres-l-annonce-de-l-arrivee-de-3-000-professeurs-remplacants-2362444.webp 2x" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 321px)" class="lozad" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/juUg8pziU1mTWyi-mrahHXOXb0w=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Pourquoi-ces-postes-n-ont-ils-pas-ete-deployes-plus-tot-s-interroge-Benjamin-Baune-co-secretaire-federal-Sud-Education-apres-l-annonce-de-l-arrivee-de-3-000-professeurs-remplacants-2362444.jpg 2x" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 300px)" class="lozad" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/BRAumTNzj5MsWF0OP5IYnd7jiIU=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Pourquoi-ces-postes-n-ont-ils-pas-ete-deployes-plus-tot-s-interroge-Benjamin-Baune-co-secretaire-federal-Sud-Education-apres-l-annonce-de-l-arrivee-de-3-000-professeurs-remplacants-2362444.webp 2x" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 300px)" class="lozad" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/juUg8pziU1mTWyi-mrahHXOXb0w=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Pourquoi-ces-postes-n-ont-ils-pas-ete-deployes-plus-tot-s-interroge-Benjamin-Baune-co-secretaire-federal-Sud-Education-apres-l-annonce-de-l-arrivee-de-3-000-professeurs-remplacants-2362444.jpg 2x" type="image/jpeg" /><img width="16" height="9" class="lozad" src="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/eO6yCIZAGZNewUOHdfRoxQhWL4M=/0x0:1280x720/283x0/images/Pourquoi-ces-postes-n-ont-ils-pas-ete-deployes-plus-tot-s-interroge-Benjamin-Baune-co-secretaire-federal-Sud-Education-apres-l-annonce-de-l-arrivee-de-3-000-professeurs-remplacants-2362444.jpg" alt="&quot;Pourquoi ces postes n'ont-ils pas été déployés plus tôt?&quot;, s'interroge Benjamin Bauné, co-secrétaire fédéral Sud Éducation, après l'annonce de l'arrivée de 3.000 professeurs remplaçants" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/eO6yCIZAGZNewUOHdfRoxQhWL4M=/0x0:1280x720/283x0/images/Pourquoi-ces-postes-n-ont-ils-pas-ete-deployes-plus-tot-s-interroge-Benjamin-Baune-co-secretaire-federal-Sud-Education-apres-l-annonce-de-l-arrivee-de-3-000-professeurs-remplacants-2362444.jpg" /></picture><noscript><picture class="last_videos_item_cover"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 441px)" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/HLOytbA9y92c9l4wut8C1gFRG7w=/0x0:1280x720/283x0/images/Pourquoi-ces-postes-n-ont-ils-pas-ete-deployes-plus-tot-s-interroge-Benjamin-Baune-co-secretaire-federal-Sud-Education-apres-l-annonce-de-l-arrivee-de-3-000-professeurs-remplacants-2362444.webp, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/-pztFrV4pr3YVHqH0xN4MAVJSJY=/0x0:1280x720/566x0/images/Pourquoi-ces-postes-n-ont-ils-pas-ete-deployes-plus-tot-s-interroge-Benjamin-Baune-co-secretaire-federal-Sud-Education-apres-l-annonce-de-l-arrivee-de-3-000-professeurs-remplacants-2362444.webp 2x" /><source type="image/jpeg" media="(min-width: 441px)" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/eO6yCIZAGZNewUOHdfRoxQhWL4M=/0x0:1280x720/283x0/images/Pourquoi-ces-postes-n-ont-ils-pas-ete-deployes-plus-tot-s-interroge-Benjamin-Baune-co-secretaire-federal-Sud-Education-apres-l-annonce-de-l-arrivee-de-3-000-professeurs-remplacants-2362444.jpg, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/ul7dX2JIfUbfennb3r4EBFBkekg=/0x0:1280x720/566x0/images/Pourquoi-ces-postes-n-ont-ils-pas-ete-deployes-plus-tot-s-interroge-Benjamin-Baune-co-secretaire-federal-Sud-Education-apres-l-annonce-de-l-arrivee-de-3-000-professeurs-remplacants-2362444.jpg 2x" /><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 361px)" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/js4E4TYc07ervjP6rU6y1Ah-zUU=/0x0:1280x720/63x0/images/Pourquoi-ces-postes-n-ont-ils-pas-ete-deployes-plus-tot-s-interroge-Benjamin-Baune-co-secretaire-federal-Sud-Education-apres-l-annonce-de-l-arrivee-de-3-000-professeurs-remplacants-2362444.webp, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/BRAumTNzj5MsWF0OP5IYnd7jiIU=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Pourquoi-ces-postes-n-ont-ils-pas-ete-deployes-plus-tot-s-interroge-Benjamin-Baune-co-secretaire-federal-Sud-Education-apres-l-annonce-de-l-arrivee-de-3-000-professeurs-remplacants-2362444.webp 2x" /><source type="image/jpeg" media="(min-width: 361px)" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/UhMiAQ6Auk6AWuQbyJ5fywnCxWU=/0x0:1280x720/63x0/images/Pourquoi-ces-postes-n-ont-ils-pas-ete-deployes-plus-tot-s-interroge-Benjamin-Baune-co-secretaire-federal-Sud-Education-apres-l-annonce-de-l-arrivee-de-3-000-professeurs-remplacants-2362444.jpg, 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src="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/eO6yCIZAGZNewUOHdfRoxQhWL4M=/0x0:1280x720/283x0/images/Pourquoi-ces-postes-n-ont-ils-pas-ete-deployes-plus-tot-s-interroge-Benjamin-Baune-co-secretaire-federal-Sud-Education-apres-l-annonce-de-l-arrivee-de-3-000-professeurs-remplacants-2362444.jpg" alt="&quot;Pourquoi ces postes n'ont-ils pas été déployés plus tôt?&quot;, s'interroge Benjamin Bauné, co-secrétaire fédéral Sud Éducation, après l'annonce de l'arrivée de 3.000 professeurs remplaçants" /></picture></noscript>
<figcaption>1:50</figcaption></figure><h3 class="last_videos_item_title">"Pourquoi ces postes n'ont-ils pas été déployés plus tôt?", s'interroge Benjamin Bauné, co-secrétaire fédéral Sud Éducation, après l'annonce de l'arrivée de 3.000 professeurs remplaçants</h3>
</a></article><article class="last_videos_item"><a href="https://www.bfmtv.com/societe/video-colere-lyceenne-un-cortege-s-est-elance-a-nantes-ce-vendredi-apres-midi_VN-202610090543.html" title="Colère lycéenne: un cortège s'est élancé à Nantes ce vendredi">
<figure class="meme_sujet_picture"><picture class="last_videos_item_cover with-js"><source media="(min-width: 441px)" class="lozad" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/V__yS1BxUxIy2wJ3AyxotmMXsg4=/0x0:1280x720/283x0/images/Colere-lyceenne-un-cortege-s-est-elance-a-Nantes-ce-vendredi-apres-midi-2362427.webp, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/Mp3heuqPAqCWY85_rY-CTYcIy28=/0x0:1280x720/566x0/images/Colere-lyceenne-un-cortege-s-est-elance-a-Nantes-ce-vendredi-apres-midi-2362427.webp 2x" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 441px)" class="lozad" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/fIE9ZjIBJ0YVWlJTTLSwvh9b860=/0x0:1280x720/283x0/images/Colere-lyceenne-un-cortege-s-est-elance-a-Nantes-ce-vendredi-apres-midi-2362427.jpg, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/1OsGXg49YvhhmINYJoNzWqIb3cc=/0x0:1280x720/566x0/images/Colere-lyceenne-un-cortege-s-est-elance-a-Nantes-ce-vendredi-apres-midi-2362427.jpg 2x" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 361px)" class="lozad" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/GMcOgl9mngHVnnLB39LHWpD_9ic=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Colere-lyceenne-un-cortege-s-est-elance-a-Nantes-ce-vendredi-apres-midi-2362427.webp 2x" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 361px)" class="lozad" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/6OE_0F5mvDU-6Jec6v1eimjt9L0=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Colere-lyceenne-un-cortege-s-est-elance-a-Nantes-ce-vendredi-apres-midi-2362427.jpg 2x" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 321px)" class="lozad" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/GMcOgl9mngHVnnLB39LHWpD_9ic=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Colere-lyceenne-un-cortege-s-est-elance-a-Nantes-ce-vendredi-apres-midi-2362427.webp 2x" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 321px)" class="lozad" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/6OE_0F5mvDU-6Jec6v1eimjt9L0=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Colere-lyceenne-un-cortege-s-est-elance-a-Nantes-ce-vendredi-apres-midi-2362427.jpg 2x" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 300px)" class="lozad" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/GMcOgl9mngHVnnLB39LHWpD_9ic=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Colere-lyceenne-un-cortege-s-est-elance-a-Nantes-ce-vendredi-apres-midi-2362427.webp 2x" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 300px)" class="lozad" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/6OE_0F5mvDU-6Jec6v1eimjt9L0=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Colere-lyceenne-un-cortege-s-est-elance-a-Nantes-ce-vendredi-apres-midi-2362427.jpg 2x" type="image/jpeg" /><img width="16" height="9" class="lozad" src="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/fIE9ZjIBJ0YVWlJTTLSwvh9b860=/0x0:1280x720/283x0/images/Colere-lyceenne-un-cortege-s-est-elance-a-Nantes-ce-vendredi-apres-midi-2362427.jpg" alt="Colère lycéenne: un cortège s'est élancé à Nantes ce vendredi" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/fIE9ZjIBJ0YVWlJTTLSwvh9b860=/0x0:1280x720/283x0/images/Colere-lyceenne-un-cortege-s-est-elance-a-Nantes-ce-vendredi-apres-midi-2362427.jpg" /></picture><noscript><picture class="last_videos_item_cover"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 441px)" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/V__yS1BxUxIy2wJ3AyxotmMXsg4=/0x0:1280x720/283x0/images/Colere-lyceenne-un-cortege-s-est-elance-a-Nantes-ce-vendredi-apres-midi-2362427.webp, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/Mp3heuqPAqCWY85_rY-CTYcIy28=/0x0:1280x720/566x0/images/Colere-lyceenne-un-cortege-s-est-elance-a-Nantes-ce-vendredi-apres-midi-2362427.webp 2x" /><source type="image/jpeg" media="(min-width: 441px)" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/fIE9ZjIBJ0YVWlJTTLSwvh9b860=/0x0:1280x720/283x0/images/Colere-lyceenne-un-cortege-s-est-elance-a-Nantes-ce-vendredi-apres-midi-2362427.jpg, 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https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/6OE_0F5mvDU-6Jec6v1eimjt9L0=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Colere-lyceenne-un-cortege-s-est-elance-a-Nantes-ce-vendredi-apres-midi-2362427.jpg 2x" /><img src="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/fIE9ZjIBJ0YVWlJTTLSwvh9b860=/0x0:1280x720/283x0/images/Colere-lyceenne-un-cortege-s-est-elance-a-Nantes-ce-vendredi-apres-midi-2362427.jpg" alt="Colère lycéenne: un cortège s'est élancé à Nantes ce vendredi" /></picture></noscript>
<figcaption>0:51</figcaption></figure><h3 class="last_videos_item_title">Colère lycéenne: un cortège s'est élancé à Nantes ce vendredi</h3>
</a></article><article class="last_videos_item"><a href="https://www.bfmtv.com/societe/video-3-000-professeurs-remplacants-ca-c-est-un-premier-pas-du-gouvernement-mais-ca-ne-va-pas-faire-reculer-la-mobilisation-annonce-manon-moret-secretaire-generale-de-l-unef_VN-202610090528.html" title="3.000 professeurs remplaçants: &quot;Ça, c'est un premier pas du gouvernement mais ça ne va pas faire reculer la mobilisation&quot;, annonce Manon Moret, secrétaire générale de l'UNEF">
<figure class="meme_sujet_picture"><picture class="last_videos_item_cover with-js"><source media="(min-width: 441px)" class="lozad" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/R1LKfBzCRJKOw1k-1ByhDqHu75M=/0x0:1280x720/283x0/images/3-000-professeurs-remplacants-Ca-c-est-un-premier-pas-du-gouvernement-mais-ca-ne-va-pas-faire-reculer-la-mobilisation-annonce-Manon-Moret-secretaire-generale-de-l-UNEF-2362411.webp, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/3noCoTGSmZDMnIys0IC5vYY4Z28=/0x0:1280x720/566x0/images/3-000-professeurs-remplacants-Ca-c-est-un-premier-pas-du-gouvernement-mais-ca-ne-va-pas-faire-reculer-la-mobilisation-annonce-Manon-Moret-secretaire-generale-de-l-UNEF-2362411.webp 2x" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 441px)" class="lozad" 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srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/c3odvnZGlv0jUWbMAJWN_JpOXOA=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/3-000-professeurs-remplacants-Ca-c-est-un-premier-pas-du-gouvernement-mais-ca-ne-va-pas-faire-reculer-la-mobilisation-annonce-Manon-Moret-secretaire-generale-de-l-UNEF-2362411.jpg 2x" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 321px)" class="lozad" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/Wia2F3Auh57Hj3oAlD6EO86_ERg=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/3-000-professeurs-remplacants-Ca-c-est-un-premier-pas-du-gouvernement-mais-ca-ne-va-pas-faire-reculer-la-mobilisation-annonce-Manon-Moret-secretaire-generale-de-l-UNEF-2362411.webp 2x" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 321px)" class="lozad" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/c3odvnZGlv0jUWbMAJWN_JpOXOA=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/3-000-professeurs-remplacants-Ca-c-est-un-premier-pas-du-gouvernement-mais-ca-ne-va-pas-faire-reculer-la-mobilisation-annonce-Manon-Moret-secretaire-generale-de-l-UNEF-2362411.jpg 2x" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 300px)" class="lozad" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/Wia2F3Auh57Hj3oAlD6EO86_ERg=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/3-000-professeurs-remplacants-Ca-c-est-un-premier-pas-du-gouvernement-mais-ca-ne-va-pas-faire-reculer-la-mobilisation-annonce-Manon-Moret-secretaire-generale-de-l-UNEF-2362411.webp 2x" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 300px)" class="lozad" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/c3odvnZGlv0jUWbMAJWN_JpOXOA=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/3-000-professeurs-remplacants-Ca-c-est-un-premier-pas-du-gouvernement-mais-ca-ne-va-pas-faire-reculer-la-mobilisation-annonce-Manon-Moret-secretaire-generale-de-l-UNEF-2362411.jpg 2x" type="image/jpeg" /><img width="16" height="9" class="lozad" src="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/0hzk-Lvl0oYBagZKvEOhLGF8-gU=/0x0:1280x720/283x0/images/3-000-professeurs-remplacants-Ca-c-est-un-premier-pas-du-gouvernement-mais-ca-ne-va-pas-faire-reculer-la-mobilisation-annonce-Manon-Moret-secretaire-generale-de-l-UNEF-2362411.jpg" alt="3.000 professeurs remplaçants: &quot;Ça, c'est un premier pas du gouvernement mais ça ne va pas faire reculer la mobilisation&quot;, annonce Manon Moret, secrétaire générale de l'UNEF" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/0hzk-Lvl0oYBagZKvEOhLGF8-gU=/0x0:1280x720/283x0/images/3-000-professeurs-remplacants-Ca-c-est-un-premier-pas-du-gouvernement-mais-ca-ne-va-pas-faire-reculer-la-mobilisation-annonce-Manon-Moret-secretaire-generale-de-l-UNEF-2362411.jpg" /></picture><noscript><picture class="last_videos_item_cover"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 441px)" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/R1LKfBzCRJKOw1k-1ByhDqHu75M=/0x0:1280x720/283x0/images/3-000-professeurs-remplacants-Ca-c-est-un-premier-pas-du-gouvernement-mais-ca-ne-va-pas-faire-reculer-la-mobilisation-annonce-Manon-Moret-secretaire-generale-de-l-UNEF-2362411.webp, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/3noCoTGSmZDMnIys0IC5vYY4Z28=/0x0:1280x720/566x0/images/3-000-professeurs-remplacants-Ca-c-est-un-premier-pas-du-gouvernement-mais-ca-ne-va-pas-faire-reculer-la-mobilisation-annonce-Manon-Moret-secretaire-generale-de-l-UNEF-2362411.webp 2x" /><source type="image/jpeg" 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srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/em8jRA9GfMulKcZhc5Mt1Pcxui0=/0x0:1280x720/63x0/images/3-000-professeurs-remplacants-Ca-c-est-un-premier-pas-du-gouvernement-mais-ca-ne-va-pas-faire-reculer-la-mobilisation-annonce-Manon-Moret-secretaire-generale-de-l-UNEF-2362411.jpg, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/c3odvnZGlv0jUWbMAJWN_JpOXOA=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/3-000-professeurs-remplacants-Ca-c-est-un-premier-pas-du-gouvernement-mais-ca-ne-va-pas-faire-reculer-la-mobilisation-annonce-Manon-Moret-secretaire-generale-de-l-UNEF-2362411.jpg 2x" /><img src="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/0hzk-Lvl0oYBagZKvEOhLGF8-gU=/0x0:1280x720/283x0/images/3-000-professeurs-remplacants-Ca-c-est-un-premier-pas-du-gouvernement-mais-ca-ne-va-pas-faire-reculer-la-mobilisation-annonce-Manon-Moret-secretaire-generale-de-l-UNEF-2362411.jpg" alt="3.000 professeurs remplaçants: &quot;Ça, c'est un premier pas du gouvernement mais ça ne va pas faire reculer la mobilisation&quot;, annonce Manon Moret, secrétaire générale de l'UNEF" /></picture></noscript>
<figcaption>3:09</figcaption></figure><h3 class="last_videos_item_title">3.000 professeurs remplaçants: "Ça, c'est un premier pas du gouvernement mais ça ne va pas faire reculer la mobilisation", annonce Manon Moret, secrétaire générale de l'UNEF</h3>
</a></article><article class="last_videos_item"><a href="https://www.bfmtv.com/societe/video-3-000-professeurs-remplacants-je-doute-un-petit-peu-reconnait-jean-louis-nembrini-ancien-inspecteur-et-recteur-d-academie_VN-202610090524.html" title="3.000 professeurs remplaçants: &quot;Je doute un petit peu&quot;, reconnaît Jean-Louis Nembrini, ancien inspecteur et recteur d'académie">
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type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 441px)" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/m_tmD1G_9W0B6rOpG5e55lQa5MU=/0x0:1280x720/283x0/images/3-000-professeurs-remplacants-Je-doute-un-petit-peu-reconnait-Jean-Louis-Nembrini-ancien-inspecteur-et-recteur-d-academie-2362408.webp, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/AG5snzmS6WpVIkwzH6v5i-MaVIE=/0x0:1280x720/566x0/images/3-000-professeurs-remplacants-Je-doute-un-petit-peu-reconnait-Jean-Louis-Nembrini-ancien-inspecteur-et-recteur-d-academie-2362408.webp 2x" /><source type="image/jpeg" media="(min-width: 441px)" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/XtVlHEYHhke0pxNGFHDqaFh-7Cs=/0x0:1280x720/283x0/images/3-000-professeurs-remplacants-Je-doute-un-petit-peu-reconnait-Jean-Louis-Nembrini-ancien-inspecteur-et-recteur-d-academie-2362408.jpg, 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srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/iuRy_eU5AHcIXmcMJHCAidCOOFg=/0x0:1280x720/63x0/images/3-000-professeurs-remplacants-Je-doute-un-petit-peu-reconnait-Jean-Louis-Nembrini-ancien-inspecteur-et-recteur-d-academie-2362408.jpg, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/h9DWYYAkMxz8SLpdV1OgaVcX9AA=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/3-000-professeurs-remplacants-Je-doute-un-petit-peu-reconnait-Jean-Louis-Nembrini-ancien-inspecteur-et-recteur-d-academie-2362408.jpg 2x" /><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 321px)" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/wgFm2L2cgtw3ePZ5tbuccZocDio=/0x0:1280x720/63x0/images/3-000-professeurs-remplacants-Je-doute-un-petit-peu-reconnait-Jean-Louis-Nembrini-ancien-inspecteur-et-recteur-d-academie-2362408.webp, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/R-o79GvY8BHL1lUMauLx7zEGk_A=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/3-000-professeurs-remplacants-Je-doute-un-petit-peu-reconnait-Jean-Louis-Nembrini-ancien-inspecteur-et-recteur-d-academie-2362408.webp 2x" /><source type="image/jpeg" media="(min-width: 321px)" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/iuRy_eU5AHcIXmcMJHCAidCOOFg=/0x0:1280x720/63x0/images/3-000-professeurs-remplacants-Je-doute-un-petit-peu-reconnait-Jean-Louis-Nembrini-ancien-inspecteur-et-recteur-d-academie-2362408.jpg, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/h9DWYYAkMxz8SLpdV1OgaVcX9AA=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/3-000-professeurs-remplacants-Je-doute-un-petit-peu-reconnait-Jean-Louis-Nembrini-ancien-inspecteur-et-recteur-d-academie-2362408.jpg 2x" /><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 300px)" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/wgFm2L2cgtw3ePZ5tbuccZocDio=/0x0:1280x720/63x0/images/3-000-professeurs-remplacants-Je-doute-un-petit-peu-reconnait-Jean-Louis-Nembrini-ancien-inspecteur-et-recteur-d-academie-2362408.webp, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/R-o79GvY8BHL1lUMauLx7zEGk_A=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/3-000-professeurs-remplacants-Je-doute-un-petit-peu-reconnait-Jean-Louis-Nembrini-ancien-inspecteur-et-recteur-d-academie-2362408.webp 2x" /><source type="image/jpeg" media="(min-width: 300px)" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/iuRy_eU5AHcIXmcMJHCAidCOOFg=/0x0:1280x720/63x0/images/3-000-professeurs-remplacants-Je-doute-un-petit-peu-reconnait-Jean-Louis-Nembrini-ancien-inspecteur-et-recteur-d-academie-2362408.jpg, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/h9DWYYAkMxz8SLpdV1OgaVcX9AA=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/3-000-professeurs-remplacants-Je-doute-un-petit-peu-reconnait-Jean-Louis-Nembrini-ancien-inspecteur-et-recteur-d-academie-2362408.jpg 2x" /><img src="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/XtVlHEYHhke0pxNGFHDqaFh-7Cs=/0x0:1280x720/283x0/images/3-000-professeurs-remplacants-Je-doute-un-petit-peu-reconnait-Jean-Louis-Nembrini-ancien-inspecteur-et-recteur-d-academie-2362408.jpg" alt="3.000 professeurs remplaçants: &quot;Je doute un petit peu&quot;, reconnaît Jean-Louis Nembrini, ancien inspecteur et recteur d'académie" /></picture></noscript>
<figcaption>1:32</figcaption></figure><h3 class="last_videos_item_title">3.000 professeurs remplaçants: "Je doute un petit peu", reconnaît Jean-Louis Nembrini, ancien inspecteur et recteur d'académie</h3>
</a></article><article class="last_videos_item"><a href="https://www.bfmtv.com/societe/video-concretement-non-pas-lundi-c-est-sur-ce-proviseur-ne-croit-pas-que-les-3-000-professeurs-remplacants-soient-affectes-des-lundi_VN-202610090513.html" title="&quot;Concrètement non! Pas lundi, c'est sûr&quot;, ce proviseur ne croit pas que les 3.000 professeurs remplaçants soient affectés dès lundi">
<figure class="meme_sujet_picture"><picture class="last_videos_item_cover with-js"><source media="(min-width: 441px)" class="lozad" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/N1kstzY7cN1iDlJRe5nD7hqJta4=/0x0:1280x720/283x0/images/Concretement-non-Pas-lundi-c-est-sur-ce-proviseur-ne-croit-pas-que-les-3-000-professeurs-remplacants-soient-affectes-des-lundi-2362391.webp, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/_nGjLQvbJdL-tXsMAUWN6GPR_jU=/0x0:1280x720/566x0/images/Concretement-non-Pas-lundi-c-est-sur-ce-proviseur-ne-croit-pas-que-les-3-000-professeurs-remplacants-soient-affectes-des-lundi-2362391.webp 2x" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 441px)" class="lozad" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/ISBTkSCzLG5yDeCZr3W803rssNA=/0x0:1280x720/283x0/images/Concretement-non-Pas-lundi-c-est-sur-ce-proviseur-ne-croit-pas-que-les-3-000-professeurs-remplacants-soient-affectes-des-lundi-2362391.jpg, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/Mvd8HDb16di6vJYhJiTCW3z8iRw=/0x0:1280x720/566x0/images/Concretement-non-Pas-lundi-c-est-sur-ce-proviseur-ne-croit-pas-que-les-3-000-professeurs-remplacants-soient-affectes-des-lundi-2362391.jpg 2x" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 361px)" class="lozad" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/HerHXITmiT18yZrbGzXk71hY61Y=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Concretement-non-Pas-lundi-c-est-sur-ce-proviseur-ne-croit-pas-que-les-3-000-professeurs-remplacants-soient-affectes-des-lundi-2362391.webp 2x" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 361px)" class="lozad" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/EGj4KHGkMmAxxsxD5dPAgDUe_OM=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Concretement-non-Pas-lundi-c-est-sur-ce-proviseur-ne-croit-pas-que-les-3-000-professeurs-remplacants-soient-affectes-des-lundi-2362391.jpg 2x" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 321px)" class="lozad" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/HerHXITmiT18yZrbGzXk71hY61Y=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Concretement-non-Pas-lundi-c-est-sur-ce-proviseur-ne-croit-pas-que-les-3-000-professeurs-remplacants-soient-affectes-des-lundi-2362391.webp 2x" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 321px)" class="lozad" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/EGj4KHGkMmAxxsxD5dPAgDUe_OM=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Concretement-non-Pas-lundi-c-est-sur-ce-proviseur-ne-croit-pas-que-les-3-000-professeurs-remplacants-soient-affectes-des-lundi-2362391.jpg 2x" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 300px)" class="lozad" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/HerHXITmiT18yZrbGzXk71hY61Y=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Concretement-non-Pas-lundi-c-est-sur-ce-proviseur-ne-croit-pas-que-les-3-000-professeurs-remplacants-soient-affectes-des-lundi-2362391.webp 2x" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 300px)" class="lozad" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/EGj4KHGkMmAxxsxD5dPAgDUe_OM=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Concretement-non-Pas-lundi-c-est-sur-ce-proviseur-ne-croit-pas-que-les-3-000-professeurs-remplacants-soient-affectes-des-lundi-2362391.jpg 2x" type="image/jpeg" /><img width="16" height="9" class="lozad" src="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/ISBTkSCzLG5yDeCZr3W803rssNA=/0x0:1280x720/283x0/images/Concretement-non-Pas-lundi-c-est-sur-ce-proviseur-ne-croit-pas-que-les-3-000-professeurs-remplacants-soient-affectes-des-lundi-2362391.jpg" alt="&quot;Concrètement non! Pas lundi, c'est sûr&quot;, ce proviseur ne croit pas que les 3.000 professeurs remplaçants soient affectés dès lundi" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/ISBTkSCzLG5yDeCZr3W803rssNA=/0x0:1280x720/283x0/images/Concretement-non-Pas-lundi-c-est-sur-ce-proviseur-ne-croit-pas-que-les-3-000-professeurs-remplacants-soient-affectes-des-lundi-2362391.jpg" /></picture><noscript><picture class="last_videos_item_cover"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 441px)" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/N1kstzY7cN1iDlJRe5nD7hqJta4=/0x0:1280x720/283x0/images/Concretement-non-Pas-lundi-c-est-sur-ce-proviseur-ne-croit-pas-que-les-3-000-professeurs-remplacants-soient-affectes-des-lundi-2362391.webp, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/_nGjLQvbJdL-tXsMAUWN6GPR_jU=/0x0:1280x720/566x0/images/Concretement-non-Pas-lundi-c-est-sur-ce-proviseur-ne-croit-pas-que-les-3-000-professeurs-remplacants-soient-affectes-des-lundi-2362391.webp 2x" /><source type="image/jpeg" media="(min-width: 441px)" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/ISBTkSCzLG5yDeCZr3W803rssNA=/0x0:1280x720/283x0/images/Concretement-non-Pas-lundi-c-est-sur-ce-proviseur-ne-croit-pas-que-les-3-000-professeurs-remplacants-soient-affectes-des-lundi-2362391.jpg, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/Mvd8HDb16di6vJYhJiTCW3z8iRw=/0x0:1280x720/566x0/images/Concretement-non-Pas-lundi-c-est-sur-ce-proviseur-ne-croit-pas-que-les-3-000-professeurs-remplacants-soient-affectes-des-lundi-2362391.jpg 2x" /><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 361px)" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/_Y-ZjABw_GGaJtQ0nIhFNwWAVng=/0x0:1280x720/63x0/images/Concretement-non-Pas-lundi-c-est-sur-ce-proviseur-ne-croit-pas-que-les-3-000-professeurs-remplacants-soient-affectes-des-lundi-2362391.webp, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/HerHXITmiT18yZrbGzXk71hY61Y=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Concretement-non-Pas-lundi-c-est-sur-ce-proviseur-ne-croit-pas-que-les-3-000-professeurs-remplacants-soient-affectes-des-lundi-2362391.webp 2x" /><source type="image/jpeg" media="(min-width: 361px)" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/q2F7XtiLMTGueI2WhNPAUZ8w320=/0x0:1280x720/63x0/images/Concretement-non-Pas-lundi-c-est-sur-ce-proviseur-ne-croit-pas-que-les-3-000-professeurs-remplacants-soient-affectes-des-lundi-2362391.jpg, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/EGj4KHGkMmAxxsxD5dPAgDUe_OM=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Concretement-non-Pas-lundi-c-est-sur-ce-proviseur-ne-croit-pas-que-les-3-000-professeurs-remplacants-soient-affectes-des-lundi-2362391.jpg 2x" /><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 321px)" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/_Y-ZjABw_GGaJtQ0nIhFNwWAVng=/0x0:1280x720/63x0/images/Concretement-non-Pas-lundi-c-est-sur-ce-proviseur-ne-croit-pas-que-les-3-000-professeurs-remplacants-soient-affectes-des-lundi-2362391.webp, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/HerHXITmiT18yZrbGzXk71hY61Y=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Concretement-non-Pas-lundi-c-est-sur-ce-proviseur-ne-croit-pas-que-les-3-000-professeurs-remplacants-soient-affectes-des-lundi-2362391.webp 2x" /><source type="image/jpeg" media="(min-width: 321px)" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/q2F7XtiLMTGueI2WhNPAUZ8w320=/0x0:1280x720/63x0/images/Concretement-non-Pas-lundi-c-est-sur-ce-proviseur-ne-croit-pas-que-les-3-000-professeurs-remplacants-soient-affectes-des-lundi-2362391.jpg, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/EGj4KHGkMmAxxsxD5dPAgDUe_OM=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Concretement-non-Pas-lundi-c-est-sur-ce-proviseur-ne-croit-pas-que-les-3-000-professeurs-remplacants-soient-affectes-des-lundi-2362391.jpg 2x" /><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 300px)" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/_Y-ZjABw_GGaJtQ0nIhFNwWAVng=/0x0:1280x720/63x0/images/Concretement-non-Pas-lundi-c-est-sur-ce-proviseur-ne-croit-pas-que-les-3-000-professeurs-remplacants-soient-affectes-des-lundi-2362391.webp, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/HerHXITmiT18yZrbGzXk71hY61Y=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Concretement-non-Pas-lundi-c-est-sur-ce-proviseur-ne-croit-pas-que-les-3-000-professeurs-remplacants-soient-affectes-des-lundi-2362391.webp 2x" /><source type="image/jpeg" media="(min-width: 300px)" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/q2F7XtiLMTGueI2WhNPAUZ8w320=/0x0:1280x720/63x0/images/Concretement-non-Pas-lundi-c-est-sur-ce-proviseur-ne-croit-pas-que-les-3-000-professeurs-remplacants-soient-affectes-des-lundi-2362391.jpg, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/EGj4KHGkMmAxxsxD5dPAgDUe_OM=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Concretement-non-Pas-lundi-c-est-sur-ce-proviseur-ne-croit-pas-que-les-3-000-professeurs-remplacants-soient-affectes-des-lundi-2362391.jpg 2x" /><img src="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/ISBTkSCzLG5yDeCZr3W803rssNA=/0x0:1280x720/283x0/images/Concretement-non-Pas-lundi-c-est-sur-ce-proviseur-ne-croit-pas-que-les-3-000-professeurs-remplacants-soient-affectes-des-lundi-2362391.jpg" alt="&quot;Concrètement non! Pas lundi, c'est sûr&quot;, ce proviseur ne croit pas que les 3.000 professeurs remplaçants soient affectés dès lundi" /></picture></noscript>
<figcaption>2:01</figcaption></figure><h3 class="last_videos_item_title">"Concrètement non! Pas lundi, c'est sûr", ce proviseur ne croit pas que les 3.000 professeurs remplaçants soient affectés dès lundi</h3>
</a></article><article class="last_videos_item"><a href="https://www.bfmtv.com/societe/video-3-000-professeurs-remplacants-on-va-etre-tres-vigilant-declare-alix-riviere-porte-parole-de-la-fcpe-de-seine-saint-denis_VN-202610090510.html" title="3.000 professeurs remplaçants: &quot;On va être très vigilant&quot;, déclare Alix Rivière, porte-parole de la FCPE de Seine-Saint-Denis">
<figure class="meme_sujet_picture"><picture class="last_videos_item_cover with-js"><source media="(min-width: 441px)" class="lozad" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/fa7T6TcA0Z9mua0h6KfOev0KRzs=/0x0:1280x720/283x0/images/3-000-professeurs-remplacants-On-va-etre-tres-vigilant-declare-Alix-Riviere-porte-parole-de-la-FCPE-de-Seine-Saint-Denis-2362388.webp, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/fyLumbJxSesAOvnoyAsjhbog5M4=/0x0:1280x720/566x0/images/3-000-professeurs-remplacants-On-va-etre-tres-vigilant-declare-Alix-Riviere-porte-parole-de-la-FCPE-de-Seine-Saint-Denis-2362388.webp 2x" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 441px)" class="lozad" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/y_qZr5IwCMigdkpzPxgahXYPE7k=/0x0:1280x720/283x0/images/3-000-professeurs-remplacants-On-va-etre-tres-vigilant-declare-Alix-Riviere-porte-parole-de-la-FCPE-de-Seine-Saint-Denis-2362388.jpg, 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<figcaption>0:37</figcaption></figure><h3 class="last_videos_item_title">3.000 professeurs remplaçants: "On va être très vigilant", déclare Alix Rivière, porte-parole de la FCPE de Seine-Saint-Denis</h3>
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srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/tateyWlh0XN4HKpCRxmcoPWn0lg=/0x0:1280x720/63x0/images/3-000-professeurs-remplacants-Pourquoi-ce-n-est-pas-une-decision-qui-a-ete-prise-le-25-aout-questionne-Manon-Moret-secreatire-generale-de-l-UNEF-2362387.jpg, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/ls8H36VU4YWjfnQgioBKCKC2Sls=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/3-000-professeurs-remplacants-Pourquoi-ce-n-est-pas-une-decision-qui-a-ete-prise-le-25-aout-questionne-Manon-Moret-secreatire-generale-de-l-UNEF-2362387.jpg 2x" /><img src="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/VhsDxE6BatdR1vUaIpVNnEuvhsQ=/0x0:1280x720/283x0/images/3-000-professeurs-remplacants-Pourquoi-ce-n-est-pas-une-decision-qui-a-ete-prise-le-25-aout-questionne-Manon-Moret-secreatire-generale-de-l-UNEF-2362387.jpg" alt="3.000 professeurs remplaçants: &quot;Pourquoi ce n'est pas une décision qui a été prise le 25 août&quot;, questionne Manon Moret, secréatire générale de l'UNEF" /></picture></noscript>
<figcaption>0:24</figcaption></figure><h3 class="last_videos_item_title">3.000 professeurs remplaçants: "Pourquoi ce n'est pas une décision qui a été prise le 25 août", questionne Manon Moret, secréatire générale de l'UNEF</h3>
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<figcaption>2:10</figcaption></figure><h3 class="last_videos_item_title">Primaire sociale-démocrate cyberattaquée: l'ANSSI a été saisie par Matignon</h3>
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media="(min-width: 441px)" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/4JebQKvcOoXh0z8O1NkWpX2qNzc=/0x0:1280x720/283x0/images/Projet-de-char-MGCS-Nous-souhaitons-continuer-ce-projet-franco-allemand-declare-Catherine-Vautrin-ministre-des-Armees-2362368.webp, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/84S2aYvCQ7PIqwjLaJApgBLrzDI=/0x0:1280x720/566x0/images/Projet-de-char-MGCS-Nous-souhaitons-continuer-ce-projet-franco-allemand-declare-Catherine-Vautrin-ministre-des-Armees-2362368.webp 2x" /><source type="image/jpeg" media="(min-width: 441px)" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/fQ5VPaqFbwhDFms9oJVjVmb65MI=/0x0:1280x720/283x0/images/Projet-de-char-MGCS-Nous-souhaitons-continuer-ce-projet-franco-allemand-declare-Catherine-Vautrin-ministre-des-Armees-2362368.jpg, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/qSpHToMT1QnwHKVgI6qNwMYYWwg=/0x0:1280x720/566x0/images/Projet-de-char-MGCS-Nous-souhaitons-continuer-ce-projet-franco-allemand-declare-Catherine-Vautrin-ministre-des-Armees-2362368.jpg 2x" /><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 361px)" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/dOUunZWmFuk4Z0sOw5IKbKNp0vk=/0x0:1280x720/63x0/images/Projet-de-char-MGCS-Nous-souhaitons-continuer-ce-projet-franco-allemand-declare-Catherine-Vautrin-ministre-des-Armees-2362368.webp, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/Lg5vKeVQ-4ACmUWma8I987U4Ric=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Projet-de-char-MGCS-Nous-souhaitons-continuer-ce-projet-franco-allemand-declare-Catherine-Vautrin-ministre-des-Armees-2362368.webp 2x" /><source type="image/jpeg" media="(min-width: 361px)" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/cPULdpRDSJ1UEgHVoGfmo4z0mcw=/0x0:1280x720/63x0/images/Projet-de-char-MGCS-Nous-souhaitons-continuer-ce-projet-franco-allemand-declare-Catherine-Vautrin-ministre-des-Armees-2362368.jpg, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/PyPYhAWy3PvQvfeNNk0raeEBb8w=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Projet-de-char-MGCS-Nous-souhaitons-continuer-ce-projet-franco-allemand-declare-Catherine-Vautrin-ministre-des-Armees-2362368.jpg 2x" /><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 321px)" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/dOUunZWmFuk4Z0sOw5IKbKNp0vk=/0x0:1280x720/63x0/images/Projet-de-char-MGCS-Nous-souhaitons-continuer-ce-projet-franco-allemand-declare-Catherine-Vautrin-ministre-des-Armees-2362368.webp, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/Lg5vKeVQ-4ACmUWma8I987U4Ric=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Projet-de-char-MGCS-Nous-souhaitons-continuer-ce-projet-franco-allemand-declare-Catherine-Vautrin-ministre-des-Armees-2362368.webp 2x" /><source type="image/jpeg" media="(min-width: 321px)" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/cPULdpRDSJ1UEgHVoGfmo4z0mcw=/0x0:1280x720/63x0/images/Projet-de-char-MGCS-Nous-souhaitons-continuer-ce-projet-franco-allemand-declare-Catherine-Vautrin-ministre-des-Armees-2362368.jpg, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/PyPYhAWy3PvQvfeNNk0raeEBb8w=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Projet-de-char-MGCS-Nous-souhaitons-continuer-ce-projet-franco-allemand-declare-Catherine-Vautrin-ministre-des-Armees-2362368.jpg 2x" /><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 300px)" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/dOUunZWmFuk4Z0sOw5IKbKNp0vk=/0x0:1280x720/63x0/images/Projet-de-char-MGCS-Nous-souhaitons-continuer-ce-projet-franco-allemand-declare-Catherine-Vautrin-ministre-des-Armees-2362368.webp, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/Lg5vKeVQ-4ACmUWma8I987U4Ric=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Projet-de-char-MGCS-Nous-souhaitons-continuer-ce-projet-franco-allemand-declare-Catherine-Vautrin-ministre-des-Armees-2362368.webp 2x" /><source type="image/jpeg" media="(min-width: 300px)" srcset="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/cPULdpRDSJ1UEgHVoGfmo4z0mcw=/0x0:1280x720/63x0/images/Projet-de-char-MGCS-Nous-souhaitons-continuer-ce-projet-franco-allemand-declare-Catherine-Vautrin-ministre-des-Armees-2362368.jpg, https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/PyPYhAWy3PvQvfeNNk0raeEBb8w=/0x0:1280x720/126x0/images/Projet-de-char-MGCS-Nous-souhaitons-continuer-ce-projet-franco-allemand-declare-Catherine-Vautrin-ministre-des-Armees-2362368.jpg 2x" /><img src="https://io-fsly-bfmtv.cdn.nextradiotv.com/fQ5VPaqFbwhDFms9oJVjVmb65MI=/0x0:1280x720/283x0/images/Projet-de-char-MGCS-Nous-souhaitons-continuer-ce-projet-franco-allemand-declare-Catherine-Vautrin-ministre-des-Armees-2362368.jpg" alt="Projet de char MGCS: &quot;Nous souhaitons continuer ce projet franco-allemand&quot;, déclare Catherine Vautrin, ministre des Armées" /></picture></noscript>
<figcaption>0:40</figcaption></figure><h3 class="last_videos_item_title">Projet de char MGCS: "Nous souhaitons continuer ce projet franco-allemand", déclare Catherine Vautrin, ministre des Armées</h3>
</a></article></div></section></div>
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      <link>https://www.bfmtv.com/politique/video-devant-les-entrepreneurs-emmanuel-macron-denonce-la-haine-de-la-reussite-et-l-esprit-de-defaite_VN-202610080700.html</link>
      <guid>https://www.bfmtv.com/politique/video-devant-les-entrepreneurs-emmanuel-macron-denonce-la-haine-de-la-reussite-et-l-esprit-de-defaite_VN-202610080700.html</guid>
      <pubDate>Sat, 10 Oct 2026 11:24:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[La jeunesse se lève parce que nous ne le faisons pas]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x2akvl/la_jeunesse_se_l%C3%A8ve_parce_que_nous_ne_le_faisons/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/U6qWIkbKBWX5ucVYXuaKCwpfJZg7qTsO4woHpV3GJ_w.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=6283bd96284c17022a35f7ce71db28d6becf1c7c" alt="La jeunesse se lève parce que nous ne le faisons pas" title="La jeunesse se lève parce que nous ne le faisons pas"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Ed_Dantesk"> /u/Ed_Dantesk </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/"> r/france </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.ledevoir.com/opinion/idees/1015637/jeunesse-leve-parce-nous-ne-faisons-pas?">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x2akvl/la_jeunesse_se_l%C3%A8ve_parce_que_nous_ne_le_faisons/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><p>En France, depuis près de trois semaines, des lycéens défilent dans les rues pour dénoncer leurs établissements insalubres, voire dangereux, le non-remplacement des professeurs, les classes surchargées avec plus de 30 élèves. Les étudiants des universités, les parents, les professeurs, les syndicats et des avocats se joignent désormais au mouvement. Le ministre de l’Intérieur, Laurent Nuñez, a affirmé qu’il n’avait donné aucune consigne de retenue aux forces de l’ordre face à la mobilisation.</p><p>En conséquence, des mineurs matraqués, chargés à la voiture-bélier pour être dispersés, des gaz lacrymogènes, des tirs de LBD à bout portant avec mutilations graves de jeunes mineurs : double fracture de la mâchoire, perte d’un œil, perte d’une main et de l’avant-bras après le tir d’une… grenade. Une violence policière jamais vue à l’égard d’enfants, dénoncée par la Ligue des droits de l’homme, qui a saisi les Nations unies pour cette répression sans précédent.</p><p>En Espagne, la jeunesse est dans les rues pour dénoncer la <a href="https://www.ledevoir.com/crise-du-logement">crise du logement</a> et a réussi, grâce à des mobilisations massives, à empêcher l’éviction d’aînés de leurs logements censés être récupérés par des promoteurs avides.</p><p>La jeunesse chilienne proteste contre les annonces budgétaires du gouvernement d’extrême droite qui ont des répercussions sur les services publics, l’éducation.</p><p>Mais qui est cette « jeunesse », d’abord ?</p><p>Le sociologue Pierre Bourdieu disait que « la jeunesse n’est qu’un mot », rappelant que ceux qu’on appelle « les jeunes » ne sont pas un groupe homogène, mais révèlent des réalités bien différentes, de l’étudiant privilégié des beaux quartiers (qui, lui, ne se mobilise généralement pas et s’indigne des blocages — bien qu’on ait vu des lycéens issus du privé manifester en solidarité avec leurs comparses du public cette semaine à Paris) au jeune d’une zone dite d’« éducation prioritaire » dont l’établissement tombe en ruine : les jeunes, donc, n’ont pas tous les mêmes conditions de vie ni les mêmes rapports au pouvoir.</p><p>La jeunesse dans la rue exprime ces inégalités qui ont une incidence directe sur leur avenir.</p><p>De quoi ce mouvement est-il le symptôme ? Que révèle l’extrême violence avec laquelle il est réprimé ? Que craignent les adultes ? Cela dépend là encore d’où l’on parle… Ceux qui s’insurgent contre les dégradations matérielles lors des manifestations (poubelles brûlées, murs tagués, rues bloquées) parlent d’une jeunesse chaotique et sans mesure qui aurait perdu le sens des priorités. On les accuse d’être instrumentalisés par l’extrême gauche, qu’on suspecte de vouloir « bordéliser le pays », selon le premier ministre français, Sébastien Lecornu…</p><p>Nous savons évidemment que ces mouvements sont parfois rejoints par les fameux « casseurs », qui ne sont pas des étudiants et qui enveniment les choses. Mais on ne vous montre pas les défilés majoritairement pacifiques, les gamins assis par terre, qui chantent, qui dansent, qui brandissent leurs affiches présentant leurs slogans. On ne vous fait pas entendre ces mêmes gamins qui tiennent des discours articulés et expriment avec éloquence leurs demandes : une éducation juste et égale pour tous, des conditions d’études dignes.</p><p>Ils nous rappellent que le droit à l’éducation est un droit constitutionnel. Comme chaque fois lorsqu’il s’agit des jeunes, on voit le symptôme, mais pas la cause de celui-ci. On pointe le « comportement », mais on ne se questionne pas sur sa genèse.</p><p>Comme chaque fois, on infantilise les jeunes en les considérant comme trop jeunes pour donner leur avis (mais assez vieux pour se faire matraquer et mettre en garde à vue, cependant). On les accuse d’être apathiques, égocentrés, rivés à leurs écrans, mais lorsqu’ils se mobilisent pour des causes justes, on leur demande de rentrer et de se taire. Ils sont pourtant l’avenir, on ne cesse de le leur rappeler tout en leur refusant un avenir digne. Quelle ironie, non ? Mais ce renvoi à leur inexpérience n’est-il pas une façon, pour les adultes, de maintenir un ascendant, que ma consœur pédopsychiatre Laelia Benoit dénonce comme étant de l’infantisme (ensemble de préjugés et de discriminations envers les mineurs fondés sur leur âge) ?</p><p>Comme chaque fois, on les estime trop naïfs et incapables de réflexion propre pour ne pas les imaginer manipulés par les adultes en arrière… On ne se demande pas pourquoi on en arrive là, mais que faire pour éteindre le feu ?</p><p>Que faire pour faire cesser les revendications, l’opposition, le comportement ?</p><p>C’est ce qui se produit partout et ce que nous dénonçons depuis tant d’années dans ces systèmes brisés. Cela commence très tôt. Lorsque des enfants s’agitent en classe, explosent, s’opposent : on ne peut imaginer autre chose qu’un problème individuel et on tente de pathologiser, de contrecarrer par un diagnostic rapide et une médication. On ne veut pas penser à ce qui se joue en arrière : des familles précaires, des situations psychosociales qui chargent le sac à dos symbolique de ces enfants, des conditions inqualifiables dans les écoles. On ne veut pas l’envisager, car cela implique une responsabilité collective, cela nous renvoie à notre passivité d’adultes vis-à-vis de problèmes systémiques que nous taisons et sur lesquels nous fermons les yeux.</p><p>On laisse aller les enfants d’année en année dans ce système qui les abîme, on leur parle de leur bris de fonctionnement et on les sacrifie un peu plus chaque fois sur l’autel de la honte. Comment ne pas faire jaillir en eux la colère face à tant d’injustices et d’inégalités ?</p><p>On tente de faire taire ce qui gronde. On tente de faire tenir des gamins dans un cadre complètement éclaté lui-même. On en appelle à un retour à l’autoritarisme et à la discipline, en oubliant qu’<em>autorité</em> vient du latin <em>augere</em>, qui signifie « aider à grandir », et <em>discipline</em> de <em>disciplina</em>, qui fait référence à la relation du guide au non-initié.</p><p>On est si loin d’entendre ce que les jeunes nous disent au travers de leurs symptômes, au travers de leurs revendications : quand ils parlent d’un système éducatif désuet, inadapté aux réalités des enfants d’aujourd’hui, système qui perpétue des inégalités crasses en faisant croire à tous à l’égalité d’accès à une éducation et à un avenir glorieux qui ne serait basé que sur le mérite et la persévérance dans leurs efforts…</p><p>Cette jeunesse « si terrible » et bruyante est le dernier rempart face à notre propre passivité, à notre immobilisme, à notre complicité et à nos yeux fermés devant l’inacceptable. Cette jeunesse en colère est la seule force encore restante pour continuer à dire que ce système dans lequel nous vivons n’a pas de sens. Ce qu’ils dénoncent, c’est ce que nous avons fini par trouver logique, normal et acceptable dans nos propres quotidiens d’adultes, alors que cela nous détruit également. La violence avec laquelle on réprime leur parole est malheureusement proportionnelle à notre peur d’adultes de faire face à cette réalité et de rouvrir les yeux, de nous tenir debout et de dire non.</p><p>« Je me révolte, donc nous sommes », lançait Camus en 1951. Levons-nous et révoltons-nous aux côtés de nos enfants.</p>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.ledevoir.com/opinion/idees/1015637/jeunesse-leve-parce-nous-ne-faisons-pas?</link>
      <guid>https://www.ledevoir.com/opinion/idees/1015637/jeunesse-leve-parce-nous-ne-faisons-pas?</guid>
      <pubDate>Sat, 10 Oct 2026 11:02:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[2026 Singapore Grand Prix - Sprint Discussion]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><h1>ROUND 17 - SINGAPORE</h1> <p>FORMULA 1 SINGAPORE AIRLINES SINGAPORE GRAND PRIX 2026</p> <h1>🕒 SESSION TIMES</h1> <table><thead> <tr> <th align="left">Day</th> <th align="left">Session</th> <th align="left">Time (UTC)</th> </tr> </thead><tbody> <tr> <td align="left"><del>FRI</del></td> <td align="left"><del>Free Practice 1</del></td> <td align="left"><del>08:30</del></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><del>FRI</del></td> <td align="left"><del>Sprint Qualifying</del></td> <td align="left"><del>12:30</del></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">SAT</td> <td align="left">Sprint</td> <td align="left">09:00</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">SAT</td> <td align="left">Qualifying</td> <td align="left">13:00</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">SUN</td> <td align="left">Race</td> <td align="left">12:00</td> </tr> </tbody></table> <h1>🏁 RACE INFORMATION</h1> <ul> <li><strong>Track</strong>: Marina Bay Street Circuit</li> <li><strong>Location</strong>: Downtown, Singapore</li> <li><strong>Race laps</strong>: 62</li> <li><strong>Lap length</strong>: 4.927 km</li> <li><strong>Race distance</strong>: 305.337 km</li> <li><strong>Lap Record</strong>: 1:33.808, Lewis Hamilton (Ferrari), 2025</li> </ul> <h1>⏪ LAST TIME AROUND</h1> <ul> <li><strong>Pole position</strong>: 1:29.158, George Russell (Mercedes)</li> <li><strong>Race winner</strong>: George Russell (Mercedes)</li> <li><strong>Fastest lap</strong>: 1:33.808, Lewis Hamilton (Ferrari)</li> </ul> <h1>📺 WHERE TO WATCH?</h1> <p>F1 is broadcast on F1TV and through several local broadcasters. <a href="https://www.formula1.com/en/toolbar/content_schedule.html">Click here</a> to find out if F1TV is offered in your region. <a href="https://www.formula1.com/en/toolbar/broadcast-information.html">Click here</a> to go to the full list of broadcasters. Streams and downloads are not welcome on <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Formula1">r/Formula1</a>. Requesting and sharing streams and/or downloads will be met with immediate bans.</p> <h1>❤️ GOOD CAUSES</h1> <ul> <li>🇺🇦 <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/ukraine/comments/s6g5un/want_to_support_ukraine_heres_a_list_of_charities/?utm_source=reddit&amp;utm_medium=usertext&amp;utm_name=ukraine&amp;utm_content=t3_t5okbs">Want to support Ukraine? Here's a list of charities.</a></li> <li>🏳️‍🌈 <a href="https://donorbox.org/support-stonewall">Support Stonewall to help improve the lives of LGBTQ+ people.</a></li> </ul> <h1>📲 OUR SOCIAL MEDIA</h1> <ul> <li>🦋 Bluesky: <a href="https://bsky.app/profile/f1subreddit.bsky.social">f1subreddit</a></li> </ul> </div><!-- SC_ON -->   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/F1-Bot"> /u/F1-Bot </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/formula1/"> r/formula1 </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/formula1/comments/1x2ae0s/2026_singapore_grand_prix_sprint_discussion/">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/formula1/comments/1x2ae0s/2026_singapore_grand_prix_sprint_discussion/">[comments]</a></span><br/><hr/><br/><p>You've been blocked by network security.</p><div class="text-16 text-neutral-content-weak"><div class="pt-md">To continue, log in to your Reddit account or use your developer token<p>If you think you've been blocked by mistake, file a ticket below and we'll look into it.</p><p><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-primary" href="https://www.reddit.com/login/">Log in </a><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-secondary" href="https://support.reddithelp.com/hc/en-us/requests/new?ticket_form_id=21879292693140">File a ticket</a></p></div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.reddit.com/r/formula1/comments/1x2ae0s/2026_singapore_grand_prix_sprint_discussion/</link>
      <guid>https://www.reddit.com/r/formula1/comments/1x2ae0s/2026_singapore_grand_prix_sprint_discussion/</guid>
      <pubDate>Sat, 10 Oct 2026 10:50:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Do Stuff [OC]]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/comics/comments/1x2a5dj/do_stuff_oc/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/ir8x0y2upluh1.jpg?width=140&amp;height=140&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=6bbd3d23873249cf2ab94edb5d1111ed91a224d2" alt="Do Stuff [OC]" title="Do Stuff [OC]"> </a> </td><td> <!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>How I feel as a software engineer lately.</p> </div><!-- SC_ON -->   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/nasser_junior"> /u/nasser_junior </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/comics/"> r/comics </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/gallery/1x2a5dj">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/comics/comments/1x2a5dj/do_stuff_oc/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><p>You've been blocked by network security.</p><div class="text-16 text-neutral-content-weak"><div class="pt-md">To continue, log in to your Reddit account or use your developer token<p>If you think you've been blocked by mistake, file a ticket below and we'll look into it.</p><p><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-primary" href="https://www.reddit.com/login/">Log in </a><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-secondary" href="https://support.reddithelp.com/hc/en-us/requests/new?ticket_form_id=21879292693140">File a ticket</a></p></div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.reddit.com/gallery/1x2a5dj</link>
      <guid>https://www.reddit.com/gallery/1x2a5dj</guid>
      <pubDate>Sat, 10 Oct 2026 10:34:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[TEMOIGNAGE. "On est des pions qu'ils placent où ils veulent" : après les annonces du ministre de l'Education nationale, une professeure de maths affectée en lettres modernes dans un lycée]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x29xv4/temoignage_on_est_des_pions_quils_placent_o%C3%B9_ils/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/RvAB3lKBFqUA9A87Ehp7TLzm3Tzu18zKYOgkftxk-Ks.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=6b45f4bcb920d698715e17f53e5042e504a92321" alt="TEMOIGNAGE. &quot;On est des pions qu'ils placent où ils veulent&quot; : après les annonces du ministre de l'Education nationale, une professeure de maths affectée en lettres modernes dans un lycée" title="TEMOIGNAGE. &quot;On est des pions qu'ils placent où ils veulent&quot; : après les annonces du ministre de l'Education nationale, une professeure de maths affectée en lettres modernes dans un lycée"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Andvarey"> /u/Andvarey </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/"> r/france </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.franceinfo.fr/societe/education/blocage-des-lycees/temoignage-on-est-des-pions-qu-ils-placent-ou-ils-veulent-apres-les-annonces-du-ministre-de-l-education-nationale-une-professeure-de-maths-affectee-en-lettres-modernes-dans-un-lycee_8231176.html">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x29xv4/temoignage_on_est_des_pions_quils_placent_o%C3%B9_ils/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><section class="fi-layout-section"><div class="fi-article-bloc"><p class="c-chapo">
  Pour répondre aux difficultés dans les lycées, plus de 3 000 professeurs remplaçants doivent être déployés dans les prochains jours. Parmi eux, Agathe dénonce une affectation inadaptée à sa formation.
</p></div><div class="fi-article-bloc"><div class="c-cover"><figure role="group"><picture class="picture-wrapper"><img srcset="https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/xj80As1gKK8SrADpAC2I_ZYzZD4/0x312:6000x3687/432x243/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/10/6ac9d7dc698df097539117.jpg 432w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/hUIlGLLWihuUOUXtunI_sZWvmLc/0x312:6000x3687/720x405/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/10/6ac9d7dc698df097539117.jpg 720w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/FsuyibfsPXd23I_eWkQJrBhf_LY/0x312:6000x3687/1024x576/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/10/6ac9d7dc698df097539117.jpg 1024w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/0_GXa4-fu9Cn73460BQdzM8v8Cw/0x312:6000x3687/1328x747/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/10/6ac9d7dc698df097539117.jpg 1328w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/sfbTYZVRwqP_mPDbbDnNEVOg9H4/0x312:6000x3687/2656x1494/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/10/6ac9d7dc698df097539117.jpg 2656w" sizes="(min-width: 1440px) 885px, (min-width: 1200px) 50vw, 90vw" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="image" /><source srcset="https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/bmcGfGDpak3vlFiw13e34Xf3678/0x312:6000x3687/432x243/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/10/6ac9d7dc698df097539117.jpg 432w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/0Tj-BR3xRUD3uAPcPVwSVTFQy0o/0x312:6000x3687/720x405/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/10/6ac9d7dc698df097539117.jpg 720w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/LByGdo8FWpfenf7np1AM7p3eUY4/0x312:6000x3687/1024x576/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/10/6ac9d7dc698df097539117.jpg 1024w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/vuQJ_9TeReKejVbipJ5gOIWmb2w/0x312:6000x3687/1328x747/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/10/6ac9d7dc698df097539117.jpg 1328w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/B8nenL8u3Edfkrrn_g1Fdcq-Un8/0x312:6000x3687/2656x1494/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/10/6ac9d7dc698df097539117.jpg 2656w" sizes="(min-width: 1440px) 885px, (min-width: 1200px) 50vw, 90vw" /></picture><figcaption>Dans une salle de classe d'un lycée lyonnais, le 4 septembre 2023. (JEFF PACHOUD / AFP)</figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="c-body"><p>En réponse à la colère lycéenne et à l'urgence, le ministre de l'Éducation nationale Édouard Geffray a annoncé jeudi 8 octobre <a href="https://www.franceinfo.fr/societe/education/blocage-des-lycees/en-reponse-a-la-mobilisation-des-lyceens-3-000-professeurs-remplacants-vont-etre-affectes-dans-les-heures-qui-viennent-a-annonce-le-ministre-de-l-education_8228983.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-tooltip-url="/societe/education/blocage-des-lycees/en-reponse-a-la-mobilisation-des-lyceens-3-000-professeurs-remplacants-vont-etre-affectes-dans-les-heures-qui-viennent-a-annonce-le-ministre-de-l-education_8228983.html">le déploiement de plus de 3 000 professeurs</a> remplaçants dans plus de 500 lycées en difficulté en France dans les prochains jours. Parmi ces enseignants titulaires en zone de remplacement (TZR), qui constituent un vivier de professeurs en attente d'affectation, Agathe, professeure de mathématiques, a reçu un arrêté de nomination pour le moins ubuesque.</p><p>Elle a découvert son affectation par mail, au lendemain de l'annonce du ministre de l'Éducation nationale. C'est sa première année d'enseignement. "<em>Une affectation dans un établissement qui se trouve à 50 kilomètres de mon établissement de rattachement, ce qui reste quand même 120 kilomètres de chez moi. Et c'est dans un autre département, donc c'est totalement hors de la zone qui m'avait été affectée</em>", explique-t-elle.</p><div class="media-embed">À lire aussi</div><p>Depuis la rentrée, Agathe travaille dans un établissement de rattachement en Île-de-France, mais elle n'a pas de classe attitrée. "<em>Le plus drôle dans l'histoire, c'est que moi je suis professeure de mathématiques et on m'affecte en tant que prof de lettres modernes dans un lycée. Sachant qu'au lycée les élèves préparent le baccalauréat de français et que je ne suis pas du tout formée pour leur présenter des textes, faire des commentaires, ou que sais-je, dessus</em>", déplore-t-elle. Cette professeure de mathématiques ne connaît pas le programme de littérature. "<em>Proust, Émile Zola, j'imagine..." </em></p><blockquote class="ftvi_content_quote"><p class="ftvi_citation_quote">"Je ne sais même pas quels sont les textes en vigueur pour le bac".</p><div><p class="ftvi_citation_source">à franceinfo</p></div></blockquote><p>Pour cette enseignante titulaire en zone de remplacement, ce choix du ministre de l'Éducation nationale est incompréhensible. "<em>On est des pions qu'ils placent où ils veulent, quand ils veulent, c'est quand même fou. Et le pire dans tout ça, c'est que les lycéens revendiquent certaines choses, ont des revendications qui peuvent s'entendre, qui doivent s'écouter. Et ils placent des professeurs qui ne sont pas formés, pour pouvoir dire 'on a remplacé les profs, c'est bon, vous pouvez arrêter vos manifestations.' Alors que les lycéens ont le droit d'avoir un enseignement adapté. Moi, je suis professeure de mathématiques, pas professeure de lettres modernes</em>", insiste-t-elle.</p><p>Agathe doit prendre ses fonctions le 1er novembre, à temps plein. "<em>Je ne sais pas, on verra. Certainement contacter des collègues parce qu'il y a une bonne équipe pédagogique. On s'aide beaucoup, les professeurs, les enseignants, on se soutient, ça va être compliqué. Mais bon, quand on n'a pas le choix. Parce qu'à part démissionner, je ne vois pas ce que je peux faire d'autre</em>", explique-t-elle. L'enseignante francilienne va contacter au plus vite le rectorat.</p></div><div class="preferred-source"><p class="preferred-source__text">
    Vous pouvez désormais <strong class="preferred-source__strong">privilégier l'affichage des articles de franceinfo</strong> dans les résultats de recherche Google. <a class="preferred-source__content-link" href="https://www.franceinfo.fr/une-information-transparente-franceinfo/transparence-qu-est-ce-que-la-nouvelle-fonctionnalite-source-preferee-visible-sur-les-contenus-de-franceinfo-fr_8044718.html">Comment ça marche ?</a>
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    </div>
  <div class="card-article-list-s__text-wrapper"><p class="card-article-list-s__title js--bind-title">Vingt-quatre enquêtes ouvertes par l'IGPN, la "police des polices", depuis le début du mouvement des lycéens</p></div>
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<article data-cy="card-article-list-s" class="card-article-list-s" data-content-id="8230771"><a href="https://www.franceinfo.fr/societe/education/blocage-des-lycees/l-ancienne-ministre-najat-vallaud-belkacem-propose-la-mise-en-place-d-un-conclave-de-l-education_8230771.html" class="ftvi-click card-article-list-s__link" data-click-object="{&quot;click&quot;:&quot;vignette&quot;,&quot;zone&quot;:&quot;bloc_articles_sur_le_meme_theme&quot;,&quot;position&quot;:4}">
      <div class="card-article-list-s__img-wrapper"><div class="img-stamp-wrapper"><picture class="picture-wrapper"><img sizes="" srcset="https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/JQ_luTNrVQlEDo5hUlaASNBhCNU/0x0:4200x2362/432x243/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/09/6ac94989f33b3795745780.jpg 432w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/YRGLww_Dc5iT5yT-LxgESCrZE6U/0x0:4200x2362/720x405/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/09/6ac94989f33b3795745780.jpg 720w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/YIkkzXi-jZ7hmmBowDWiv9PDeAs/0x0:4200x2362/1024x576/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/09/6ac94989f33b3795745780.jpg 1024w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/QzN87hk-sJKXzxKJNKZ55eLaFTs/0x0:4200x2362/1328x747/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/09/6ac94989f33b3795745780.jpg 1328w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/QyTRJDOALahjuz7j2j1kmjdm-fE/0x0:4200x2362/2656x1494/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/09/6ac94989f33b3795745780.jpg 2656w" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="image" /><source data-srcset="https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/0MrONV82AHmJD3AOG89cssoewcw/0x0:4200x2362/432x243/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/09/6ac94989f33b3795745780.jpg 432w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/h6CGl6lRq5m30RZw1yCqQ0eySQA/0x0:4200x2362/720x405/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/09/6ac94989f33b3795745780.jpg 720w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/p0I-mGA_U-lvUyIeNYFy3bby26w/0x0:4200x2362/1024x576/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/09/6ac94989f33b3795745780.jpg 1024w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/RLwewJNPz26RMXEg_Z-p6xRLgCM/0x0:4200x2362/1328x747/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/09/6ac94989f33b3795745780.jpg 1328w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/OBD7gizRtg01jUCwoP8cXo9BYjY/0x0:4200x2362/2656x1494/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/09/6ac94989f33b3795745780.jpg 2656w" media="(min-width: 880px)" sizes="" /><source data-srcset="https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/LpFozTXUeKa1hZLHW2qZxD7nAc8/196x0:2996x2800/100x100/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/09/6ac94989f33b3795745780.jpg 100w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/TVh14za6I59RymBxYqWcn7C6-Ro/196x0:2996x2800/200x200/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/09/6ac94989f33b3795745780.jpg 200w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/ll4IZuJD4SRhFUgnItZcqan45to/196x0:2996x2800/432x432/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/09/6ac94989f33b3795745780.jpg 432w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/l0io-kzdb1Judy93Wq-m6ln4Z_Q/196x0:2996x2800/720x720/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/09/6ac94989f33b3795745780.jpg 720w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/dlDtBMmiIghqhQzHEK4Dw-zuun8/196x0:2996x2800/1024x1024/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/09/6ac94989f33b3795745780.jpg 1024w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/JzafhsNNsRJiqka0Aq_Lndp1fj4/196x0:2996x2800/1328x1328/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/09/6ac94989f33b3795745780.jpg 1328w" sizes="" /><img src="https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/RFhk0YFZxT5IBKPmuhOVwNjspVA/196x0:2996x2800/100x100/filters:format(jpg)/2026/10/09/6ac94989f33b3795745780.jpg" class="card-article-list-s__img" data-placeholder-on-error="true" aria-hidden="true" alt="Najat Vallaud-Belkacem, ancienne ministre de l'Education nationale, le 25 mars 2025. (MARQUET FRÉDÉRIC / MAXPPP)" width="100" height="100" data-sizes="auto" /></picture></div>
    </div>
  <div class="card-article-list-s__text-wrapper"><p class="card-article-list-s__title js--bind-title">L'ancienne ministre Najat Vallaud-Belkacem propose la mise en place d'un "conclave de l'éducation"</p></div>
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<article data-cy="card-article-list-s" class="card-article-list-s" data-content-id="8230747"><a href="https://www.franceinfo.fr/societe/education/blocage-des-lycees/non-le-mouvement-ne-s-essouffle-pas-estime-le-representant-federal-de-l-union-syndicale-lyceenne-a-paris_8230747.html" class="ftvi-click card-article-list-s__link" data-click-object="{&quot;click&quot;:&quot;vignette&quot;,&quot;zone&quot;:&quot;bloc_articles_sur_le_meme_theme&quot;,&quot;position&quot;:5}">
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    </div>
  <div class="card-article-list-s__text-wrapper"><p class="card-article-list-s__title js--bind-title">"Non", le mouvement ne s'essouffle pas, estime le représentant fédéral de l'Union syndicale lycéenne à Paris</p></div>
  </a></article></li>
        </ul></section></section><section class="fi-layout-section"></section><section class="fi-layout-section"></section>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.franceinfo.fr/societe/education/blocage-des-lycees/temoignage-on-est-des-pions-qu-ils-placent-ou-ils-veulent-apres-les-annonces-du-ministre-de-l-education-nationale-une-professeure-de-maths-affectee-en-lettres-modernes-dans-un-lycee_8231176.html</link>
      <guid>https://www.franceinfo.fr/societe/education/blocage-des-lycees/temoignage-on-est-des-pions-qu-ils-placent-ou-ils-veulent-apres-les-annonces-du-ministre-de-l-education-nationale-une-professeure-de-maths-affectee-en-lettres-modernes-dans-un-lycee_8231176.html</guid>
      <pubDate>Sat, 10 Oct 2026 10:21:00 +0200</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title><![CDATA[TEMOIGNAGE. "On est des pions qu'ils placent où ils veulent" : après les annonces du ministre de l'Education nationale, une professeure de maths affectée en lettres modernes dans un lycée]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/enseignants/comments/1x29tp5/temoignage_on_est_des_pions_quils_placent_o%C3%B9_ils/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/RvAB3lKBFqUA9A87Ehp7TLzm3Tzu18zKYOgkftxk-Ks.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=6b45f4bcb920d698715e17f53e5042e504a92321" alt="TEMOIGNAGE. &quot;On est des pions qu'ils placent où ils veulent&quot; : après les annonces du ministre de l'Education nationale, une professeure de maths affectée en lettres modernes dans un lycée" title="TEMOIGNAGE. &quot;On est des pions qu'ils placent où ils veulent&quot; : après les annonces du ministre de l'Education nationale, une professeure de maths affectée en lettres modernes dans un lycée"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/lpu8er"> /u/lpu8er </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/enseignants/"> r/enseignants </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.franceinfo.fr/societe/education/blocage-des-lycees/temoignage-on-est-des-pions-qu-ils-placent-ou-ils-veulent-apres-les-annonces-du-ministre-de-l-education-nationale-une-professeure-de-maths-affectee-en-lettres-modernes-dans-un-lycee_8231176.html">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/enseignants/comments/1x29tp5/temoignage_on_est_des_pions_quils_placent_o%C3%B9_ils/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><section class="fi-layout-section"><div class="fi-article-bloc"><p class="c-chapo">
  Pour répondre aux difficultés dans les lycées, plus de 3 000 professeurs remplaçants doivent être déployés dans les prochains jours. Parmi eux, Agathe dénonce une affectation inadaptée à sa formation.
</p></div><div class="fi-article-bloc"><div class="c-cover"><figure role="group"><picture class="picture-wrapper"><img srcset="https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/xj80As1gKK8SrADpAC2I_ZYzZD4/0x312:6000x3687/432x243/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/10/6ac9d7dc698df097539117.jpg 432w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/hUIlGLLWihuUOUXtunI_sZWvmLc/0x312:6000x3687/720x405/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/10/6ac9d7dc698df097539117.jpg 720w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/FsuyibfsPXd23I_eWkQJrBhf_LY/0x312:6000x3687/1024x576/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/10/6ac9d7dc698df097539117.jpg 1024w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/0_GXa4-fu9Cn73460BQdzM8v8Cw/0x312:6000x3687/1328x747/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/10/6ac9d7dc698df097539117.jpg 1328w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/sfbTYZVRwqP_mPDbbDnNEVOg9H4/0x312:6000x3687/2656x1494/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/10/6ac9d7dc698df097539117.jpg 2656w" sizes="(min-width: 1440px) 885px, (min-width: 1200px) 50vw, 90vw" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="image" /><source srcset="https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/bmcGfGDpak3vlFiw13e34Xf3678/0x312:6000x3687/432x243/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/10/6ac9d7dc698df097539117.jpg 432w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/0Tj-BR3xRUD3uAPcPVwSVTFQy0o/0x312:6000x3687/720x405/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/10/6ac9d7dc698df097539117.jpg 720w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/LByGdo8FWpfenf7np1AM7p3eUY4/0x312:6000x3687/1024x576/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/10/6ac9d7dc698df097539117.jpg 1024w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/vuQJ_9TeReKejVbipJ5gOIWmb2w/0x312:6000x3687/1328x747/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/10/6ac9d7dc698df097539117.jpg 1328w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/B8nenL8u3Edfkrrn_g1Fdcq-Un8/0x312:6000x3687/2656x1494/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/10/6ac9d7dc698df097539117.jpg 2656w" sizes="(min-width: 1440px) 885px, (min-width: 1200px) 50vw, 90vw" /></picture><figcaption>Dans une salle de classe d'un lycée lyonnais, le 4 septembre 2023. (JEFF PACHOUD / AFP)</figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="c-body"><p>En réponse à la colère lycéenne et à l'urgence, le ministre de l'Éducation nationale Édouard Geffray a annoncé jeudi 8 octobre <a href="https://www.franceinfo.fr/societe/education/blocage-des-lycees/en-reponse-a-la-mobilisation-des-lyceens-3-000-professeurs-remplacants-vont-etre-affectes-dans-les-heures-qui-viennent-a-annonce-le-ministre-de-l-education_8228983.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-tooltip-url="/societe/education/blocage-des-lycees/en-reponse-a-la-mobilisation-des-lyceens-3-000-professeurs-remplacants-vont-etre-affectes-dans-les-heures-qui-viennent-a-annonce-le-ministre-de-l-education_8228983.html">le déploiement de plus de 3 000 professeurs</a> remplaçants dans plus de 500 lycées en difficulté en France dans les prochains jours. Parmi ces enseignants titulaires en zone de remplacement (TZR), qui constituent un vivier de professeurs en attente d'affectation, Agathe, professeure de mathématiques, a reçu un arrêté de nomination pour le moins ubuesque.</p><p>Elle a découvert son affectation par mail, au lendemain de l'annonce du ministre de l'Éducation nationale. C'est sa première année d'enseignement. "<em>Une affectation dans un établissement qui se trouve à 50 kilomètres de mon établissement de rattachement, ce qui reste quand même 120 kilomètres de chez moi. Et c'est dans un autre département, donc c'est totalement hors de la zone qui m'avait été affectée</em>", explique-t-elle.</p><div class="media-embed">À lire aussi</div><p>Depuis la rentrée, Agathe travaille dans un établissement de rattachement en Île-de-France, mais elle n'a pas de classe attitrée. "<em>Le plus drôle dans l'histoire, c'est que moi je suis professeure de mathématiques et on m'affecte en tant que prof de lettres modernes dans un lycée. Sachant qu'au lycée les élèves préparent le baccalauréat de français et que je ne suis pas du tout formée pour leur présenter des textes, faire des commentaires, ou que sais-je, dessus</em>", déplore-t-elle. Cette professeure de mathématiques ne connaît pas le programme de littérature. "<em>Proust, Émile Zola, j'imagine..." </em></p><blockquote class="ftvi_content_quote"><p class="ftvi_citation_quote">"Je ne sais même pas quels sont les textes en vigueur pour le bac".</p><div><p class="ftvi_citation_source">à franceinfo</p></div></blockquote><p>Pour cette enseignante titulaire en zone de remplacement, ce choix du ministre de l'Éducation nationale est incompréhensible. "<em>On est des pions qu'ils placent où ils veulent, quand ils veulent, c'est quand même fou. Et le pire dans tout ça, c'est que les lycéens revendiquent certaines choses, ont des revendications qui peuvent s'entendre, qui doivent s'écouter. Et ils placent des professeurs qui ne sont pas formés, pour pouvoir dire 'on a remplacé les profs, c'est bon, vous pouvez arrêter vos manifestations.' Alors que les lycéens ont le droit d'avoir un enseignement adapté. Moi, je suis professeure de mathématiques, pas professeure de lettres modernes</em>", insiste-t-elle.</p><p>Agathe doit prendre ses fonctions le 1er novembre, à temps plein. "<em>Je ne sais pas, on verra. Certainement contacter des collègues parce qu'il y a une bonne équipe pédagogique. On s'aide beaucoup, les professeurs, les enseignants, on se soutient, ça va être compliqué. Mais bon, quand on n'a pas le choix. Parce qu'à part démissionner, je ne vois pas ce que je peux faire d'autre</em>", explique-t-elle. L'enseignante francilienne va contacter au plus vite le rectorat.</p></div><div class="preferred-source"><p class="preferred-source__text">
    Vous pouvez désormais <strong class="preferred-source__strong">privilégier l'affichage des articles de franceinfo</strong> dans les résultats de recherche Google. <a class="preferred-source__content-link" href="https://www.franceinfo.fr/une-information-transparente-franceinfo/transparence-qu-est-ce-que-la-nouvelle-fonctionnalite-source-preferee-visible-sur-les-contenus-de-franceinfo-fr_8044718.html">Comment ça marche ?</a>
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<article data-cy="card-article-list-s" class="card-article-list-s" data-content-id="8230771"><a href="https://www.franceinfo.fr/societe/education/blocage-des-lycees/l-ancienne-ministre-najat-vallaud-belkacem-propose-la-mise-en-place-d-un-conclave-de-l-education_8230771.html" class="ftvi-click card-article-list-s__link" data-click-object="{&quot;click&quot;:&quot;vignette&quot;,&quot;zone&quot;:&quot;bloc_articles_sur_le_meme_theme&quot;,&quot;position&quot;:4}">
      <div class="card-article-list-s__img-wrapper"><div class="img-stamp-wrapper"><picture class="picture-wrapper"><img sizes="" srcset="https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/JQ_luTNrVQlEDo5hUlaASNBhCNU/0x0:4200x2362/432x243/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/09/6ac94989f33b3795745780.jpg 432w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/YRGLww_Dc5iT5yT-LxgESCrZE6U/0x0:4200x2362/720x405/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/09/6ac94989f33b3795745780.jpg 720w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/YIkkzXi-jZ7hmmBowDWiv9PDeAs/0x0:4200x2362/1024x576/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/09/6ac94989f33b3795745780.jpg 1024w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/QzN87hk-sJKXzxKJNKZ55eLaFTs/0x0:4200x2362/1328x747/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/09/6ac94989f33b3795745780.jpg 1328w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/QyTRJDOALahjuz7j2j1kmjdm-fE/0x0:4200x2362/2656x1494/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/09/6ac94989f33b3795745780.jpg 2656w" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="image" /><source data-srcset="https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/0MrONV82AHmJD3AOG89cssoewcw/0x0:4200x2362/432x243/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/09/6ac94989f33b3795745780.jpg 432w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/h6CGl6lRq5m30RZw1yCqQ0eySQA/0x0:4200x2362/720x405/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/09/6ac94989f33b3795745780.jpg 720w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/p0I-mGA_U-lvUyIeNYFy3bby26w/0x0:4200x2362/1024x576/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/09/6ac94989f33b3795745780.jpg 1024w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/RLwewJNPz26RMXEg_Z-p6xRLgCM/0x0:4200x2362/1328x747/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/09/6ac94989f33b3795745780.jpg 1328w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/OBD7gizRtg01jUCwoP8cXo9BYjY/0x0:4200x2362/2656x1494/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/09/6ac94989f33b3795745780.jpg 2656w" media="(min-width: 880px)" sizes="" /><source data-srcset="https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/LpFozTXUeKa1hZLHW2qZxD7nAc8/196x0:2996x2800/100x100/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/09/6ac94989f33b3795745780.jpg 100w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/TVh14za6I59RymBxYqWcn7C6-Ro/196x0:2996x2800/200x200/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/09/6ac94989f33b3795745780.jpg 200w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/ll4IZuJD4SRhFUgnItZcqan45to/196x0:2996x2800/432x432/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/09/6ac94989f33b3795745780.jpg 432w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/l0io-kzdb1Judy93Wq-m6ln4Z_Q/196x0:2996x2800/720x720/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/09/6ac94989f33b3795745780.jpg 720w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/dlDtBMmiIghqhQzHEK4Dw-zuun8/196x0:2996x2800/1024x1024/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/09/6ac94989f33b3795745780.jpg 1024w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/JzafhsNNsRJiqka0Aq_Lndp1fj4/196x0:2996x2800/1328x1328/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/09/6ac94989f33b3795745780.jpg 1328w" sizes="" /><img src="https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/RFhk0YFZxT5IBKPmuhOVwNjspVA/196x0:2996x2800/100x100/filters:format(jpg)/2026/10/09/6ac94989f33b3795745780.jpg" class="card-article-list-s__img" data-placeholder-on-error="true" aria-hidden="true" alt="Najat Vallaud-Belkacem, ancienne ministre de l'Education nationale, le 25 mars 2025. (MARQUET FRÉDÉRIC / MAXPPP)" width="100" height="100" data-sizes="auto" /></picture></div>
    </div>
  <div class="card-article-list-s__text-wrapper"><p class="card-article-list-s__title js--bind-title">L'ancienne ministre Najat Vallaud-Belkacem propose la mise en place d'un "conclave de l'éducation"</p></div>
  </a></article></li>
            <li class="generic-vertical-rebound__item">
<article data-cy="card-article-list-s" class="card-article-list-s" data-content-id="8230747"><a href="https://www.franceinfo.fr/societe/education/blocage-des-lycees/non-le-mouvement-ne-s-essouffle-pas-estime-le-representant-federal-de-l-union-syndicale-lyceenne-a-paris_8230747.html" class="ftvi-click card-article-list-s__link" data-click-object="{&quot;click&quot;:&quot;vignette&quot;,&quot;zone&quot;:&quot;bloc_articles_sur_le_meme_theme&quot;,&quot;position&quot;:5}">
      <div class="card-article-list-s__img-wrapper"><div class="img-stamp-wrapper"><picture class="picture-wrapper"><img sizes="" srcset="https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/IQUGgN6ChM16d6ytfOKJegDdRUc/0x53:1024x629/432x243/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/09/6ac9472e43e08168224972.jpg 432w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/nkKJwb9sGVldwql8GWAnFd604Fk/0x53:1024x629/720x405/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/09/6ac9472e43e08168224972.jpg 720w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/yRQcm831nktd83cQcq8m77LFKDE/0x53:1024x629/1024x576/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/09/6ac9472e43e08168224972.jpg 1024w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/IDuVWsmeFbMfWTJ1gZlUY2MWpXg/0x53:1024x629/1328x747/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/09/6ac9472e43e08168224972.jpg 1328w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/SPd_TUWT9YzQBvOnN5S79Gt8SEc/0x53:1024x629/2656x1494/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/09/6ac9472e43e08168224972.jpg 2656w" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="image" /><source data-srcset="https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/pHXBcDwhjdVzpyFLrCOUrltI-xQ/0x53:1024x629/432x243/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/09/6ac9472e43e08168224972.jpg 432w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/KnY_uKKFs0qr0Wd1YpdNW5zWB5M/0x53:1024x629/720x405/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/09/6ac9472e43e08168224972.jpg 720w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/PD4u_bAdZa5VwA2YxOIGadLkGtU/0x53:1024x629/1024x576/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/09/6ac9472e43e08168224972.jpg 1024w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/SOXKNsiBkQKYLibkeW9WcMfvsOg/0x53:1024x629/1328x747/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/09/6ac9472e43e08168224972.jpg 1328w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/_LgmLoOhFphT0keZsGoRGB_Qav8/0x53:1024x629/2656x1494/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/09/6ac9472e43e08168224972.jpg 2656w" media="(min-width: 880px)" sizes="" /><source data-srcset="https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/viFWdTu_QFaCs4mKLythp4ula94/171x0:853x682/100x100/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/09/6ac9472e43e08168224972.jpg 100w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/VbTBz7pcYUEWj0bNpytv7CN1X4c/171x0:853x682/200x200/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/09/6ac9472e43e08168224972.jpg 200w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/GOGP6y1rP0mGQnupEcVMYBl5x2Q/171x0:853x682/432x432/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/09/6ac9472e43e08168224972.jpg 432w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/KLHqiR73lzDrk5xeWg-pDpsNkDE/171x0:853x682/720x720/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/09/6ac9472e43e08168224972.jpg 720w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/Iaa8k02l0gkXmUjN3NyDT5PbP04/171x0:853x682/1024x1024/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/09/6ac9472e43e08168224972.jpg 1024w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/ui6AeX98wFGyHSOAafeldgKanC4/171x0:853x682/1328x1328/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/09/6ac9472e43e08168224972.jpg 1328w" sizes="" /><img src="https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/tlN4AFdOdnvBAFyIwWXLdudqOOU/171x0:853x682/100x100/filters:format(jpg)/2026/10/09/6ac9472e43e08168224972.jpg" class="card-article-list-s__img" data-placeholder-on-error="true" aria-hidden="true" alt="Des milliers de lycéens manifestent à Nantes (Loire-Atlantique), le 9 octobre 2026. (LOIC VENANCE / AFP)" width="100" height="100" data-sizes="auto" /></picture></div>
    </div>
  <div class="card-article-list-s__text-wrapper"><p class="card-article-list-s__title js--bind-title">"Non", le mouvement ne s'essouffle pas, estime le représentant fédéral de l'Union syndicale lycéenne à Paris</p></div>
  </a></article></li>
        </ul></section></section><section class="fi-layout-section"></section><section class="fi-layout-section"></section>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.franceinfo.fr/societe/education/blocage-des-lycees/temoignage-on-est-des-pions-qu-ils-placent-ou-ils-veulent-apres-les-annonces-du-ministre-de-l-education-nationale-une-professeure-de-maths-affectee-en-lettres-modernes-dans-un-lycee_8231176.html</link>
      <guid>https://www.franceinfo.fr/societe/education/blocage-des-lycees/temoignage-on-est-des-pions-qu-ils-placent-ou-ils-veulent-apres-les-annonces-du-ministre-de-l-education-nationale-une-professeure-de-maths-affectee-en-lettres-modernes-dans-un-lycee_8231176.html</guid>
      <pubDate>Sat, 10 Oct 2026 10:14:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Roses are red. Violets are blue.]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/comics/comments/1x29qe7/roses_are_red_violets_are_blue/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/w1o1tmt7lluh1.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=8ffa07412e00f4bcfe4988e4a2e24d4f44df155d" alt="Roses are red. Violets are blue." title="Roses are red. Violets are blue."> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/MorsCentauri"> /u/MorsCentauri </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/comics/"> r/comics </a> <br> <span><a href="https://i.redd.it/w1o1tmt7lluh1.jpeg">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/comics/comments/1x29qe7/roses_are_red_violets_are_blue/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><p><img src="https://i.redd.it/w1o1tmt7lluh1.jpeg"></p></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://i.redd.it/w1o1tmt7lluh1.jpeg</link>
      <guid>https://i.redd.it/w1o1tmt7lluh1.jpeg</guid>
      <pubDate>Sat, 10 Oct 2026 10:08:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Les chrétiens sont obligés d’argumenter (de manière merdique) avec de l’IA]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/IaCaca/comments/1x29b1e/les_chr%C3%A9tiens_sont_oblig%C3%A9s_dargumenter_de_mani%C3%A8re/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/rhl20lsjgluh1.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=3bba9b712604aab0060efc1184dfe1e6f49795b5" alt="Les chrétiens sont obligés d’argumenter (de manière merdique) avec de l’IA" title="Les chrétiens sont obligés d’argumenter (de manière merdique) avec de l’IA"> </a> </td><td> <!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>Source : <a href="https://www.threads.com/share/BAVL4EXSyG/">https://www.threads.com/share/BAVL4EXSyG/</a></p> </div><!-- SC_ON -->   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/15locraft_off"> /u/15locraft_off </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/IaCaca/"> r/IaCaca </a> <br> <span><a href="https://i.redd.it/rhl20lsjgluh1.jpeg">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/IaCaca/comments/1x29b1e/les_chr%C3%A9tiens_sont_oblig%C3%A9s_dargumenter_de_mani%C3%A8re/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><p><img src="https://i.redd.it/rhl20lsjgluh1.jpeg"></p></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://i.redd.it/rhl20lsjgluh1.jpeg</link>
      <guid>https://i.redd.it/rhl20lsjgluh1.jpeg</guid>
      <pubDate>Sat, 10 Oct 2026 09:42:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Mon conjoint travaille la nuit, il ne fait rien à la maison car trop fatigué...que faire ?]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>Mon conjoint (35H) et moi (28F) sommes en couple depuis 9 ans, on a une petite fille de 3 ans, mon conjoint fait un travail physique la nuit 4 jours par semaine et moi je travaille derrière un bureau 5 jours par semaine. Mon conjoint est épuisé tout le temps, il dort, travaille, rentre et reste prostré devant la tv/téléphone car il est épuisé de son travail. Le weekend (samedi/dimanche/lundi) il dort de minuit jusqu'à 14h, et à côté de ça je dois gérer tout course/ménage/lessive/notre fille/les papiers/le jardin, comme il a mal au dos il va voir un kiné, ca été encore à moi de réserver ses rendez-vous, lui rappeler d'y aller, lui donner l'adresse etc...</p> <p>Je suis vraiment fatigué de cette situation et lui semble complètement amorphe, il a un sommeil très très lourd, a prit du poids ses dernières années, il ronfle, il a mal aux pieds... j'essaie de ne pas trop lui reprocher cette situation qui me pèse mais je me sens vraiment submergé. </p> <p>Vous me conseillez de faire quoi? Je ne veux pas le quitter, je vois bien qu'il est lui aussi pris dans un cercle vicieux qu'on arrive pas à casser</p> </div><!-- SC_ON -->   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/ChouquetteRassis"> /u/ChouquetteRassis </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/AskFrance/"> r/AskFrance </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/AskFrance/comments/1x2976q/mon_conjoint_travaille_la_nuit_il_ne_fait_rien_%C3%A0/">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/AskFrance/comments/1x2976q/mon_conjoint_travaille_la_nuit_il_ne_fait_rien_%C3%A0/">[comments]</a></span><br/><hr/><br/><p>You've been blocked by network security.</p><div class="text-16 text-neutral-content-weak"><div class="pt-md">To continue, log in to your Reddit account or use your developer token<p>If you think you've been blocked by mistake, file a ticket below and we'll look into it.</p><p><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-primary" href="https://www.reddit.com/login/">Log in </a><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-secondary" href="https://support.reddithelp.com/hc/en-us/requests/new?ticket_form_id=21879292693140">File a ticket</a></p></div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.reddit.com/r/AskFrance/comments/1x2976q/mon_conjoint_travaille_la_nuit_il_ne_fait_rien_%C3%A0/</link>
      <guid>https://www.reddit.com/r/AskFrance/comments/1x2976q/mon_conjoint_travaille_la_nuit_il_ne_fait_rien_%C3%A0/</guid>
      <pubDate>Sat, 10 Oct 2026 09:35:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[« Si vous vous suicidez, j’assumerai » : un ancien gendarme dénonce les humiliations et le harcèlement de sa hiérarchie]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x293b8/si_vous_vous_suicidez_jassumerai_un_ancien/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/VejXOc--zVzFGnHAgbshRl4rAp67YgAQe7WRQxonD0A.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=ded2146c94838e8bbdaceda7be5fa8be3b4772ea" alt="« Si vous vous suicidez, j’assumerai » : un ancien gendarme dénonce les humiliations et le harcèlement de sa hiérarchie" title="« Si vous vous suicidez, j’assumerai » : un ancien gendarme dénonce les humiliations et le harcèlement de sa hiérarchie"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Delicious-Owl"> /u/Delicious-Owl </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/"> r/france </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.leparisien.fr/faits-divers/si-vous-vous-suicidez-jassumerai-un-ancien-gendarme-denonce-les-humiliations-et-le-harcelement-de-sa-hierarchie-09-10-2026-XNGHD5W52REEBBZ5W2K7V34GIM.php?">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x293b8/si_vous_vous_suicidez_jassumerai_un_ancien/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div class="share-toolsv2-container body-spacing lp-mt-06"><p><a class="lp-button lp-button--outline lp-button--size-36 lp-button--icon-left" href="https://profile.google.com/@leparisien" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow" data-lp-click="{&quot;event&quot;:&quot;clicArticle&quot;,&quot;Chapter1-clic&quot;:&quot;articles&quot;,&quot;Chapter2-clic&quot;:&quot;google&quot;,&quot;Chapter3-clic&quot;:null}" data-lp-click-raw="">Suivre Le Parisien sur Google</a></p></div><div class="body-spacing width_full flex article-section margin_bottom_article"><section class="content"><p class="paragraph text_align_left lp-f-body-02">Pour Romain Boyer, la gendarmerie n’a jamais été un simple métier, mais « une véritable vocation ». Entré comme réserviste en 2017 et devenu <a href="https://www.leparisien.fr/faits-divers/ile-de-france-le-faux-gendarme-soupconne-de-six-vols-chez-des-personnes-agees-retrouve-la-liberte-29-09-2026-BSCRGJ7F5FBJNKNIOWFX37ZZNA.php" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">gendarme</a> adjoint volontaire par la suite, c’est tout naturellement que le jeune homme passe le concours en 2021 et intègre la formation de sous-officier. « J’ai toujours idolâtré la gendarmerie, ce métier et cette grande famille », se souvient Romain, aujourd’hui âgé de 28 ans.</p></section><div class="paywall-article-section"><section class="content"><p class="">Mais le 1er mai 2023, alors que son escadron de La Réole (<a href="https://www.leparisien.fr/gironde-33/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Gironde</a>) est mobilisé pour les manifestations contre la réforme des retraites à Nantes (<a href="https://www.leparisien.fr/loire-atlantique-44/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Loire-Atlantique</a>), sa vie bascule. Touché par un cocktail Molotov, Romain est brûlé au deuxième et troisième degrés aux bras et aux jambes et doit s’arrêter six mois.</p></section></div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.leparisien.fr/faits-divers/si-vous-vous-suicidez-jassumerai-un-ancien-gendarme-denonce-les-humiliations-et-le-harcelement-de-sa-hierarchie-09-10-2026-XNGHD5W52REEBBZ5W2K7V34GIM.php?</link>
      <guid>https://www.leparisien.fr/faits-divers/si-vous-vous-suicidez-jassumerai-un-ancien-gendarme-denonce-les-humiliations-et-le-harcelement-de-sa-hierarchie-09-10-2026-XNGHD5W52REEBBZ5W2K7V34GIM.php?</guid>
      <pubDate>Sat, 10 Oct 2026 09:28:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Non ! Jouer aux jeux vidéo n'est pas un redflag. Faudrait arrêter avec ça]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>Je vois régulièrement des gens expliquer qu'une personne qui joue aux jeux vidéo, c'est un redflag, qu'il faudrait qu'il grandisse et qu'il fasse autre chose de sa vie. J'ai même vu des personnes se faire recaler pour ça. Et parfois, même entre collègues, dès que quelqu'un dit qu'il joue, t'as toujours quelqu'un pour lui sortir qu'il devrait sortir un peu plus et arrêter de s'enfermer devant les écrans etc.</p> <p>Mais depuis quand jouer aux jeux vidéo et avoir une vie sociale sont incompatibles ? On peut jouer le soir, voir ses potes le week-end, faire du sport, bosser, avoir une vie de couple et s'occuper de ses enfants.</p> <p>Un loisir reste un loisir. Le problème c'est l'excès, pas l'activité en elle-même. Et ça vaut pour absolument tout. Passer ses journées à scroller sur TikTok comme un zombie, regarder la télé pendant des heures, sortir tous les soirs ou passer sa vie au boulot, ça peut aussi devenir problématique. Pourtant, on ne considère pas systématiquement que regarder la télé ou sortir boire des verres est un redflag.</p> <p>Et non, tous les gamers ne sont pas des gros boutonneux qui ne se lavent pas ou des pères irresponsables qui négligent leur famille pour leur console. Les joueurs que je connais sont des personnes parfaitement respectables, qui savent faire la différence entre leur loisir, leur vie professionnelle et leur vie familiale. Oui, des gens qui jouent de manière compulsive au point de délaisser le reste de leur vie, ça existe. Je ne le nie absolument pas. Mais pourquoi prendre les cas extrêmes pour en faire une généralité ?</p> <p>D'ailleurs, les jeux vidéo ne rendent pas automatiquement stupide ou immature. Il y a des recherches en neurosciences sur leurs effets cognitifs, avec des résultats qui varient selon les jeux et les capacités étudiées. Comme pour beaucoup de loisirs, tout dépend de ce qu'on pratique et de la manière dont on le pratique. </p> <p>Ce n'est pas une activité réservée aux enfants non plus. Certains jeux abordent le deuil, la guerre, la morale, la politique ou la psychologie humaine avec une profondeur qu'on ne soupçonnerait même pas si on s'arrêtait à l'image d'un type qui appuie sur des boutons devant un écran.</p> <p>On peut ne pas aimer les jeux vidéo, ça ne me pose aucun problème. Chacun ses goûts. Mais juger le caractère d'une personne simplement parce qu'elle joue, c'est autre chose.</p> <p>Le vrai redflag, c'est de négliger ses responsabilités, de ne pas savoir gérer son temps ou de faire passer son loisir avant les gens qu'on aime. Pas le fait d'avoir une PlayStation chez soi.</p> <p>Et si quelqu'un est capable de faire son boulot, d'entretenir ses relations, de prendre soin de sa famille et de gérer ses responsabilités tout en jouant quelques heures dans la semaine, je ne vois pas en quoi il devrait avoir honte de son loisir.</p> <p>À un moment, il faudrait arrêter de confondre « ce n'est pas un loisir que j'aime » avec « c'est un défaut chez les autres ».</p> </div><!-- SC_ON -->   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/CarefulOpening7651"> /u/CarefulOpening7651 </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/besoinderaler/"> r/besoinderaler </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/besoinderaler/comments/1x292hf/non_jouer_aux_jeux_vid%C3%A9o_nest_pas_un_redflag/">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/besoinderaler/comments/1x292hf/non_jouer_aux_jeux_vid%C3%A9o_nest_pas_un_redflag/">[comments]</a></span><br/><hr/><br/><p>You've been blocked by network security.</p><div class="text-16 text-neutral-content-weak"><div class="pt-md">To continue, log in to your Reddit account or use your developer token<p>If you think you've been blocked by mistake, file a ticket below and we'll look into it.</p><p><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-primary" href="https://www.reddit.com/login/">Log in </a><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-secondary" href="https://support.reddithelp.com/hc/en-us/requests/new?ticket_form_id=21879292693140">File a ticket</a></p></div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.reddit.com/r/besoinderaler/comments/1x292hf/non_jouer_aux_jeux_vid%C3%A9o_nest_pas_un_redflag/</link>
      <guid>https://www.reddit.com/r/besoinderaler/comments/1x292hf/non_jouer_aux_jeux_vid%C3%A9o_nest_pas_un_redflag/</guid>
      <pubDate>Sat, 10 Oct 2026 09:27:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Joli]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/objetdelecture/comments/1x2912n/joli/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/b9irz60hdluh1.jpeg?width=320&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=cdbfa8e308e37eff81c5e63b6318c9f3b34566aa" alt="Joli" title="Joli"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/agfacid3"> /u/agfacid3 </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/objetdelecture/"> r/objetdelecture </a> <br> <span><a href="https://i.redd.it/b9irz60hdluh1.jpeg">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/objetdelecture/comments/1x2912n/joli/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><p><img src="https://i.redd.it/b9irz60hdluh1.jpeg"></p></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://i.redd.it/b9irz60hdluh1.jpeg</link>
      <guid>https://i.redd.it/b9irz60hdluh1.jpeg</guid>
      <pubDate>Sat, 10 Oct 2026 09:24:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Boutique TCG à Bourges]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/IaCaca/comments/1x28x0o/boutique_tcg_%C3%A0_bourges/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/2wrr6ya7cluh1.jpg?width=140&amp;height=140&amp;crop=1:1,smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=5321e2181145eee8bd910779f304f997efd23be4" alt="Boutique TCG à Bourges" title="Boutique TCG à Bourges"> </a> </td><td> <!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>Première fois que je poste ici mais j'étais obligé. J'vais pour l'une des premières fois dans ce genre de boutiques avec une pote et je vois de l'IA partout. J'ai pas tout pris en photo j'aurais eu l'air bizarre mais croyez moi, TOUTES les illustrations dans la boutique sont générés. Et le must c'est la réponse du proprio à l'avis que j'ai laissé </p> </div><!-- SC_ON -->   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/No_Tomatillo_3957"> /u/No_Tomatillo_3957 </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/IaCaca/"> r/IaCaca </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/gallery/1x28x0o">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/IaCaca/comments/1x28x0o/boutique_tcg_%C3%A0_bourges/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><p>You've been blocked by network security.</p><div class="text-16 text-neutral-content-weak"><div class="pt-md">To continue, log in to your Reddit account or use your developer token<p>If you think you've been blocked by mistake, file a ticket below and we'll look into it.</p><p><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-primary" href="https://www.reddit.com/login/">Log in </a><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-secondary" href="https://support.reddithelp.com/hc/en-us/requests/new?ticket_form_id=21879292693140">File a ticket</a></p></div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.reddit.com/gallery/1x28x0o</link>
      <guid>https://www.reddit.com/gallery/1x28x0o</guid>
      <pubDate>Sat, 10 Oct 2026 09:17:00 +0200</pubDate>
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    <item>
      <title><![CDATA[outjerked yet again]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/AnarchyChess/comments/1x28u64/outjerked_yet_again/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/iyb0mu8cbluh1.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=f0f62cfa061bc16f9ee9097abffdf6065c07ef92" alt="outjerked yet again" title="outjerked yet again"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/stardszst"> /u/stardszst </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/AnarchyChess/"> r/AnarchyChess </a> <br> <span><a href="https://i.redd.it/iyb0mu8cbluh1.jpeg">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/AnarchyChess/comments/1x28u64/outjerked_yet_again/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><p><img src="https://i.redd.it/iyb0mu8cbluh1.jpeg"></p></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://i.redd.it/iyb0mu8cbluh1.jpeg</link>
      <guid>https://i.redd.it/iyb0mu8cbluh1.jpeg</guid>
      <pubDate>Sat, 10 Oct 2026 09:13:00 +0200</pubDate>
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    <item>
      <title><![CDATA[Donald Trump annonce des livraisons massives de diesel russe à quelques semaines des élections de mi-mandat]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x28lmr/donald_trump_annonce_des_livraisons_massives_de/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/0C45b8hN5kxRyZFeO9CoPvByPXO4l20Wkqnqm-vdqts.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=062b7b5ef392b743f3a8b0e54ae301854c00577a" alt="Donald Trump annonce des livraisons massives de diesel russe à quelques semaines des élections de mi-mandat" title="Donald Trump annonce des livraisons massives de diesel russe à quelques semaines des élections de mi-mandat"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/fonxtal"> /u/fonxtal </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/"> r/france </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.franceinfo.fr/monde/usa/midterms-2018/trump-annonce-des-livraisons-massives-de-diesel-russe-a-quelques-semaines-des-elections-de-mi-mandat_8230807.html">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x28lmr/donald_trump_annonce_des_livraisons_massives_de/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><section class="fi-layout-section"><div class="fi-article-bloc"><p class="c-chapo">
  Cette annonce surprise, confirmée par Vladimir Poutine, coïncide avec une reprise des discussions entre Américains et Ukrainiens sur la guerre avec la Russie.
</p></div><div class="fi-article-bloc"><div class="c-cover"><figure role="group"><picture class="picture-wrapper"><img srcset="https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/SrAQ_Bk--DxXC0TCu0R0r06Xt0k/0x80:1024x656/432x243/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/09/6ac95b056977d621823511.jpg 432w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/jzlO1ExSBh401YO92cr7lVIB9ic/0x80:1024x656/720x405/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/09/6ac95b056977d621823511.jpg 720w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/iBkfBVmTZ-dmxgFEEZ_eqzB6UPM/0x80:1024x656/1024x576/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/09/6ac95b056977d621823511.jpg 1024w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/0X3kINyn0tSZNUiZg39pLmGLad8/0x80:1024x656/1328x747/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/09/6ac95b056977d621823511.jpg 1328w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/Zxoxz3cWmji26zld0dRirK8_tsU/0x80:1024x656/2656x1494/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/09/6ac95b056977d621823511.jpg 2656w" sizes="(min-width: 1440px) 885px, (min-width: 1200px) 50vw, 90vw" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="image" /><source srcset="https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/3kaYr48H1Tg6SrmbjBRj0DVHa-s/0x80:1024x656/432x243/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/09/6ac95b056977d621823511.jpg 432w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/ubYCRzXKitU10Jdt7NcVDAjAKyg/0x80:1024x656/720x405/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/09/6ac95b056977d621823511.jpg 720w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/tKjx3SMVWhN5pGWh6FCLXu4tv5M/0x80:1024x656/1024x576/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/09/6ac95b056977d621823511.jpg 1024w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/j9VIMjD0nCNDWbGpJt8o0ekAgQ8/0x80:1024x656/1328x747/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/09/6ac95b056977d621823511.jpg 1328w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/wUt6SgizxCmEtlsPd_dMCdg2SrA/0x80:1024x656/2656x1494/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/09/6ac95b056977d621823511.jpg 2656w" sizes="(min-width: 1440px) 885px, (min-width: 1200px) 50vw, 90vw" /></picture><figcaption>Donald Trump à Syracuse (New York, Etats-Unis), le 9 octobre 2026. (TIERNEY L. CROSS / GETTY IMAGES NORTH AMERICA / AFP)</figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="c-body"><p>Donald Trump cherche par tous les moyens à faire baisser les prix aux États-Unis avant les <a href="https://www.franceinfo.fr/monde/usa/midterms-2018/reportage-c-est-comme-si-trump-etait-sur-le-bulletin-le-president-americain-fait-de-son-nom-l-enjeu-des-midterms_8185946.html" target="_self" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" data-tooltip-url="/monde/usa/midterms-2018/reportage-c-est-comme-si-trump-etait-sur-le-bulletin-le-president-americain-fait-de-son-nom-l-enjeu-des-midterms_8185946.html">élections de mi-mandat</a>. Le président américain a annoncé, vendredi 9 octobre, avoir négocié avec Vladimir Poutine la livraison de quantités massives de diesel russe. Il a levé pour ce faire des sanctions qui pèsent sur Moscou.</p><p><em>"Les prix du diesel pour les Américains et, en réalité, pour le monde, VONT BAISSER RAPIDEMENT DANS DES PROPORTIONS RECORD !",</em> a affirmé Donald Trump sur son réseau <a href="https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/117412435306815143" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-tooltip-url="https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/117412435306815143">Truth social</a>. Cette annonce surprise, confirmée par son homologue russe, coïncide avec une <a href="https://www.franceinfo.fr/monde/europe/manifestations-en-ukraine/des-discussions-debutent-entre-les-etats-unis-et-l-ukraine-les-europeens-convies_8230672.html" target="_self" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" data-tooltip-url="/monde/europe/manifestations-en-ukraine/des-discussions-debutent-entre-les-etats-unis-et-l-ukraine-les-europeens-convies_8230672.html">reprise des discussions</a> entre Américains et Ukrainiens sur la guerre avec la Russie. Le président ukrainien Volodymyr Zelensky a fortement critiqué Donald Trump, estimant que l'accord annoncé était une décision<em> "indigne"</em> et <em>"faible"</em> de la part de Washington.</p></div><div class="preferred-source"><p class="preferred-source__text">
    Vous pouvez désormais <strong class="preferred-source__strong">privilégier l'affichage des articles de franceinfo</strong> dans les résultats de recherche Google. <a class="preferred-source__content-link" href="https://www.franceinfo.fr/une-information-transparente-franceinfo/transparence-qu-est-ce-que-la-nouvelle-fonctionnalite-source-preferee-visible-sur-les-contenus-de-franceinfo-fr_8044718.html">Comment ça marche ?</a>
  </p></div></section><section class="fi-layout-section"><section data-cy="generic-vertical-rebound" class="generic-vertical-rebound  generic-vertical-rebound--reduced"><p>Sur le même thème</p><ul class="generic-vertical-rebound__items"><li class="generic-vertical-rebound__item">
<article data-cy="card-article-list-s" class="card-article-list-s" data-content-id="8230822"><a href="https://www.franceinfo.fr/monde/usa/l-administration-trump-jette-le-doute-sur-une-execution-en-direct-qui-a-souleve-l-indignation_8230822.html" class="ftvi-click card-article-list-s__link" data-click-object="{&quot;click&quot;:&quot;vignette&quot;,&quot;zone&quot;:&quot;bloc_articles_sur_le_meme_theme&quot;,&quot;position&quot;:1}">
      <div class="card-article-list-s__img-wrapper"><div class="img-stamp-wrapper"><picture class="picture-wrapper"><img sizes="" srcset="https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/IucuOY7Iz9mIqW90WQrfzUjVTYo/0x106:1024x682/432x243/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/10/6ac96451309ee157210304.jpg 432w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/Po2_vRnB1iSVWcMCDotfOLEST8M/0x106:1024x682/720x405/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/10/6ac96451309ee157210304.jpg 720w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/S5yL3WMBLUUW9m5A6Lj5QwiefQY/0x106:1024x682/1024x576/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/10/6ac96451309ee157210304.jpg 1024w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/vflGUpsx0U44VfaHow6Q9qt7LJE/0x106:1024x682/1328x747/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/10/6ac96451309ee157210304.jpg 1328w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/BSvss7VlsxjN7V6YzA8uG5u-_7k/0x106:1024x682/2656x1494/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/10/6ac96451309ee157210304.jpg 2656w" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="image" /><source data-srcset="https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/kECDCcGda-YfDYg4nIiyHfJ8f-w/0x106:1024x682/432x243/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/10/6ac96451309ee157210304.jpg 432w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/WLb5kJGvTtwCtCAwSlAW9rtwuy0/0x106:1024x682/720x405/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/10/6ac96451309ee157210304.jpg 720w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/wTjVH4WU_9YeRzFRVP4fTtPFy9s/0x106:1024x682/1024x576/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/10/6ac96451309ee157210304.jpg 1024w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/cQQsEcO2nsZtjt7eC3ePnujJ8oo/0x106:1024x682/1328x747/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/10/6ac96451309ee157210304.jpg 1328w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/buQ-CCbVt-I7g2u-HzbGxjesYvk/0x106:1024x682/2656x1494/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/10/6ac96451309ee157210304.jpg 2656w" media="(min-width: 880px)" sizes="" /><source data-srcset="https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/kyK-SdyK0fzf34CPS1luZ32ZAdU/119x0:801x682/100x100/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/10/6ac96451309ee157210304.jpg 100w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/TTYU42FmD0hh0Iuh2jyo4mCMIhg/119x0:801x682/200x200/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/10/6ac96451309ee157210304.jpg 200w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/mSiCEshmHTQYuhHwlFLTfJRwLtk/119x0:801x682/432x432/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/10/6ac96451309ee157210304.jpg 432w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/5T-F7MB2ELke1nn742-hRffT5f8/119x0:801x682/720x720/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/10/6ac96451309ee157210304.jpg 720w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/Fz1nZr1INi4Hvm0xw3IHwJqd23c/119x0:801x682/1024x1024/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/10/6ac96451309ee157210304.jpg 1024w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/xxqxErerB3BabBAepgqUbpW884s/119x0:801x682/1328x1328/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/10/6ac96451309ee157210304.jpg 1328w" sizes="" /><img src="https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/djt3ROgT8bPjNe14x4L9hjv-NQc/119x0:801x682/100x100/filters:format(jpg)/2026/10/10/6ac96451309ee157210304.jpg" class="card-article-list-s__img" data-placeholder-on-error="true" aria-hidden="true" alt="Donald Trump à Washington, aux Etats-Unis, le 9 octobre 2026. (ALEX WROBLEWSKI / AFP)" width="100" height="100" data-sizes="auto" /></picture></div>
    </div>
  <div class="card-article-list-s__text-wrapper"><p class="card-article-list-s__title js--bind-title">L'administration Trump jette le doute sur une exécution en direct qui a soulevé l'indignation</p></div>
  </a></article></li>
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      <link>https://www.franceinfo.fr/monde/usa/midterms-2018/trump-annonce-des-livraisons-massives-de-diesel-russe-a-quelques-semaines-des-elections-de-mi-mandat_8230807.html</link>
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      <pubDate>Sat, 10 Oct 2026 08:59:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[«Pour moi, ça ferait 13.000 euros d’impôts en plus par an !» : les loueurs en meublé vent debout contre le coup de rabot fiscal du budget 2027]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[  submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Temporary-Dirt-7511"> /u/Temporary-Dirt-7511 </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/immobilier/"> r/immobilier </a> <br> <span><a href="https://immobilier.lefigaro.fr/article/pour-moi-ca-ferait-13-000-euros-d-impot-en-plus-par-an-les-loueurs-en-meuble-vent-debout-contre-le-coup-de-rabot-fiscal-du-budget-2027-20261010">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/immobilier/comments/1x28b0j/pour_moi_%C3%A7a_ferait_13000_euros_dimp%C3%B4ts_en_plus/">[comments]</a></span><br/><hr/><br/>Attention Required! | Cloudflare
<div id="cf-wrapper"><p>Please enable cookies.</p><div id="cf-error-details" class="cf-error-details-wrapper"><div class="cf-section cf-wrapper cf-columns two"><div class="cf-column"><h2 data-translate="blocked_why_headline">Why have I been blocked?</h2><p data-translate="blocked_why_detail">This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks. The action you just performed triggered the security solution. There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase, a SQL command or malformed data.</p></div><div class="cf-column"><h2 data-translate="blocked_resolve_headline">What can I do to resolve this?</h2><p data-translate="blocked_resolve_detail">You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked. Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page.</p></div></div></div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://immobilier.lefigaro.fr/article/pour-moi-ca-ferait-13-000-euros-d-impot-en-plus-par-an-les-loueurs-en-meuble-vent-debout-contre-le-coup-de-rabot-fiscal-du-budget-2027-20261010</link>
      <guid>https://immobilier.lefigaro.fr/article/pour-moi-ca-ferait-13-000-euros-d-impot-en-plus-par-an-les-loueurs-en-meuble-vent-debout-contre-le-coup-de-rabot-fiscal-du-budget-2027-20261010</guid>
      <pubDate>Sat, 10 Oct 2026 08:41:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[On devrait être plus reconnaissant envers ceux qui payent l’impôt sur le revenu]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>Et je parle pas de millionnaires, je parle des 45% de la population qui payent un impôt sur le revenu (rien qu’avec cette stat je dois déjà en surprendre plus d’un, oui la majorité des français ne payent pas d’impôt sur le revenu, soit parce qu’ils ne travaillent pas soit gagnent sous le premier seuil d’imposition). </p> <p>Personnellement, sans donner trop de détails, j’ai 31 ans, suis très bien payé (je paye donc déjà beaucoup d’impôt sur le revenu sur mon salaire) et j’ai également fait de très beaux paris en bourse sur les deux dernières année qui m’ont dégagé des énormes plus-values et donc un revenu supplémentaire sur lequel je paye une taxe de 31,4%. Ça fait que juste entre l’année dernière et cette année je paie une somme de plus de 6 chiffres d’impôts. </p> <p>En lisant ce paragraphe beaucoup doivent se dire « encore heureux que tu payes, sale riche, il arrive à s’en plaindre alors que certains galèrent ». Je me plains pas de payer des impôts c’est normal, mais j’en ai marre que moi et les 45% des gens qui font tourner le pays se fasse traiter comme de la merde par des gens qui ne payent pas d’impôt sur le revenu. Vous ne payez pas d’impôts, comment pouvez-vous avoir la haine de ceux qui gagnent bien leur vie et en paient ? </p> <p>En tant que (très) gros payeur d’impôts, j’aimerais tant avoir un minimum de reconnaissance, déjà par mes compatriotes, et pourquoi pas par l’État. Un badge d’honneur, une lettre de remerciements qui me détaille où mes impôts vont aller cette année (6320€ dans l’education, 2560€ dans la justice etc.)…</p> </div><!-- SC_ON -->   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/irregularwave"> /u/irregularwave </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/opinionnonpopulaire/"> r/opinionnonpopulaire </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/opinionnonpopulaire/comments/1x2870p/on_devrait_%C3%AAtre_plus_reconnaissant_envers_ceux/">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/opinionnonpopulaire/comments/1x2870p/on_devrait_%C3%AAtre_plus_reconnaissant_envers_ceux/">[comments]</a></span><br/><hr/><br/><p>You've been blocked by network security.</p><div class="text-16 text-neutral-content-weak"><div class="pt-md">To continue, log in to your Reddit account or use your developer token<p>If you think you've been blocked by mistake, file a ticket below and we'll look into it.</p><p><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-primary" href="https://www.reddit.com/login/">Log in </a><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-secondary" href="https://support.reddithelp.com/hc/en-us/requests/new?ticket_form_id=21879292693140">File a ticket</a></p></div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.reddit.com/r/opinionnonpopulaire/comments/1x2870p/on_devrait_%C3%AAtre_plus_reconnaissant_envers_ceux/</link>
      <guid>https://www.reddit.com/r/opinionnonpopulaire/comments/1x2870p/on_devrait_%C3%AAtre_plus_reconnaissant_envers_ceux/</guid>
      <pubDate>Sat, 10 Oct 2026 08:34:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Time to eat]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/cats/comments/1x27fbv/time_to_eat/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/Z2F4bHlnZjJ3a3VoMTdjHXkxf51nn0JzET33jtqrxMKXDECVlpwjcLOxij11.png?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=9d6982696c6c0e10c058ef1f1fc96dd071e85f4e" alt="Time to eat" title="Time to eat"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/DCArchibald"> /u/DCArchibald </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/cats/"> r/cats </a> <br> <span><a href="https://v.redd.it/7bead1f2wkuh1">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/cats/comments/1x27fbv/time_to_eat/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><p>You've been blocked by network security.</p><div class="text-16 text-neutral-content-weak"><div class="pt-md">To continue, log in to your Reddit account or use your developer token<p>If you think you've been blocked by mistake, file a ticket below and we'll look into it.</p><p><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-primary" href="https://www.reddit.com/login/">Log in </a><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-secondary" href="https://support.reddithelp.com/hc/en-us/requests/new?ticket_form_id=21879292693140">File a ticket</a></p></div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://v.redd.it/7bead1f2wkuh1</link>
      <guid>https://v.redd.it/7bead1f2wkuh1</guid>
      <pubDate>Sat, 10 Oct 2026 07:48:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[This video captured after a man accidentally knocked his phone to the bottom of the sea]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/interestingasfuck/comments/1x27cvi/this_video_captured_after_a_man_accidentally/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/dzhzZGJkMWt2a3VoMWuFtw4_TjqqVP5_ja-VRkJECe_ST9BddsR8mZ2-UjIu.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=c938efb44d44754f0f8e70da02128cacb7d3318b" alt="This video captured after a man accidentally knocked his phone to the bottom of the sea" title="This video captured after a man accidentally knocked his phone to the bottom of the sea"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Worldlyoox"> /u/Worldlyoox </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/interestingasfuck/"> r/interestingasfuck </a> <br> <span><a href="https://v.redd.it/btu7vf4kvkuh1">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/interestingasfuck/comments/1x27cvi/this_video_captured_after_a_man_accidentally/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><p>You've been blocked by network security.</p><div class="text-16 text-neutral-content-weak"><div class="pt-md">To continue, log in to your Reddit account or use your developer token<p>If you think you've been blocked by mistake, file a ticket below and we'll look into it.</p><p><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-primary" href="https://www.reddit.com/login/">Log in </a><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-secondary" href="https://support.reddithelp.com/hc/en-us/requests/new?ticket_form_id=21879292693140">File a ticket</a></p></div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://v.redd.it/btu7vf4kvkuh1</link>
      <guid>https://v.redd.it/btu7vf4kvkuh1</guid>
      <pubDate>Sat, 10 Oct 2026 07:44:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Chatbot du site de transport zou cherche stage en restauration]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x279c7/chatbot_du_site_de_transport_zou_cherche_stage_en/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/dyq2bb3jukuh1.jpg?width=140&amp;height=140&amp;crop=1:1,smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=d67183c00ada894f1c4475916e939bfac5b28a14" alt="Chatbot du site de transport zou cherche stage en restauration" title="Chatbot du site de transport zou cherche stage en restauration"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/benbennnn"> /u/benbennnn </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/"> r/france </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/gallery/1x279c7">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x279c7/chatbot_du_site_de_transport_zou_cherche_stage_en/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><p>You've been blocked by network security.</p><div class="text-16 text-neutral-content-weak"><div class="pt-md">To continue, log in to your Reddit account or use your developer token<p>If you think you've been blocked by mistake, file a ticket below and we'll look into it.</p><p><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-primary" href="https://www.reddit.com/login/">Log in </a><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-secondary" href="https://support.reddithelp.com/hc/en-us/requests/new?ticket_form_id=21879292693140">File a ticket</a></p></div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.reddit.com/gallery/1x279c7</link>
      <guid>https://www.reddit.com/gallery/1x279c7</guid>
      <pubDate>Sat, 10 Oct 2026 07:38:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[« On Louvre enfin ! » : les étudiants de l’École du Louvre rejoignent le mouvement lycéen]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x26ruw/on_louvre_enfin_les_%C3%A9tudiants_de_l%C3%A9cole_du_louvre/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/MsDKNBxAMHAgIy5CGebPCwD0vMBJT5lx2dtckm68fU4.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=c5ce5ae4b021d8923de81fc73df4a880fe2ec8de" alt="« On Louvre enfin ! » : les étudiants de l’École du Louvre rejoignent le mouvement lycéen" title="« On Louvre enfin ! » : les étudiants de l’École du Louvre rejoignent le mouvement lycéen"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/DansQuelleEtagere"> /u/DansQuelleEtagere </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/"> r/france </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.humanite.fr/culture-et-savoir/culture/on-louvre-enfin-les-etudiants-de-lecole-du-louvre-rejoignent-le-mouvement-lyceen">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x26ruw/on_louvre_enfin_les_%C3%A9tudiants_de_l%C3%A9cole_du_louvre/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><p>Sous les colonnes sculptées de la façade néo-baroque, les étudiants de l’École du <a href="https://www.humanite.fr/culture-et-savoir/expositions/trop-mignon-au-louvre-lens-une-exposition-tendre-ou-tout-nest-pas-si-rose" data-type="post" data-id="3888937">Louvre</a> ont installé leur propre décor. Sur l’une des lionnes de la porte Jaujard, une pipe accompagne l’inscription <em>« Ceci n’est pas un blocus »</em>. Plus bas, Saturne devient <em>« L’État dévorant ses enfants »</em>. Un étendard aux allures d’enluminure médiévale proclame <em>« Chascun honnit la milice »</em> : un personnage en tunique y défie d’un doigt d’honneur un soldat en armure.</p><p>Ce vendredi 9 octobre au matin, l’entrée solennelle résonne de chants repris avec ferveur. Une <a href="https://www.humanite.fr/-/-/la-revolution-nattend-pas-les-etudiants-se-pressent-vers-la-place-de-la-bastille" data-type="post" data-id="3899915">cinquantaine d’étudiants</a> occupent les marches et hurlent à pleins poumons : <em>« On est là ! On est là ! Pour l’honneur des travailleurs et pour un monde meilleur, même si Macron ne le veut pas ! »</em></p><p>« On Louvre enfin ! », annonce une autre pancarte. Le blocus rejoint...</p>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.humanite.fr/culture-et-savoir/culture/on-louvre-enfin-les-etudiants-de-lecole-du-louvre-rejoignent-le-mouvement-lyceen</link>
      <guid>https://www.humanite.fr/culture-et-savoir/culture/on-louvre-enfin-les-etudiants-de-lecole-du-louvre-rejoignent-le-mouvement-lyceen</guid>
      <pubDate>Sat, 10 Oct 2026 07:10:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[of ponytail]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/AbsoluteUnits/comments/1x26fdc/of_ponytail/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/ZWxxMmxsM3dsa3VoMdfN7gGZ2xQb7c6Pfaj3YnvvTsLvtU8Ze6Ov5wcUkuBB.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=6373f3c581aa25814f9d0fe6af7cf6f0e2e1b8a5" alt="of ponytail" title="of ponytail"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/AUTOBOTBROKE"> /u/AUTOBOTBROKE </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/AbsoluteUnits/"> r/AbsoluteUnits </a> <br> <span><a href="https://v.redd.it/1l3vyocwlkuh1">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/AbsoluteUnits/comments/1x26fdc/of_ponytail/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><p>You've been blocked by network security.</p><div class="text-16 text-neutral-content-weak"><div class="pt-md">To continue, log in to your Reddit account or use your developer token<p>If you think you've been blocked by mistake, file a ticket below and we'll look into it.</p><p><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-primary" href="https://www.reddit.com/login/">Log in </a><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-secondary" href="https://support.reddithelp.com/hc/en-us/requests/new?ticket_form_id=21879292693140">File a ticket</a></p></div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://v.redd.it/1l3vyocwlkuh1</link>
      <guid>https://v.redd.it/1l3vyocwlkuh1</guid>
      <pubDate>Sat, 10 Oct 2026 06:50:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[How to get on top of this consistently?]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/expedition33/comments/1x26dv3/how_to_get_on_top_of_this_consistently/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/7upnh6ihlkuh1.png?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=80fce263507baacc8a06539c14567c73f11a431d" alt="How to get on top of this consistently?" title="How to get on top of this consistently?"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/TechnicianLimp5583"> /u/TechnicianLimp5583 </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/expedition33/"> r/expedition33 </a> <br> <span><a href="https://i.redd.it/7upnh6ihlkuh1.png">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/expedition33/comments/1x26dv3/how_to_get_on_top_of_this_consistently/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><p><img src="https://i.redd.it/7upnh6ihlkuh1.png"></p></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://i.redd.it/7upnh6ihlkuh1.png</link>
      <guid>https://i.redd.it/7upnh6ihlkuh1.png</guid>
      <pubDate>Sat, 10 Oct 2026 06:48:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[These kinds of reels/posts]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/lovethissmug/comments/1x25wlm/these_kinds_of_reelsposts/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/b4oek4mmgkuh1.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=978eb9d42208a241caf4f9ff2a229d92a6a5d218" alt="These kinds of reels/posts" title="These kinds of reels/posts"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/qtuke6"> /u/qtuke6 </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/lovethissmug/"> r/lovethissmug </a> <br> <span><a href="https://i.redd.it/b4oek4mmgkuh1.jpeg">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/lovethissmug/comments/1x25wlm/these_kinds_of_reelsposts/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><p><img src="https://i.redd.it/b4oek4mmgkuh1.jpeg"></p></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://i.redd.it/b4oek4mmgkuh1.jpeg</link>
      <guid>https://i.redd.it/b4oek4mmgkuh1.jpeg</guid>
      <pubDate>Sat, 10 Oct 2026 06:20:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Ash's Problem]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/antimeme/comments/1x25rdg/ashs_problem/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/fnsiatg6fkuh1.jpeg?width=320&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=22dc776df62ad5874c5f2bc4b7a71ae2c75ac565" alt="Ash's Problem" title="Ash's Problem"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Eastern-Metal-5226"> /u/Eastern-Metal-5226 </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/antimeme/"> r/antimeme </a> <br> <span><a href="https://i.redd.it/fnsiatg6fkuh1.jpeg">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/antimeme/comments/1x25rdg/ashs_problem/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><p><img src="https://i.redd.it/fnsiatg6fkuh1.jpeg"></p></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://i.redd.it/fnsiatg6fkuh1.jpeg</link>
      <guid>https://i.redd.it/fnsiatg6fkuh1.jpeg</guid>
      <pubDate>Sat, 10 Oct 2026 06:12:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[President Trump thanked Putin for oil deal to release Russian diesel despite high gas prices caused by Iran war and President Zelensky calling it a sign of "weakness": "That is a big deal. And I want to thank President Putin. We have massive amounts of oil coming into our country and it's diesel."]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/videos/comments/1x25lgc/president_trump_thanked_putin_for_oil_deal_to/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/6y3wvyeT5pxtSX16DtiZHP93ioyV5Dcv5rae05snBvw.jpeg?width=320&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=2508cd1979cde8204b643b5eaa40d2165fdc5d05" alt="President Trump thanked Putin for oil deal to release Russian diesel despite high gas prices caused by Iran war and President Zelensky calling it a sign of &quot;weakness&quot;: &quot;That is a big deal. And I want to thank President Putin. We have massive amounts of oil coming into our country and it's diesel.&quot;" title="President Trump thanked Putin for oil deal to release Russian diesel despite high gas prices caused by Iran war and President Zelensky calling it a sign of &quot;weakness&quot;: &quot;That is a big deal. And I want to thank President Putin. We have massive amounts of oil coming into our country and it's diesel.&quot;"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/ControlCAD"> /u/ControlCAD </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/videos/"> r/videos </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&amp;v=pBojXRhtFF0">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/videos/comments/1x25lgc/president_trump_thanked_putin_for_oil_deal_to/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><iframe id="video" width="480" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/pBojXRhtFF0?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" title="Trump thanks Putin for oil deal">[embedded content]</iframe>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&amp;v=pBojXRhtFF0</link>
      <guid>https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&amp;v=pBojXRhtFF0</guid>
      <pubDate>Sat, 10 Oct 2026 06:03:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Been “purifying” the air for two weeks]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/mildlyinfuriating/comments/1x252j1/been_purifying_the_air_for_two_weeks/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/k6oa85mg8kuh1.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=afd6c672e4267d2a39fbd0b65888641178d92d42" alt="Been “purifying” the air for two weeks" title="Been “purifying” the air for two weeks"> </a> </td><td> <!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>Not a singular particle has been filtered. I was so excited to see what 2 weeks of this thing on has filtered. I swear I had an air placebo also. I was walking around head held high, happy with my investment in two of these things around the house.</p> <p><strong>edit</strong></p> <p>Just so everyone is on the same page, there is nothing in the instructions entailing to remove the plastic wrap. Nothing anywhere mentions it. Posting a photo in the comments for everyones convenience lol</p> <p>Take a deep breath everyone. Read the flair! This is my mistake and truly not that deep. Some of ya’ll have questionable stability here I can see.</p> <p>brugmann air purificador pro series 65m2 thats the make and model. I live in Bolivia and this brand is proprietary from the store I bought it from Locally here in La Paz called Multicenter. Show me where it says explicitly remove the plastic from the filter and Ill STFU </p> </div><!-- SC_ON -->   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/bugbusterpromax"> /u/bugbusterpromax </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/mildlyinfuriating/"> r/mildlyinfuriating </a> <br> <span><a href="https://i.redd.it/k6oa85mg8kuh1.jpeg">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/mildlyinfuriating/comments/1x252j1/been_purifying_the_air_for_two_weeks/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><p><img src="https://i.redd.it/k6oa85mg8kuh1.jpeg"></p></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://i.redd.it/k6oa85mg8kuh1.jpeg</link>
      <guid>https://i.redd.it/k6oa85mg8kuh1.jpeg</guid>
      <pubDate>Sat, 10 Oct 2026 05:35:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[TIL French philosopher René Descartes became the tutor to Queen Christina of Sweden in 1649. She scheduled lessons for 5 a.m. in a cold, drafty castle. Months later, he developed pneumonia and died at age 53.]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/todayilearned/comments/1x252rr/til_french_philosopher_ren%C3%A9_descartes_became_the/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/2CdLJZsyKJW4LCNw8NOSmreNlDNcRh_cdvC4zsdAQKY.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=e3357ef6e885ceb700157b8f616de6d92e391577" alt="TIL French philosopher René Descartes became the tutor to Queen Christina of Sweden in 1649. She scheduled lessons for 5 a.m. in a cold, drafty castle. Months later, he developed pneumonia and died at age 53." title="TIL French philosopher René Descartes became the tutor to Queen Christina of Sweden in 1649. She scheduled lessons for 5 a.m. in a cold, drafty castle. Months later, he developed pneumonia and died at age 53."> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/carboncopy95437"> /u/carboncopy95437 </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/todayilearned/"> r/todayilearned </a> <br> <span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes#Emancipation_from_Church_doctrine">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/todayilearned/comments/1x252rr/til_french_philosopher_ren%C3%A9_descartes_became_the/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div class="vector-body-before-content">
							
						
						
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					<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr" data-mw-parsoid-version="0.24.0.0-alpha26" data-mw-html-version="2.8.0"><section data-mw-section-id="0" id="mwAQ"><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_with_short_description" /><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1368532237" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" scoped="scoped"></style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" id="mwBA">"Descartes" redirects here. For other uses, see <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descartes_(disambiguation)" title="Descartes (disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig">Descartes (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt" id="mwBQ"><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_February_2023" id="mwBw" /></p>
{{cite book |author-link=Steven Nadler |last=Nadler |first=Steven |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a2yYDwAAQBAJ |title=The Philosopher, The Priest, and The Painter: A Portrait of Descartes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115073610/https://books.google.com/books?id=a2yYDwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover |archive-date=15 November 2020 |location=Princeton, New Jersey |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |year=2013 |pages=174–198}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}"},"name":{"wt":"René Descartes"},"birth_date":{"wt":"{{Birth date text|31 March 1596}}"},"birth_place":{"wt":"[[Descartes, Indre-et-Loire|La Haye-en-Touraine]], France"},"death_date":{"wt":"{{death date and age|11 February 1650|31 March 1596}}"},"death_place":{"wt":"[[Stockholm]], Sweden"},"education":{"wt":"{{plainlist|\n* [[Jesuit College of La Flèche]] (1607–1614)\n* [[University of Poitiers]] ([[LL.B.]], 1616)\n* [[University of Franeker]] (attended)\n* [[Leiden University]] (attended)\n}}"},"school_tradition":{"wt":"{{plainlist|\n* [[Foundationalism]]\n* [[Innatism]]\n* [[Mechanism (philosophy)|Mechanism]]\n* [[Rationalism]]\n}}"},"main_interests":{"wt":"[[Epistemology]], [[metaphysics]], [[mathematics]], [[physics]], [[cosmology]], [[ethics]]"},"notable_ideas":{"wt":"{{collapsible list|titlestyle=font-weight:normal;font-style:italic|title=See list|{{tree list}}\n* {{lang|la|[[Cogito ergo sum]]}}\n* [[Cartesian doubt|Method of doubt]]\n* [[Subject (philosophy)|Subjectivity]]\n* [[Method of normals]]\n* [[Analytic geometry]]\n* [[Cartesian coordinate system]]\n* [[Imaginary number]]\n* [[Mind–body problem]]\n* [[Cartesian dualism]]\n** [[Interactionism (philosophy of mind)|Interactionism]]\n** [[Trialism]]\n* [[Cartesian circle]]\n* [[Foundationalism]]\n* {{langlink|la|Mathesis universalis}}\n* [[Folium of Descartes]]\n* {{langlink|la|Evil demon|Deus deceptor}}\n* [[Dream argument]]\n* [[Conservation of momentum]] ({{lang|la|quantitas motus}})\n* [[Balloonist theory]]\n* [[Descartes's rule of signs]]\n* [[Wax argument]]\n* [[Trademark argument]]\n* [[Causal adequacy principle]]\n* {{langlink|la|Mental substance|Res cogitans}}/{{langlink|la|res extensa}} distinction\n* [[Conatus#In Descartes|Conatus]]{{tree list/end}}\n}}"},"academic_advisors":{"wt":"{{plainlist|\n* [[Isaac Beeckman]]\n* [[Jacobus Golius]]\n* [[Adriaan Metius]]\n* [[Étienne Noël]]\n}}"},"thesis_title":{"wt":"{{lang|la|Theses ex utroque iure de Testamentis ordinandis}}"},"thesis_url":{"wt":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-works/tlatin.html"},"thesis_year":{"wt":"1616"},"children":{"wt":"[[Francine Descartes|Francine]]"},"signature":{"wt":"[[File:Firma Descartes.svg|150px]]"}},"i":0}}]}'&gt;<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1358620234" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" scoped="scoped"></style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn">René Descartes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_René_Descartes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg/250px-Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail" srcset="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg/500px-Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x" data-file-width="817" data-file-height="1000" data-file-type="bitmap" height="306" width="250" class="mw-file-element mw-file-upright" style="--mw-file-upright: 1" alt="image" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Portrait after <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_Hals" title="Frans Hals">Frans Hals</a><sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-2" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;group&quot;:&quot;note&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-2&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-2" data-mw-group="note" id="mwCQ">[note 1]</a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">31 March 1596 (1596-03-31)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descartes,_Indre-et-Loire" title="Descartes, Indre-et-Loire">La Haye-en-Touraine</a>, France</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">11 February 1650(1650-02-11) (aged 53)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, Sweden</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francine_Descartes" title="Francine Descartes">Francine</a></td></tr><tr class="infobox-hiddenrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Education</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;}}" scoped="scoped"></style><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit_College_of_La_Flèche" title="Jesuit College of La Flèche" class="mw-redirect">Jesuit College of La Flèche</a> (1607–1614)</li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Poitiers" title="University of Poitiers">University of Poitiers</a> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LL.B." title="LL.B." class="mw-redirect">LL.B.</a>, 1616)</li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Franeker" title="University of Franeker">University of Franeker</a> (attended)</li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden_University" title="Leiden University">Leiden University</a> (attended)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-works/tlatin.html" class="external text"><i><i lang="la">Theses ex utroque iure de Testamentis ordinandis</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" /></i></a> (1616)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Academic advisors</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;}}" /><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Beeckman" title="Isaac Beeckman">Isaac Beeckman</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus_Golius" title="Jacobus Golius">Jacobus Golius</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriaan_Metius" title="Adriaan Metius">Adriaan Metius</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Étienne_Noël" title="Étienne Noël">Étienne Noël</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Philosophical work</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;}}" /><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th-century_philosophy" title="17th-century philosophy" class="mw-redirect">17th-century philosophy</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1356279592" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Tree list/styles.css&quot;}}" scoped="scoped"></style><div class="treelist">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_philosophy" title="Dutch philosophy">Dutch philosophy</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_philosophy" title="French philosophy">French philosophy</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" title="List of schools of philosophy" class="mw-redirect">School</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;}}" /><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innatism" title="Innatism">Innatism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanism_(philosophy)" title="Mechanism (philosophy)">Mechanism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;">
<div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-weight:normal;font-style:italic"><div>See list</div></div>
<ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1356279592" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Tree list/styles.css&quot;}}" /><div class="treelist">
<ul><li><i lang="la"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogito_ergo_sum" title="Cogito ergo sum" class="mw-redirect">Cogito ergo sum</a></i>
</li><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_doubt" title="Cartesian doubt">Method of doubt</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject_(philosophy)" title="Subject (philosophy)" class="mw-redirect">Subjectivity</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_of_normals" title="Method of normals">Method of normals</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_geometry" title="Analytic geometry">Analytic geometry</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_coordinate_system" title="Cartesian coordinate system">Cartesian coordinate system</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaginary_number" title="Imaginary number">Imaginary number</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind–body_problem" title="Mind–body problem">Mind–body problem</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_dualism" title="Cartesian dualism" class="mw-redirect">Cartesian dualism</a>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactionism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Interactionism (philosophy of mind)">Interactionism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trialism" title="Trialism">Trialism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_circle" title="Cartesian circle">Cartesian circle</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathesis_universalis" title="Mathesis universalis"><i lang="la">Mathesis universalis</i></a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folium_of_Descartes" title="Folium of Descartes">Folium of Descartes</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_demon" title="Evil demon"><i lang="la">Deus deceptor</i></a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_argument" title="Dream argument">Dream argument</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_momentum" title="Conservation of momentum" class="mw-redirect">Conservation of momentum</a> (<i lang="la">quantitas motus</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" />)</li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balloonist_theory" title="Balloonist theory">Balloonist theory</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descartes's_rule_of_signs" title="Descartes's rule of signs">Descartes's rule of signs</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wax_argument" title="Wax argument">Wax argument</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark_argument" title="Trademark argument">Trademark argument</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal_adequacy_principle" title="Causal adequacy principle">Causal adequacy principle</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_substance" title="Mental substance"><i lang="la">Res cogitans</i></a>/<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Res_extensa" title="Res extensa"><i lang="la">res extensa</i></a> distinction</li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conatus#In_Descartes" title="Conatus">Conatus</a></li></ul></div>
</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Firma_Descartes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Firma_Descartes.svg/250px-Firma_Descartes.svg.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail" srcset="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Firma_Descartes.svg/330px-Firma_Descartes.svg.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x" data-file-width="116" data-file-height="25" data-file-type="drawing" height="32" width="150" class="mw-file-element" alt="image" /></a></td></tr></table><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Biography_with_signature" /><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_with_hCards" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1374427404" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" scoped="scoped"></style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1378777972" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Sidebar/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" scoped="scoped"></style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" role="navigation" id="mwDg"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:René_Descartes" title="Category:René Descartes">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Descartes" class="mw-selflink selflink">René Descartes</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.6em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_René_Descartes,_bust,_three-quarter_facing_left_in_an_oval_border,_(white_background_removed).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Portrait_of_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes%2C_bust%2C_three-quarter_facing_left_in_an_oval_border%2C_%28white_background_removed%29.png/250px-Portrait_of_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes%2C_bust%2C_three-quarter_facing_left_in_an_oval_border%2C_%28white_background_removed%29.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail" srcset="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Portrait_of_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes%2C_bust%2C_three-quarter_facing_left_in_an_oval_border%2C_%28white_background_removed%29.png/330px-Portrait_of_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes%2C_bust%2C_three-quarter_facing_left_in_an_oval_border%2C_%28white_background_removed%29.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="936" data-file-type="bitmap" height="176" width="150" class="mw-file-element" alt="image" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanism_(philosophy)" title="Mechanism (philosophy)">Mechanism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_doubt" title="Cartesian doubt">Doubt and certainty</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence of God</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_argument" title="Dream argument">Dream argument</a></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogito,_ergo_sum" title="Cogito, ergo sum">Cogito, ergo sum</a></i></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_demon" title="Evil demon">Evil demon</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark_argument" title="Trademark argument">Trademark argument</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal_adequacy_principle" title="Causal adequacy principle">Causal adequacy principle</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind–body_problem" title="Mind–body problem">Mind–body dichotomy</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_circle" title="Cartesian circle">Cartesian circle</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_diver" title="Cartesian diver">Cartesian diver</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balloonist_theory" title="Balloonist theory">Balloonist theory</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wax_argument" title="Wax argument">Wax argument</a></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_substance" title="Mental substance">Res cogitans</a></i></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Res_extensa" title="Res extensa">Res extensa</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Mathematics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_geometry" title="Analytic geometry">Analytic geometry</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_coordinate_system" title="Cartesian coordinate system">Coordinate system</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folium_of_Descartes" title="Folium of Descartes">Folium</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descartes'_rule_of_signs" title="Descartes' rule of signs" class="mw-redirect">Rule of signs</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">
<ul><li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rules_for_the_Direction_of_the_Mind" title="Rules for the Direction of the Mind">Rules for the Direction of the Mind</a></i></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Search_for_Truth_by_Natural_Light" title="The Search for Truth by Natural Light">The Search for Truth by Natural Light</a></i></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_(Descartes)" title="The World (Descartes)" class="mw-redirect">The World</a></i></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discourse_on_the_Method" title="Discourse on the Method">Discourse on the Method</a></i></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Géométrie" title="La Géométrie">La Géométrie</a></i></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meditations_on_First_Philosophy" title="Meditations on First Philosophy">Meditations on First Philosophy</a></i></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principles_of_Philosophy" title="Principles of Philosophy">Principles of Philosophy</a></i></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passions_of_the_Soul" title="Passions of the Soul">Passions of the Soul</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina,_Queen_of_Sweden" title="Christina, Queen of Sweden">Christina, Queen of Sweden</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francine_Descartes" title="Francine Descartes">Francine Descartes</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1374427404" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Navbar/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" scoped="scoped"></style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Descartes" title="Template:Descartes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Descartes" title="Template talk:Descartes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Descartes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Descartes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p id="mwDw"><b id="mwEA">René Descartes</b> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/deɪˈkɑːrt/</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key" id="mwEg" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;respell&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Respell&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;day&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;KART&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">day-KART</i></a>, </p><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:IPA/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" scoped="scoped"></style>also <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈdeɪkɑːrt/</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key" id="mwFA" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;respell&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Respell&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;DAY&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;kart&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">DAY-kart</i></a>;<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-longman_3-0" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;longman&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-longman-3&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-longman-3" id="mwFQ">[2]</a></sup><sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:7_4-0" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;:7&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-:7-4&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-:7-4" id="mwGQ">[3]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" id="mwHQ" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:IPA/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;IPA&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:IPA&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;ʁəne dekaʁt&quot;},&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;lang&quot;},&quot;4&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Fr-René Descartes.wav&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" />French:<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ʁənedekaʁt]</a><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fr-Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.wav" title="File:Fr-René Descartes.wav">ⓘ</a></sup><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Pages_with_French_IPA" /><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" id="mwHg" />; 31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) was a French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist whose work was foundational to mathematics and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy" id="mwHw">modern philosophy</a>. He connected the previously separate fields of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry" id="mwIA">geometry</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra" id="mwIQ">algebra</a> into <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_geometry" title="Analytic geometry" id="mwIg">analytic geometry</a> and introduced a systematic method of inquiry that became influential in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_modern_philosophy" title="Early modern philosophy" id="mwIw">early modern philosophy</a>. He made major contributions to <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology" id="mwJA">epistemology</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind" id="mwJQ">philosophy of mind</a> as well as <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics" id="mwJg">metaphysics</a>, and influenced the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_science#Scientific_Revolution_and_birth_of_New_Science" title="History of science" id="mwJw">development of modern science</a>.
<p id="mwKA">Refusing to accept the authority of previous philosophers, Descartes frequently set his views apart from the philosophers who preceded him. In the opening section of the <i id="mwKQ"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passions_of_the_Soul" title="Passions of the Soul" id="mwKg">Passions of the Soul</a></i>, an <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_modern" title="Early modern" class="mw-redirect" id="mwKw">early modern</a> treatise on emotions, Descartes goes so far as to assert that he will write on this topic "as if no one had written on these matters before". His best-known philosophical statement is "<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogito,_ergo_sum" title="Cogito, ergo sum" id="mwLA" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;langlink&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Langlink&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;la&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cogito, ergo sum&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}"><i lang="la">cogito, ergo sum</i></a>" ("I think, therefore I am"; French: "<i lang="fr">Je pense, donc je suis</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" id="mwLw" />").</p>
<p id="mwMQ">He was one of the key figures in the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution" id="mwMg">Scientific Revolution</a>, and his <i id="mwMw"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meditations_on_First_Philosophy" title="Meditations on First Philosophy" id="mwNA">Meditations on First Philosophy</a></i> and other philosophical works continue to be studied. His influence in mathematics is equally apparent: the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_coordinate_system" title="Cartesian coordinate system" id="mwNQ">Cartesian coordinate system</a> is named after him. Descartes is also credited as the father of analytic geometry, which facilitated the discovery of infinitesimal <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus" title="Calculus" id="mwNg">calculus</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_analysis" title="Mathematical analysis" id="mwNw">analysis</a>.</p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="1" id="mwOQ" aria-labelledby="Biography"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Biography">edit</a>]</div>
<section data-mw-section-id="2" id="mwOg" aria-labelledby="Early_life"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" id="mwOw"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maison_de_René_DESCARTES_-_Jean-Charles_GUILLO.JPG" class="mw-file-description" id="mwPA"><img src="https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Maison_de_Ren%C3%A9_DESCARTES_-_Jean-Charles_GUILLO.JPG/250px-Maison_de_Ren%C3%A9_DESCARTES_-_Jean-Charles_GUILLO.JPG?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail" srcset="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Maison_de_Ren%C3%A9_DESCARTES_-_Jean-Charles_GUILLO.JPG/500px-Maison_de_Ren%C3%A9_DESCARTES_-_Jean-Charles_GUILLO.JPG?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" data-file-type="bitmap" height="150" width="200" class="mw-file-element mw-file-upright" style="--mw-file-upright: 0.8" id="mwPQ" alt="image" /></a><figcaption id="mwPg">Descartes was born in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descartes,_Indre-et-Loire" title="Descartes, Indre-et-Loire" id="mwPw" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;langrlink&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Langrlink&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Descartes, Indre-et-Loire&quot;},&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;La Haye en Touraine&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}">La Haye en Touraine</a>.</figcaption></figure><p id="mwQA">René Descartes was born in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descartes,_Indre-et-Loire" title="Descartes, Indre-et-Loire" id="mwQQ" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;langrlink&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Langrlink&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Descartes, Indre-et-Loire&quot;},&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;La Haye en Touraine&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}">La Haye en Touraine</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touraine" title="Touraine" id="mwQg">Province of Touraine</a> (now Descartes, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indre-et-Loire" title="Indre-et-Loire" id="mwQw" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;langrlink&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Langrlink&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Indre-et-Loire&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}">Indre-et-Loire</a>), France, on 31 March 1596.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruno199999_5-0" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;group&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;FOOTNOTEBruno199999&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruno199999-5&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;sfn&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Sfn&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Bruno&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1999&quot;},&quot;p&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;99&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruno199999-5" id="mwRA">[4]</a></sup> In May 1597, his mother, Jeanne Brochard, died a few days after giving birth to a still-born child.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruno199999_5-1" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;group&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;FOOTNOTEBruno199999&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruno199999-5&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;sfn&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Sfn&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Bruno&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1999&quot;},&quot;p&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;99&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruno199999-5" id="mwSA">[4]</a></sup><sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-6" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-6&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-6" id="mwTA">[5]</a></sup> Descartes's father, Joachim, was a member of the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlement_of_Rennes" title="Parlement of Rennes" id="mwUA">Parlement of Rennes</a> at <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes" id="mwUQ">Rennes</a>.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-7" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-7&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-7" id="mwUg">[6]</a></sup> René lived with his grandmother and with his great-uncle. Although the Descartes family was Roman Catholic, the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poitou" title="Poitou" id="mwVg" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;langrlink&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Langrlink&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Poitou&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}">Poitou</a> region was controlled by the Protestant <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots" id="mwVw">Huguenots</a>.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-8" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-8&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-8" id="mwWA">[7]</a></sup> In 1607, late because of his fragile health, he entered the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit_College_of_La_Flèche" title="Jesuit College of La Flèche" class="mw-redirect" id="mwXA">Jesuit College of La Flèche</a>,<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke2006_9-0" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;group&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;FOOTNOTEClarke2006&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke2006-9&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;sfn&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Sfn&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Clarke&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2006&quot;},&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke2006-9" id="mwXQ">[8]</a></sup><sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-10" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-10&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-10" id="mwYQ">[9]</a></sup> where he was introduced to mathematics and physics.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruno1999100_11-0" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;group&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;FOOTNOTEBruno1999100&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruno1999100-11&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;sfn&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Sfn&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Bruno&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1999&quot;},&quot;p&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;100&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruno1999100-11" id="mwZQ">[10]</a></sup><sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-12" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-12&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-12" id="mwaQ">[11]</a></sup> After graduation in 1614, he studied for two years (1615–16) at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Poitiers" title="University of Poitiers" id="mwbQ">University of Poitiers</a>, earning a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baccalauréat" title="Baccalauréat" id="mwbg" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;langlink&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Langlink&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Baccalauréat&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}"><i lang="fr">Baccalauréat</i></a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licentiate_(degree)" title="Licentiate (degree)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwbw" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;langlink&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Langlink&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Licentiate (degree)&quot;},&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Licence&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}"><i lang="fr">Licence</i></a> in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law" id="mwcA">canon</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)" id="mwcQ">civil law</a> in 1616,<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruno1999100_11-1" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;group&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;FOOTNOTEBruno1999100&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruno1999100-11&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;sfn&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Sfn&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Bruno&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1999&quot;},&quot;p&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;100&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruno1999100-11" id="mwcg">[10]</a></sup> in accordance with his father's wishes that he should become a lawyer.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-13" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-13&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-13" id="mwdg">[12]</a></sup><sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-15" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;group&quot;:&quot;note&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-15&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;NoteTag&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:NoteTag&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;His thesis was titled \&quot;{{langr|fr|Theses ex utroque iure de Testamentis ordinandis}}\&quot; (\&quot;Theses from both branches of law concerning the drawing up of wills\&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=Descartes’ 1616 Law Thesis – Latin Translation |encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |author=Kurt Smith |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |year=2023 |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-works/tlatin.html |access-date=26 August 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}"><a href="#cite_note-15" data-mw-group="note" id="mweg">[note 2]</a></sup> From there, he moved to Paris.</p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="3" id="mwfg" aria-labelledby="Army_service"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Army_service">Army service</h3>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Army service">edit</a>]</div>
<p id="mwfw">In accordance with his ambition to become a professional military officer in 1618, Descartes joined, as a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary" id="mwgA">mercenary</a>, the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant" title="Protestant" class="mw-redirect" id="mwgQ">Protestant</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_States_Army" title="Dutch States Army" id="mwgg">Dutch States Army</a> in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breda" title="Breda" id="mwgw">Breda</a> under the command of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_of_Nassau" title="Maurice of Nassau" class="mw-redirect" id="mwhA">Maurice of Nassau</a>,<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruno1999100_11-2" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;group&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;FOOTNOTEBruno1999100&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruno1999100-11&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;sfn&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Sfn&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Bruno&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1999&quot;},&quot;p&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;100&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruno1999100-11" id="mwhQ">[10]</a></sup> and undertook a formal study of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering" id="mwiQ">military engineering</a>, as established by <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Stevin" title="Simon Stevin" id="mwig">Simon Stevin</a>.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaukroger199566_16-0" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;group&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;FOOTNOTEGaukroger199566&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaukroger199566-16&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;sfn&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Sfn&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Gaukroger&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1995&quot;},&quot;page&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;66&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaukroger199566-16" id="mwiw">[14]</a></sup> Descartes, therefore, received much encouragement in Breda to advance his knowledge of mathematics. In this way, he became acquainted with <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Beeckman" title="Isaac Beeckman" id="mwjw">Isaac Beeckman</a>,<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruno1999100_11-3" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;group&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;FOOTNOTEBruno1999100&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruno1999100-11&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;sfn&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Sfn&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Bruno&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1999&quot;},&quot;p&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;100&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruno1999100-11" id="mwkA">[10]</a></sup> the principal of a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dordrecht" title="Dordrecht" id="mwlA">Dordrecht</a> school, for whom he wrote the <i id="mwlQ">Compendium of Music</i> (written 1618, published 1650).<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-17" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-17&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-17" id="mwlg">[15]</a></sup></p>
<p id="mwmg">While in the service of the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic" title="Catholic" class="mw-redirect" id="mwmw">Catholic</a> Duke <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Elector_of_Bavaria" title="Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria" id="mwnA">Maximilian of Bavaria</a> from 1619,<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-18" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-18&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-18" id="mwnQ">[16]</a></sup> Descartes was present at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_White_Mountain" title="Battle of the White Mountain" class="mw-redirect" id="mwoQ">Battle of the White Mountain</a> near <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague" title="Prague" id="mwog">Prague</a>, in November 1620.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-19" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-19&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-19" id="mwow">[17]</a></sup><sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-20" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-20&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-20" id="mwpw">[18]</a></sup></p>
<p id="mwqw">According to <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrien_Baillet" title="Adrien Baillet" id="mwrA">Adrien Baillet</a>, on the night of 10–11 November 1619 (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Martin's_Day" title="St. Martin's Day" id="mwrQ">St. Martin's Day</a>), while stationed in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuburg_an_der_Donau" title="Neuburg an der Donau" id="mwrg" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;langrlink&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Langrlink&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;de&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Neuburg an der Donau&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}">Neuburg an der Donau</a>, Descartes shut himself in a room with an "oven" (probably a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocklestove" title="Cocklestove" class="mw-redirect" id="mwrw">cocklestove</a>)<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-21" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-21&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-21" id="mwsA">[19]</a></sup> to escape the cold. While within, he had three dreams,<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruno1999101_22-0" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;group&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;FOOTNOTEBruno1999101&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruno1999101-22&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;sfn&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Sfn&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Bruno&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1999&quot;},&quot;p&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;101&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruno1999101-22" id="mwtA">[20]</a></sup> and believed that a divine spirit revealed to him a new philosophy. The second dream may have been an episode of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploding_head_syndrome" title="Exploding head syndrome" id="mwuA">exploding head syndrome</a>, in which loud noise is imagined.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Otaiku2018_23-0" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Otaiku2018&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-Otaiku2018-23&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-Otaiku2018-23" id="mwuQ">[21]</a></sup> By the time he exited the room, Descartes had formulated <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_geometry" title="Analytic geometry" id="mwvQ">analytic geometry</a> and the idea of applying the mathematical method to philosophy. He concluded from these dreams that the pursuit of science would prove to be, for him, the pursuit of true wisdom and a central part of his life's work.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-24" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-24&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-24" id="mwvg">[22]</a></sup><sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke200658–59_25-0" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;group&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;FOOTNOTEClarke200658–59&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke200658–59-25&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;sfn&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Sfn&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Clarke&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2006&quot;},&quot;page&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;58–59&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke200658–59-25" id="mwwg">[23]</a></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="4" id="mwxg" aria-labelledby="Career"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Career">Career</h3>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Career">edit</a>]</div>
<section data-mw-section-id="5" id="mwxw" aria-labelledby="France"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: France">edit</a>]</div>
<p id="mwyA">In 1620, Descartes left the army. He visited <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_della_Santa_Casa" title="Basilica della Santa Casa" id="mwyQ">Basilica della Santa Casa</a> in Loreto, then visited various countries before returning to France, and during the next few years, he spent time in Paris. It was there that he composed his first essay on method: <i lang="la">Regulae ad Directionem Ingenii</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" id="mwyw" /> (<i id="mwzA"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rules_for_the_Direction_of_the_Mind" title="Rules for the Direction of the Mind" id="mwzQ">Rules for the Direction of the Mind</a></i>).<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Durandin_26-0" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Durandin&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-Durandin-26&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-Durandin-26" id="mwzw">[24]</a></sup> He arrived in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague" id="mw0w">La Haye</a> in 1623, selling all of his property to invest in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_(finance)" title="Bond (finance)" id="mw1A">bonds</a>, which provided a comfortable income for the rest of his life.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaukroger1995132_27-0" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;group&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;FOOTNOTEGaukroger1995132&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaukroger1995132-27&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;sfn&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Sfn&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Gaukroger&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1995&quot;},&quot;page&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;132&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaukroger1995132-27" id="mw1Q">[25]</a></sup><sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:8_28-0" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;:8&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-:8-28" id="mw2Q">[26]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" id="mw3Q" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Rp&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Rp&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;94&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}">: 94 </sup> Descartes was present at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_La_Rochelle" title="Siege of La Rochelle" id="mw3g">siege of La Rochelle</a> by <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu" title="Cardinal Richelieu" id="mw3w">Cardinal Richelieu</a> in 1627 as an observer.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:8_28-1" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;:8&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-:8-28&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-:8-28" id="mw4A">[26]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" id="mw5A" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Rp&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Rp&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;128&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}">: 128 </sup> There, he was interested in the physical properties of the great dike that Richelieu was building and studied mathematically everything he saw during the siege. He also met French mathematician <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girard_Desargues" title="Girard Desargues" id="mw5Q">Girard Desargues</a>.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-29" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-29&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-29" id="mw5g">[27]</a></sup> In the autumn of that year, in the residence of the papal <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuncio" title="Nuncio" id="mw6g">nuncio</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Francesco_Guidi_di_Bagno" title="Giovanni Francesco Guidi di Bagno" id="mw6w">Guidi di Bagno</a>, where he came with <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marin_Mersenne" title="Marin Mersenne" id="mw7A">Mersenne</a> and many other scholars to listen to a lecture given by the alchemist, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_de_Villiers,_sieur_de_Chandoux?action=edit&amp;redlink=1" title="Nicolas de Villiers, sieur de Chandoux (page does not exist)" class="new" id="mw7Q" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;ill&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Ill&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Nicolas de Villiers, sieur de Chandoux&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" data-mw-i18n="{&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;lang&quot;:&quot;x-page&quot;,&quot;key&quot;:&quot;red-link-title&quot;,&quot;params&quot;:[&quot;Nicolas de Villiers, sieur de Chandoux&quot;]}}">Nicolas de Villiers, sieur de Chandoux</a> [<a rel="mw:WikiLink/Interwiki" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas%20de%20Villiers,%20sieur%20de%20Chandoux" title="fr:Nicolas de Villiers, sieur de Chandoux" class="extiw">fr</a>], on the principles of a supposed new philosophy,<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-30" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-30&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-30" id="mw7w">[28]</a></sup> Cardinal <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_de_Bérulle" title="Pierre de Bérulle" id="mw8w">Bérulle</a> urged him to write an exposition of his new philosophy in some location beyond the reach of the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition" id="mw9A">Inquisition</a>.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-31" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-31&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-31" id="mw9Q">[29]</a></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="6" id="mw-Q" aria-labelledby="Netherlands"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h4>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Netherlands">edit</a>]</div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" id="mw-g"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jan_Baptist_Weenix_-_Portrait_of_René_Descartes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" id="mw-w"><img src="https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Jan_Baptist_Weenix_-_Portrait_of_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg/250px-Jan_Baptist_Weenix_-_Portrait_of_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail" srcset="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Jan_Baptist_Weenix_-_Portrait_of_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg/500px-Jan_Baptist_Weenix_-_Portrait_of_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="774" data-file-type="bitmap" height="285" width="250" class="mw-file-element" id="mw_A" alt="image" /></a><figcaption id="mw_Q">Portrait of René Descartes by <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Baptist_Weenix" title="Jan Baptist Weenix" id="mw_g">Jan Baptist Weenix</a>, 1647–1649</figcaption></figure><p id="mw_w">Descartes returned to the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic" id="mwAQA">Dutch Republic</a> in 1628.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruno1999101_22-1" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;group&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;FOOTNOTEBruno1999101&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruno1999101-22&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;sfn&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Sfn&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Bruno&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1999&quot;},&quot;p&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;101&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruno1999101-22" id="mwAQE">[20]</a></sup> In April 1629, he joined the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Franeker" title="University of Franeker" id="mwAQU">University of Franeker</a>, studying under <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriaan_Metius" title="Adriaan Metius" id="mwAQY">Adriaan Metius</a>, either living with a Catholic family or renting the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjaerdemaslot" title="Sjaerdemaslot" id="mwAQc" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;langrlink&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Langrlink&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;nl&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Sjaerdemaslot&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}">Sjaerdemaslot</a>. The next year, under the name "Poitevin", he enrolled at <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden_University" title="Leiden University" id="mwAQg">Leiden University</a>, which at the time was a Protestant University.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-32" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-32&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-32" id="mwAQk">[30]</a></sup> He studied both mathematics with <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus_Golius" title="Jacobus Golius" id="mwAQ0">Jacobus Golius</a>, who confronted him with <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pappus's_hexagon_theorem" title="Pappus's hexagon theorem" id="mwAQ4">Pappus's hexagon theorem</a>, and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy" id="mwAQ8">astronomy</a> with <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_van_den_Hove" title="Martin van den Hove" id="mwARA">Martin Hortensius</a>.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-33" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-33&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-33" id="mwARE">[31]</a></sup> In October 1630, he had a falling-out with Beeckman, whom he accused of plagiarizing some of his ideas. In Amsterdam, he had a relationship with a servant girl, Helena Jans van der Strom, with whom he had a daughter, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francine_Descartes" title="Francine Descartes" id="mwARU">Francine</a>, who was born in 1635 in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deventer" title="Deventer" id="mwARY">Deventer</a>. She was baptized a Protestant<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-34" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-34&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-34" id="mwARc">[32]</a></sup><sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-35" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-35&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-35" id="mwARs">[33]</a></sup> and died of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlet_fever" title="Scarlet fever" id="mwAR8">scarlet fever</a> at the age of 5.</p>
<p id="mwASA">Unlike many moralists of the time, Descartes did not deprecate the passions but instead defended them;<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-36" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-36&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-36" id="mwASE">[34]</a></sup> he wept upon Francine's death in 1640.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-37" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-37&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-37" id="mwASU">[35]</a></sup> According to a 2018 biography by Jason Porterfield, "Descartes said that he did not believe that one must refrain from tears to prove oneself a man."<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-38" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-38&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-38" id="mwASk">[36]</a></sup><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Shorto" title="Russell Shorto" id="mwAS0">Russell Shorto</a> speculates that the experience of fatherhood and losing a child formed a turning point in Descartes's work, changing its focus from medicine to a quest for universal answers.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-39" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-39&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-39" id="mwAS4">[37]</a></sup></p>
<p id="mwATI">Despite frequent moves,<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-40" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;group&quot;:&quot;note&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-40&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;NoteTag&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:NoteTag&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;While in the Netherlands he changed his address frequently, living among other places in Dordrecht (1628), [[Franeker]] (1629), Amsterdam (1629–1630), [[Leiden]] (1630), Amsterdam (1630–1632), Deventer (1632–1634), Amsterdam (1634–1635), [[Utrecht (city)|Utrecht]] (1635–1636), Leiden (1636), [[Egmond aan den Hoef|Egmond]] (1636–1638), [[Santpoort]] (1638–1640), Leiden (1640–1641), Endegeest (a castle near [[Oegstgeest]]) (1641–1643), and finally for an extended time in [[Egmond-Binnen]] (1643–1649).&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}"><a href="#cite_note-40" data-mw-group="note" id="mwATM">[note 3]</a></sup> he wrote all of his major work during his 20-plus years in the Netherlands, initiating a revolution in mathematics and philosophy.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-41" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;group&quot;:&quot;note&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-41&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;NoteTag&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:NoteTag&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;He had lived with [[Henricus Reneri]] in Deventer and Amsterdam, and had met with [[Constantijn Huygens]] and Vopiscus Fortunatus Plempius; Descartes was interviewed by Frans Burman at Egmond-Binnen in 1648. [[Henricus Regius]], [[Jan Jansz de Jonge Stampioen|Jan Stampioen]], [[Frans van Schooten]], [[Comenius]] and [[Gisbertus Voetius]] were his main opponents.&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}"><a href="#cite_note-41" data-mw-group="note" id="mwATc">[note 4]</a></sup> In 1633, Galileo was condemned by the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Inquisition" title="Italian Inquisition" class="mw-redirect" id="mwATs">Italian Inquisition</a>, and Descartes abandoned plans to publish <i id="mwATw"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_(Descartes)" title="The World (Descartes)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwAT0">Treatise on the World</a></i>, his work of the previous four years. Nevertheless, in 1637, he published parts of this work in three essays:<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruno1999103_42-0" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;group&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;FOOTNOTEBruno1999103&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruno1999103-42&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;sfn&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Sfn&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Bruno&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1999&quot;},&quot;p&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;103&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruno1999103-42" id="mwAT4">[38]</a></sup><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Météores" title="Les Météores" class="mw-redirect" id="mwAUI" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;langlink&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Langlink&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Les Météores&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}"><i lang="fr">Les Météores</i></a> (<i id="mwAUM">The Meteors</i>), <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Dioptrique" title="La Dioptrique" id="mwAUU" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;langlink&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Langlink&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;La Dioptrique&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}"><i lang="fr">La Dioptrique</i></a> (<i id="mwAUY">Dioptrics</i>), and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Géométrie" title="La Géométrie" id="mwAUg" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;langlink&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Langlink&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;La Géométrie&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}"><i lang="fr">La Géométrie</i></a> (<i id="mwAUk">Geometry</i>), preceded by an introduction, his famous <i lang="fr">Discours de la méthode</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" id="mwAUw" /> (<i id="mwAU0"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discourse_on_the_Method" title="Discourse on the Method" id="mwAU4">Discourse on the Method</a></i>).<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruno1999103_42-1" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;group&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;FOOTNOTEBruno1999103&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruno1999103-42&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;sfn&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Sfn&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Bruno&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1999&quot;},&quot;p&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;103&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruno1999103-42" id="mwAVA">[38]</a></sup> In it, Descartes lays out four rules of thought, meant to ensure that our knowledge rests upon a firm foundation:<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-43" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-43&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-43" id="mwAVQ">[39]</a></sup></p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712" id="mwAVg" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Template:Blockquote/styles.css&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Blockquote&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Blockquote&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;The first was never to accept anything for true which I did not know to be such; that is to say, carefully to avoid precipitancy and prejudice, and to comprise nothing more in my judgment than what was presented to my mind so clearly and distinctly as to exclude all ground of doubt.&quot;},&quot;author&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;source&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" scoped="scoped"></style><blockquote class="templatequote" id="mwAVk"><p>The first was never to accept anything for true which I did not know to be such; that is to say, carefully to avoid precipitancy and prejudice, and to comprise nothing more in my judgment than what was presented to my mind so clearly and distinctly as to exclude all ground of doubt.</p></blockquote>
<p id="mwAVo">In <i lang="fr">La Géométrie</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" id="mwAVw" />, Descartes exploited the discoveries he made with <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_de_Fermat" title="Pierre de Fermat" id="mwAV0">Pierre de Fermat</a>. This later became known as <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_geometry" title="Cartesian geometry" class="mw-redirect" id="mwAV4">Cartesian geometry</a>.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:6_44-0" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;:6&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-:6-44&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-:6-44" id="mwAV8">[40]</a></sup></p>
<p id="mwAWM">Descartes continued to publish works concerning both mathematics and philosophy for the rest of his life. In 1641, he published a metaphysics treatise, <i lang="la">Meditationes de Prima Philosophia</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" id="mwAWU" /> (<i id="mwAWY">Meditations on First Philosophy</i>), written in Latin and thus addressed to the learned.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-45" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-45&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-45" id="mwAWg">[41]</a></sup> It was followed in 1644 by <i lang="la">Principia Philosophiae</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" id="mwAW0" /> (<i id="mwAW4"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principles_of_Philosophy" title="Principles of Philosophy" id="mwAW8">Principles of Philosophy</a></i>), which was dedicated to <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_of_the_Palatinate" title="Elisabeth of the Palatinate" id="mwAXE">Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia</a>,<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-46" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-46&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-46" id="mwAXI">[42]</a></sup> a kind of synthesis of the <i id="mwAXY">Discourse on the Method</i> and <i id="mwAXc">Meditations on First Philosophy</i>.</p>
<p id="mwAXg">In 1643, Cartesian philosophy was condemned at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht_University" title="Utrecht University" id="mwAXk">University of Utrecht</a>, and Descartes was obliged to flee to the Hague, then eventually to the north of Amsterdam, ultimately settling in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egmond-Binnen" title="Egmond-Binnen" id="mwAXo">Egmond-Binnen</a>.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-47" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-47&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-47" id="mwAXs">[43]</a></sup></p>
<p id="mwAX8">Between 1643 and 1649 Descartes lived with his girlfriend at Egmond-Binnen in an inn.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-48" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-48&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-48" id="mwAYA">[44]</a></sup> Descartes became friendly with Anthony Studler van Zurck, lord of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen,_North_Holland" title="Bergen, North Holland" id="mwAYQ">Bergen</a>, and participated in the design of his mansion and estate.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-49" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-49&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-49" id="mwAYU">[45]</a></sup><sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-50" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-50&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-50" id="mwAYk">[46]</a></sup><sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-51" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-51&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-51" id="mwAY0">[47]</a></sup> He also met <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirck_Rembrantsz_van_Nierop" title="Dirck Rembrantsz van Nierop" id="mwAZE">Dirck Rembrantsz van Nierop</a>, a mathematician and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveyor" title="Surveyor" class="mw-redirect" id="mwAZI">surveyor</a>.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-52" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-52&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-52" id="mwAZM">[48]</a></sup> He was so impressed by Van Nierop's knowledge that he even brought him to the attention of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantijn_Huygens" title="Constantijn Huygens" id="mwAZc">Constantijn Huygens</a> and Frans van Schooten.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-53" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-53&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-53" id="mwAZg">[49]</a></sup></p>
<p id="mwAZw">Descartes began (through Alfonso Polloti, an Italian general in Dutch service) a six-year correspondence with Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia, devoted mainly to moral and psychological subjects.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-54" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-54&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-54" id="mwAZ0">[50]</a></sup> Connected with this correspondence, in 1649 he published <i lang="fr">Les Passions de l'âme</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" id="mwAaI" /> (<i id="mwAaM"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Passions_of_the_Soul" title="The Passions of the Soul" class="mw-redirect" id="mwAaQ">The Passions of the Soul</a></i>), which he dedicated to the Princess. A French translation of <i lang="la">Principia Philosophiae</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" id="mwAac" />, prepared by Abbot Claude Picot, was published in 1647. This edition was also dedicated to Princess Elisabeth. In <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principles_of_Philosophy#Preface_to_the_French_edition" title="Principles of Philosophy" id="mwAag">the preface to the French edition</a>, Descartes praised true philosophy as a means to attain wisdom. He identifies four ordinary sources to reach wisdom and finally says that there is a fifth, better and more secure, consisting in the search for first causes.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-55" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-55&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-55" id="mwAak">[51]</a></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="7" id="mwAa0" aria-labelledby="Sweden"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sweden">Sweden</h4>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Sweden">edit</a>]</div>
<figure class="mw-halign-right" id="mwAa4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dispute_of_Queen_Cristina_Vasa_and_Rene_Descartes.png" class="mw-file-description" id="mwAa8"><img src="https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Dispute_of_Queen_Cristina_Vasa_and_Rene_Descartes.png/250px-Dispute_of_Queen_Cristina_Vasa_and_Rene_Descartes.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail" srcset="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Dispute_of_Queen_Cristina_Vasa_and_Rene_Descartes.png/500px-Dispute_of_Queen_Cristina_Vasa_and_Rene_Descartes.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x" data-file-width="1913" data-file-height="1456" data-file-type="bitmap" height="190" width="250" class="mw-file-element" id="mwAbA" alt="image" /></a><figcaption id="mwAbE">Descartes in conversation with <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Christina_of_Sweden" title="Queen Christina of Sweden" class="mw-redirect" id="mwAbI">Queen Christina</a> in Stockholm</figcaption></figure><p id="mwAbM">By 1649, Descartes had become one of Europe's most famous philosophers and scientists.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruno1999103_42-2" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;group&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;FOOTNOTEBruno1999103&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruno1999103-42&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;sfn&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Sfn&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Bruno&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1999&quot;},&quot;p&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;103&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruno1999103-42" id="mwAbQ">[38]</a></sup> That year, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina,_Queen_of_Sweden" title="Christina, Queen of Sweden" id="mwAbg">Christina, Queen of Sweden</a> invited him to her court to organize a new scientific academy and tutor her in his ideas about love.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Åkerman_1991_56-0" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Åkerman 1991&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-Åkerman_1991-56&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-Åkerman_1991-56" id="mwAbk">[52]</a></sup> Descartes accepted, and moved to the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire" id="mwAb0">Swedish Empire</a> in the middle of winter.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruno1999103–104_57-0" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;group&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;FOOTNOTEBruno1999103–104&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruno1999103–104-57&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;sfn&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Sfn&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Bruno&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1999&quot;},&quot;pp&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;103–104&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruno1999103–104-57" id="mwAb4">[53]</a></sup> Christina was interested in and stimulated Descartes to publish <i id="mwAcI">The Passions of the Soul</i>.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Smith_58-0" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Smith&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-Smith-58&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-58" id="mwAcM">[54]</a></sup></p>
<p id="mwAcc">He was a guest at the house of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Chanut" title="Pierre Chanut" id="mwAcg">Pierre Chanut</a>, living on <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Västerlånggatan" title="Västerlånggatan" id="mwAck" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;langrlink&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Langrlink&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;sv&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Västerlånggatan&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}">Västerlånggatan</a>, less than 500 meters from Castle <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tre_Kronor_(castle)" title="Tre Kronor (castle)" id="mwAcs">Tre Kronor</a> in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm" id="mwAcw">Stockholm</a>. There, Chanut and Descartes made observations with a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelista_Torricelli" title="Evangelista Torricelli" id="mwAc0">Torricellian</a> mercury barometer.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Åkerman_1991_56-1" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Åkerman 1991&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-Åkerman_1991-56" id="mwAc4">[52]</a></sup> Challenging <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal" id="mwAdI">Blaise Pascal</a>, Descartes took the first set of barometric readings in Stockholm to see if <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure" id="mwAdM">atmospheric pressure</a> could be used in forecasting the weather.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-59" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-59&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-59" id="mwAdQ">[55]</a></sup></p>
</section></section><section data-mw-section-id="8" id="mwAdg" aria-labelledby="Death"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1349637415/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Multiple image/styles.css&quot;,&quot;wrapper&quot;:&quot;.tmulti&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" scoped="scoped"></style><div class="thumb tmulti floatleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:177px;max-width:177px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:145px;overflow:hidden"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DescartesAshes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/DescartesAshes.jpg/250px-DescartesAshes.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail" srcset="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/DescartesAshes.jpg/500px-DescartesAshes.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x" data-file-width="2218" data-file-height="1843" data-file-type="bitmap" height="145" width="175" class="mw-file-element" alt="image" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:111px;max-width:111px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:145px;overflow:hidden"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rene_Descartes_monument_in_the_Adolf_Fredriks_Kyrka_Stockholm_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Rene_Descartes_monument_in_the_Adolf_Fredriks_Kyrka_Stockholm_2.jpg/120px-Rene_Descartes_monument_in_the_Adolf_Fredriks_Kyrka_Stockholm_2.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail" srcset="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Rene_Descartes_monument_in_the_Adolf_Fredriks_Kyrka_Stockholm_2.jpg/250px-Rene_Descartes_monument_in_the_Adolf_Fredriks_Kyrka_Stockholm_2.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" data-file-type="bitmap" height="145" width="109" class="mw-file-element" alt="image" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Descartes's tomb in the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint-Germain-des-Prés" title="Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés" class="mw-redirect">Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés</a> (left), its inscription (middle), and the Adolf Fredrik Church's Descartes memorial from the 1720s (right)</div></div></div></div><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" /><p id="mwAdo">Descartes agreed to tutor Christina three times weekly at 5 a.m. in her cold, draughty castle, but by 15 January 1650 they had met only four or five times.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Åkerman_1991_56-2" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Åkerman 1991&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-Åkerman_1991-56" id="mwAds">[52]</a></sup> They disliked each other: she rejected <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_philosophy#Descartes" title="Mechanical philosophy" class="mw-redirect" id="mwAd8">his mechanical philosophy</a>, and he did not share her passion for <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" title="Ancient Greek language" class="mw-redirect" id="mwAeA">Ancient Greek language</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature" id="mwAeE">literature</a>.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Åkerman_1991_56-3" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Åkerman 1991&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-Åkerman_1991-56" id="mwAeI">[52]</a></sup></p>
<p id="mwAeY">He contracted <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia" id="mwAec">pneumonia</a> and died on 11 February,<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruno1999104_60-0" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;group&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;FOOTNOTEBruno1999104&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruno1999104-60&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;sfn&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Sfn&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Bruno&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1999&quot;},&quot;p&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;104&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruno1999104-60" id="mwAeg">[56]</a></sup><sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-61" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-61&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-61" id="mwAew">[57]</a></sup> though other causes have been proposed, given Descartes's controversial reputation amid the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion" id="mwAfA">European wars of religion</a>.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-62" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-62&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-62" id="mwAfE">[58]</a></sup><sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-63" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-63&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-63" id="mwAfU">[59]</a></sup> He was buried among orphans at what is now <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Fredrik_Church" title="Adolf Fredrik Church" id="mwAfk">Adolf Fredrik Church</a> in Stockholm. His papers passed to Chanut's Catholic brother-in-law <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Clerselier" title="Claude Clerselier" id="mwAfo">Claude Clerselier</a>, who selectively edited his letters to portray him as a saint.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-64" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-64&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-64" id="mwAfs">[60]</a></sup><sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson2002137–154_65-0" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;group&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;FOOTNOTEWatson2002137–154&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson2002137–154-65&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;sfn&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Sfn&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Watson&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2002&quot;},&quot;pp&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;137–154&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson2002137–154-65" id="mwAf8">[61]</a></sup></p>
<p id="mwAgM">In 1666, his remains were moved to France's <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Étienne-du-Mont" title="Saint-Étienne-du-Mont" id="mwAgQ" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;langrlink&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Langrlink&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Saint-Étienne-du-Mont&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}">Saint-Étienne-du-Mont</a>, and in 1671, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV" id="mwAgU">Louis XIV</a> banned Cartesian lectures. In 1792, the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Convention" title="National Convention" id="mwAgY">National Convention</a> planned to transfer Descartes to the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthéon" title="Panthéon" id="mwAgc">Panthéon</a>. But in 1819, minus a finger and his skull, he was reburied in the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint-Germain-des-Prés" title="Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés" class="mw-redirect" id="mwAgg">Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés</a>, though his remains have been removed. The skull at Paris's <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musée_de_l'Homme" title="Musée de l'Homme" id="mwAgk" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;langrlink&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Langrlink&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Musée de l'Homme&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}">Musée de l'Homme</a><sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-66" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-66&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-66" id="mwAgo">[62]</a></sup> may be a forgery. The original was likely divided in Sweden, with pieces passed among private collectors and institutions, including the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Lund" title="University of Lund" class="mw-redirect" id="mwAg4">University of Lund</a>.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-67" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-67&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-67" id="mwAg8">[63]</a></sup></p>
</section></section><section data-mw-section-id="9" id="mwAhM" aria-labelledby="Philosophy"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Philosophy">edit</a>]</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" id="mwAhU">Further information: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" id="mwAhY"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pieter_Nason_-_Portrait_of_René_Descartes,_1647.jpg" class="mw-file-description" id="mwAhc"><img src="https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Pieter_Nason_-_Portrait_of_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes%2C_1647.jpg/250px-Pieter_Nason_-_Portrait_of_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes%2C_1647.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail" srcset="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Pieter_Nason_-_Portrait_of_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes%2C_1647.jpg/500px-Pieter_Nason_-_Portrait_of_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes%2C_1647.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x" data-file-width="932" data-file-height="1080" data-file-type="bitmap" height="290" width="250" class="mw-file-element" id="mwAhg" alt="image" /></a><figcaption id="mwAhk">Portrait of René Descartes by <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Nason" title="Pieter Nason" id="mwAho">Pieter Nason</a> (1647)</figcaption></figure><p id="mwAhs">In his <i id="mwAhw"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discourse_on_the_Method" title="Discourse on the Method" id="mwAh0">Discourse on the Method</a></i>, he attempts to arrive at a fundamental set of principles that one can know as true without any doubt. To achieve this, he employed a method called hyperbolic or metaphysical doubt, also sometimes referred to as methodological skepticism or <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_doubt" title="Cartesian doubt" id="mwAh4">Cartesian doubt</a>: he rejected any ideas that can be doubted and then re-established them in order to acquire a firm foundation for genuine knowledge.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-68" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-68&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-68" id="mwAh8">[64]</a></sup> He relates this to architecture: the top soil is taken away to create a new building or structure. Descartes calls his doubt the soil and new knowledge the buildings. To Descartes, Aristotle's <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism" id="mwAiM">foundationalism</a> was incomplete and his method of doubt enhances foundationalism.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:0_69-0" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;:0&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-:0-69&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-:0-69" id="mwAiQ">[65]</a></sup></p>
<p id="mwAig">Initially, Descartes arrives at only a single first principle: he thinks. This is expressed in the Latin phrase in his <i id="mwAik">Discourse on the Method</i>, "<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogito,_ergo_sum" title="Cogito, ergo sum" id="mwAio" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;langlink&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Langlink&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;la&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Cogito, ergo sum&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}"><i lang="la">Cogito, ergo sum</i></a>", originally written in French as "<i lang="fr">Je pense, donc je suis</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" id="mwAi0" />" ("I think, therefore I am").<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-70" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-70&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-70" id="mwAi8">[66]</a></sup> Descartes concluded, if he doubted, then something or someone must be doing the doubting; therefore, the very fact that he doubted proved his existence. "The simple meaning of the phrase is that if one is skeptical of existence, that is in and of itself proof that he does exist."<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-71" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-71&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-71" id="mwAjM">[67]</a></sup> These two first principles—I think and I exist—were later confirmed by Descartes's clear and distinct perception (delineated in his Third Meditation from <i id="mwAjc">The Meditations</i>): as he clearly and distinctly perceives these two principles, Descartes reasoned, ensures their indubitability.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-72" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-72&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-72" id="mwAjk">[68]</a></sup></p>
<p id="mwAj0">Descartes concludes that he can be certain that he exists because he thinks, but perceiving his body through the use of the senses is an unreliable evidence. So Descartes determines that the only indubitable knowledge is that he is a <i id="mwAj4">thinking thing</i>. Thinking is what he does, and his power must come from his essence. Descartes defines "thought" (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin_phrases_(C)" title="List of Latin phrases (C)" id="mwAj8" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;langlink&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Langlink&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;la&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;List of Latin phrases (C)&quot;},&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cogitatio&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}"><i lang="la">cogitatio</i></a>) as "what happens in me such that I am immediately conscious of it, insofar as I am conscious of it". Thinking is thus every activity of a person of which the person is immediately <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness" id="mwAkE">conscious</a>.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-73" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-73&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-73" id="mwAkI">[69]</a></sup> He gave reasons for thinking that waking thoughts are distinguishable from <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_argument" title="Dream argument" id="mwAkY">dreams</a>, and that one's mind cannot have been "hijacked" by an <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_demon" title="Evil demon" id="mwAkc">evil demon</a> placing an illusory external world before one's senses.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:0_69-1" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;:0&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-:0-69" id="mwAkg">[65]</a></sup></p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" id="mwAkw" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Template:Blockquote/styles.css&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;blockquote&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Blockquote&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;And so something that I thought I was seeing with my eyes is grasped solely by the faculty of judgment which is in my mind.&lt;ref&gt;Bardt, C., ''Material and Mind'' (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2019), [https://books.google.com/books?id=yk2rDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA109 p. 109] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816214231/https://books.google.com/books?id=yk2rDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA109 |date=16 August 2021 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><blockquote class="templatequote" id="mwAk0"><p>And so something that I thought I was seeing with my eyes is grasped solely by the faculty of judgment which is in my mind.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-74" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-74&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-74" id="mwAk4">[70]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p id="mwAlI">In this manner, Descartes proceeds to construct a system of knowledge, discarding <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception" title="Perception" id="mwAlM">perception</a> as unreliable and, instead, admitting only <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deductive_reasoning" title="Deductive reasoning" id="mwAlQ">deduction</a> as a method.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Preface_75-0" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Preface&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-Preface-75&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-Preface-75" id="mwAlU">[71]</a></sup></p>
<section data-mw-section-id="10" id="mwAlk" aria-labelledby="Mind–body_dualism"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mind–body_dualism">Mind–body dualism</h3>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Mind–body dualism">edit</a>]</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" id="mwAls">Further information: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind–body_problem" title="Mind–body problem">Mind–body problem</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind–body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Mind–body dualism</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" id="mwAlw"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:L'homme_V00083_00000004.tif" class="mw-file-description" id="mwAl0"><img src="https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/L%27homme_V00083_00000004.tif/lossy-page1-250px-L%27homme_V00083_00000004.tif.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail" srcset="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/L%27homme_V00083_00000004.tif/lossy-page1-500px-L%27homme_V00083_00000004.tif.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x" data-file-width="2606" data-file-height="3471" data-file-type="bitmap" height="333" width="250" class="mw-file-element" id="mwAl4" alt="image" /></a><figcaption id="mwAl8"><i lang="fr">L'homme</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" id="mwAmE" /> (1664)</figcaption></figure><p id="mwAmI">Descartes, influenced by the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automaton" title="Automaton" id="mwAmM">automatons</a> on display at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Château_de_Saint-Germain-en-Laye" title="Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye" id="mwAmQ" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;langrlink&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Langrlink&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}">Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a> near Paris, investigated the connection between mind and body, and how they interact.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-76" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-76&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-76" id="mwAmU">[72]</a></sup> His main influences for <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind–body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism" id="mwAmk">dualism</a> were <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology" title="Theology" id="mwAmo">theology</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics" title="Physics" id="mwAms">physics</a>.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-77" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-77&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-77" id="mwAmw">[73]</a></sup> The theory on the dualism of mind and body is Descartes's signature doctrine and permeates other theories he advanced. Known as <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_dualism" title="Cartesian dualism" class="mw-redirect" id="mwAnA">Cartesian dualism</a> (or mind–body dualism), his theory on the separation between the mind and the body went on to influence subsequent Western philosophies.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-78" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-78&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-78" id="mwAnE">[74]</a></sup> In <i id="mwAnU">Meditations on First Philosophy</i>, Descartes attempted to demonstrate the existence of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God" title="God" id="mwAnY">God</a> and the distinction between the human soul and the body. Humans are a union of mind and body;<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunning2014277_79-0" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;group&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;FOOTNOTECunning2014277&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTECunning2014277-79&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;sfn&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Sfn&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Cunning&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2014&quot;},&quot;p&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;277&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunning2014277-79" id="mwAnc">[75]</a></sup> thus Descartes's dualism embraced the idea that mind and body are distinct but closely joined. While many contemporary readers of Descartes found the distinction between mind and body difficult to grasp, he thought it was entirely straightforward. Descartes employed the concept of <i id="mwAns">modes</i>, which are the ways in which substances exist. In <i id="mwAnw"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principles_of_Philosophy" title="Principles of Philosophy" id="mwAn0">Principles of Philosophy</a></i>, Descartes explained, "we can clearly perceive a substance apart from the mode which we say differs from it, whereas we cannot, conversely, understand the mode apart from the substance". To perceive a mode apart from its substance requires an intellectual abstraction, which Descartes explained as follows:<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunning2014278_80-0" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;group&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;FOOTNOTECunning2014278&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTECunning2014278-80&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;sfn&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Sfn&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Cunning&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2014&quot;},&quot;p&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;278&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunning2014278-80" id="mwAn4">[76]</a></sup></p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" id="mwAoI" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Template:Blockquote/styles.css&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;blockquote &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Blockquote&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;text&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;The intellectual abstraction consists in my turning my thought away from one part of the contents of this richer idea the better to apply it to the other part with greater attention. Thus, when I consider a shape without thinking of the substance or the extension whose shape it is, I make a mental abstraction.&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><blockquote class="templatequote" id="mwAoM"><p>The intellectual abstraction consists in my turning my thought away from one part of the contents of this richer idea the better to apply it to the other part with greater attention. Thus, when I consider a shape without thinking of the substance or the extension whose shape it is, I make a mental abstraction.</p></blockquote>
<p id="mwAoQ">According to Descartes, two substances are really distinct when each of them can exist apart from the other. Thus, Descartes reasoned that God is distinct from humans, and the body and mind of a human are also distinct from one another.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunning2014279_81-0" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;group&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;FOOTNOTECunning2014279&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTECunning2014279-81&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;sfn&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Sfn&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Cunning&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2014&quot;},&quot;p&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;279&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunning2014279-81" id="mwAoU">[77]</a></sup> He argued that the great differences between body (an extended thing) and mind (an un-extended, immaterial thing) make the two <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology" id="mwAok">ontologically</a> distinct. According to Descartes's indivisibility argument, the mind is utterly indivisible: because "when I consider the mind, or myself in so far as I am merely a thinking thing, I am unable to distinguish any part within myself; I understand myself to be something quite single and complete."<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunning2014280_82-0" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;group&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;FOOTNOTECunning2014280&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTECunning2014280-82&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;sfn&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Sfn&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Cunning&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2014&quot;},&quot;p&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;280&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunning2014280-82" id="mwAoo">[78]</a></sup></p>
<p id="mwAo4">Moreover, in the <i id="mwAo8">Meditations</i>, Descartes discusses a piece of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wax" title="Wax" id="mwApA">wax</a> and exposes the single most characteristic doctrine of Cartesian dualism: that the universe contained two radically different kinds of substances—the mind or soul defined as <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thought" title="Thought" id="mwApE">thinking</a>, and the body defined as matter and unthinking.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDicker201386_83-0" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;group&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;FOOTNOTEDicker201386&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEDicker201386-83&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;sfn&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Sfn&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Dicker&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2013&quot;},&quot;p&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;86&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDicker201386-83" id="mwApI">[79]</a></sup> The <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism" id="mwApY">Aristotelian philosophy</a> of Descartes's day held that the universe was inherently purposeful or teleological. Everything that happened, be it the motion of the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star" title="Star" id="mwApc">stars</a> or the growth of a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree" title="Tree" id="mwApg">tree</a>, was supposedly explainable by a certain purpose, goal or end that worked its way out within nature. Aristotle called this the "final cause", and these final causes were indispensable for explaining the ways nature operated. Descartes's theory of dualism supports the distinction between traditional Aristotelian science and the new science of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler" id="mwApk">Kepler</a> and Galileo, which denied the role of a divine power and "final causes" in its attempts to explain nature. Descartes's dualism provided the philosophical rationale for the latter by expelling the final cause from the physical universe (or <i lang="la">res extensa</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" id="mwAps" />) in favor of the mind (or <i lang="la">res cogitans</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" id="mwAp0" />). Therefore, while Cartesian dualism paved the way for modern <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics" title="Physics" id="mwAp4">physics</a>, it also held the door open for religious beliefs about the immortality of the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul" title="Soul" id="mwAp8">soul</a>.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDicker201387_84-0" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;group&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;FOOTNOTEDicker201387&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEDicker201387-84&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;sfn&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Sfn&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Dicker&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2013&quot;},&quot;p&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;87&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDicker201387-84" id="mwAqA">[80]</a></sup></p>
<p id="mwAqQ">Descartes's dualism of mind and matter implied a concept of human beings. A human was, according to Descartes, a composite entity of mind and body. Descartes gave priority to the mind and argued that the mind could exist without the body, but the body could not exist without the mind. In the <i id="mwAqU">Meditations</i>, Descartes even argues that while the mind is a substance, the body is composed only of "accidents".<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDicker2013301_85-0" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;group&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;FOOTNOTEDicker2013301&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEDicker2013301-85&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;sfn&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Sfn&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Dicker&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2013&quot;},&quot;p&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;301&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDicker2013301-85" id="mwAqY">[81]</a></sup> But he did argue that mind and body are closely joined:<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDicker2013303_86-0" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;group&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;FOOTNOTEDicker2013303&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEDicker2013303-86&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;sfn&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Sfn&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Dicker&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2013&quot;},&quot;p&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;303&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDicker2013303-86" id="mwAqo">[82]</a></sup></p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" id="mwAq4" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Template:Blockquote/styles.css&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;blockquote &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Blockquote&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;text&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Nature also teaches me, by the sensations of pain, hunger, thirst and so on, that I am not merely present in my body as a pilot in his ship, but that I am very closely joined and, as it were, intermingled with it, so that I and the body form a unit. If this were not so, I, who am nothing but a thinking thing, would not feel pain when the body was hurt, but would perceive the damage purely by the intellect, just as a sailor perceives by sight if anything in his ship is broken.&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><blockquote class="templatequote" id="mwAq8"><p>Nature also teaches me, by the sensations of pain, hunger, thirst and so on, that I am not merely present in my body as a pilot in his ship, but that I am very closely joined and, as it were, intermingled with it, so that I and the body form a unit. If this were not so, I, who am nothing but a thinking thing, would not feel pain when the body was hurt, but would perceive the damage purely by the intellect, just as a sailor perceives by sight if anything in his ship is broken.</p></blockquote>
<p id="mwArA">Descartes's discussion on embodiment raised one of the most perplexing problems of his dualism philosophy: What exactly is the relationship of union between the mind and the body of a person?<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDicker2013303_86-1" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;group&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;FOOTNOTEDicker2013303&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEDicker2013303-86&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;sfn&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Sfn&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Dicker&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2013&quot;},&quot;p&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;303&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDicker2013303-86" id="mwArE">[82]</a></sup> Therefore, Cartesian dualism set the agenda for philosophical discussion of the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind–body_problem" title="Mind–body problem" id="mwArU">mind–body problem</a> for many years after Descartes's death.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-87" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-87&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-87" id="mwArY">[83]</a></sup> Descartes argued the theory of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innate_knowledge" title="Innate knowledge" class="mw-redirect" id="mwAro">innate knowledge</a> and that all humans were born with knowledge through the higher power of God. It was this theory of innate knowledge that was later combated by philosopher <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke" id="mwArs">John Locke</a> (1632–1704), an <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empiricist" title="Empiricist" class="mw-redirect" id="mwArw">empiricist</a>.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-88" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-88&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-88" id="mwAr0">[84]</a></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="11" id="mwAsE" aria-labelledby="Physiology_and_psychology"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physiology_and_psychology">Physiology and psychology</h3>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: Physiology and psychology">edit</a>]</div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" id="mwAsI"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Descartes3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" id="mwAsM"><img src="https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Descartes3.jpg/250px-Descartes3.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Descartes3.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled 2x" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="660" data-file-type="bitmap" height="361" width="250" class="mw-file-element" id="mwAsQ" alt="image" /></a><figcaption id="mwAsU">René Descartes at work</figcaption></figure><p id="mwAsY">In <i id="mwAsc">The Passions of the Soul</i>, published in 1649,<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-89" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-89&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-89" id="mwAsg">[85]</a></sup> Descartes discussed the common contemporary belief that the human body contained animal spirits. These animal spirits were believed to be light and roaming fluids circulating rapidly around the nervous system between the brain and the muscles. These animal spirits were believed to affect the human soul, or the passions of the soul. Descartes distinguished six basic passions: wonder, love, hatred, desire, joy and sadness. All of these passions, he argued, represented different combinations of the original spirit and influenced the soul to will or want certain actions. He argued, for example, that fear is a passion that moves the soul to generate a response in the body. In line with his dualist teachings on the separation between the soul and the body, he hypothesized that some part of the brain served as a connector between the soul and the body and singled out the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineal_gland" title="Pineal gland" id="mwAsw">pineal gland</a> as connector.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-90" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-90&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-90" id="mwAs0">[86]</a></sup> Descartes argued that signals passed from the ear and the eye to the pineal gland, through animal spirits. Thus, different motions in the gland cause various animal spirits. He argued that these motions in the pineal gland are based on God's will and that humans are supposed to want and like things that are useful to them. But he also argued that the animal spirits that moved around the body could distort the commands from the pineal gland, thus humans had to learn how to control their passions.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShiraev201087_91-0" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;group&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;FOOTNOTEShiraev201087&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEShiraev201087-91&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;sfn&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Sfn&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Shiraev&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2010&quot;},&quot;p&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;87&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShiraev201087-91" id="mwAtE">[87]</a></sup></p>
<p id="mwAtU">Descartes advanced a theory on automatic bodily reactions to external events, which influenced 19th-century <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflex" title="Reflex" id="mwAtY">reflex</a> theory. He argued that external motions, such as touch and sound, reach the endings of the nerves and affect the animal spirits. For example, heat from fire affects a spot on the skin and sets in motion a chain of reactions, with the animal spirits reaching the brain through the central nervous system, and in turn, animal spirits are sent back to the muscles to move the hand away from the fire.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShiraev201087_91-1" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;group&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;FOOTNOTEShiraev201087&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEShiraev201087-91&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;sfn&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Sfn&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Shiraev&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2010&quot;},&quot;p&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;87&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShiraev201087-91" id="mwAtc">[87]</a></sup> Through this chain of reactions, the automatic reactions of the body do not require a thought process.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShiraev201088_92-0" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;group&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;FOOTNOTEShiraev201088&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEShiraev201088-92&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;sfn&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Sfn&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Shiraev&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2010&quot;},&quot;p&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;88&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShiraev201088-92" id="mwAts">[88]</a></sup></p>
<p id="mwAt8">Above all, he was among the first scientists who believed that the soul should be subject to scientific investigation. He challenged the views of his contemporaries that the soul was <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity" id="mwAuA">divine</a>, thus religious authorities regarded his books as dangerous.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-93" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-93&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-93" id="mwAuE">[89]</a></sup> Descartes's writings went on to form the basis for theories on <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion" id="mwAuU">emotions</a> and how <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition" id="mwAuY">cognitive</a> evaluations were translated into affective processes. Descartes believed the brain resembled a working machine and that mathematics and mechanics could explain complicated processes in it.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-94" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-94&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-94" id="mwAuc">[90]</a></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="12" id="mwAus" aria-labelledby="On_animals"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_animals">On animals</h3>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: On animals">edit</a>]</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" id="mwAu0">Further information: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_machine" title="Animal machine">Animal machine</a></div>
<p id="mwAu4">It is generally accepted that Descartes denied that animals had reason or intelligence, as historians have generally reduced Descartes's interpretation of animals to a comparison to machines.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-95" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-95&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-95" id="mwAu8">[91]</a></sup> At a deeper reading, however, questions surface and his interpretation appears more complex: he argued that animals did not lack sensations or perceptions, but these could be explained mechanistically, that is, without any appeals to souls.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-96" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-96&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-96" id="mwAvM">[92]</a></sup> A more attentive investigation of Descartes's study of animals, and their variety, reveals his attention to animal behaviour, an unexpected outcome of his mechanical interpretation.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-97" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-97&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-97" id="mwAvc">[93]</a></sup> Whereas humans had a soul, or mind, and were able to feel <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain" title="Pain" id="mwAvs">pain</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety" id="mwAvw">anxiety</a>, animals by virtue of not having a soul could not feel pain or anxiety. If animals showed signs of distress, then this was to protect the body from damage, but the innate state needed for them to <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering" id="mwAv0">suffer</a> was absent.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-98" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-98&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-98" id="mwAv4">[94]</a></sup> Although Descartes's views were not universally accepted, they became prominent in Europe and North America, allowing humans to treat animals with impunity. The view that animals were quite separate from humanity and merely <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine" title="Machine" id="mwAwI">machines</a> allowed for the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals" id="mwAwM">maltreatment of animals</a>, and was sanctioned in law and societal norms until the middle of the 19th century.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-99" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-99&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-99" id="mwAwQ">[95]</a></sup> The publications of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin" id="mwAwg">Charles Darwin</a> would eventually erode the Cartesian view of animals.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-100" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-100&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-100" id="mwAwk">[96]</a></sup> Darwin argued that the continuity between humans and other species suggested the possibility of animal suffering.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-101" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-101&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-101" id="mwAw0">[97]</a></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="13" id="mwAxE" aria-labelledby="Moral_philosophy"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moral_philosophy">Moral philosophy</h3>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: Moral philosophy">edit</a>]</div>
<p id="mwAxI">For Descartes, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics" id="mwAxM">ethics</a> was a science, the highest and most perfect of them. Like the rest of the sciences, ethics had its roots in metaphysics.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Preface_75-1" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Preface&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-Preface-75" id="mwAxQ">[71]</a></sup> In this way, he argues for the existence of God, investigates the place of man in nature, formulates the theory of mind–body dualism, and defends <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will" id="mwAxg">free will</a>. However, as he was a convinced rationalist, Descartes clearly states that reason is sufficient in the search for the goods that individuals should seek, and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue" id="mwAxk">virtue</a> consists in the correct reasoning that should guide their actions. Nevertheless, the quality of this reasoning depends on knowledge and mental condition. For this reason, he said that a complete moral philosophy should include the study of the body.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-102" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-102&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-102" id="mwAxo">[98]</a></sup> He discussed this subject in the correspondence with <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_of_the_Palatinate" title="Elisabeth of the Palatinate" id="mwAx4">Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia</a>, and as a result wrote his work <i id="mwAx8">The Passions of the Soul</i>, that contains a study of the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosomatic_medicine" title="Psychosomatic medicine" id="mwAyA">psychosomatic</a> processes and reactions in man, with an emphasis on emotions or passions.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Blom_103-0" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Blom&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-Blom-103&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-Blom-103" id="mwAyE">[99]</a></sup> His works about human passion and emotion would be the basis for the philosophy of his followers, and would have a lasting impact on ideas concerning what literature and art should be, specifically how it should invoke emotion.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-104" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-104&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-104" id="mwAyU">[100]</a></sup></p>
<p id="mwAyk">The moral writings of Descartes came at the last part of his life, but earlier, in his <i id="mwAyo">Discourse on the Method</i>, he adopted three maxims to be able to act while he put all his ideas into doubt. Those maxims are known as his <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discourse_on_the_Method#Part_III:_Morals,_and_Maxims_accepted_while_conducting_Method" title="Discourse on the Method" id="mwAys">"Provisional Morals"</a>.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:7_4-1" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;:7&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-:7-4" id="mwAyw">[3]</a></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="14" id="mwAzA" aria-labelledby="God"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="God">God</h3>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: God">edit</a>]</div>
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class="sidebar-top-image"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/40px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail" srcset="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/60px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" data-file-type="drawing" height="34" width="25" class="mw-file-element" alt="image" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Catholic_philosophers" title="Category:Catholic philosophers">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Catholic philosophy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint_Augustine_by_Philippe_de_Champaigne_(3x4_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Saint_Augustine_by_Philippe_de_Champaigne_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/120px-Saint_Augustine_by_Philippe_de_Champaigne_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail" srcset="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Saint_Augustine_by_Philippe_de_Champaigne_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/250px-Saint_Augustine_by_Philippe_de_Champaigne_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x" alt="" data-file-width="1836" data-file-height="2442" data-file-type="bitmap" height="110" width="83" class="mw-file-element" /></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg/120px-St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail" srcset="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg/250px-St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x" alt="" data-file-width="4004" data-file-height="6000" data-file-type="bitmap" height="110" width="73" class="mw-file-element" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Duns_Scotus_Painting_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Duns_Scotus_Painting_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Duns_Scotus_Painting_%28cropped%29.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail" srcset="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Duns_Scotus_Painting_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Duns_Scotus_Painting_%28cropped%29.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x" alt="" data-file-width="4480" data-file-height="6276" data-file-type="bitmap" height="110" width="78" class="mw-file-element" /></a> <div class="sidebar-caption"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Scotus</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Ethics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal virtues</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_price" title="Just price">Just price</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_war_theory#Catholic_doctrine" title="Just war theory">Just war</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_double_effect" title="Principle of double effect">Principle of Double Effect</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casuistry" title="Casuistry">Casuistry</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_probabilism" title="Catholic probabilism">Probabilism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_law#Catholic_natural_law_jurisprudence" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personalism#Catholic_personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">Works of mercy</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">Conceptualism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderate_realism" title="Moderate realism">Moderate realism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiddity" title="Quiddity">Quiddity</a>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">essence</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)" title="Nature (philosophy)">nature</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haecceity" title="Haecceity">Haecceity</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Quinque Viae</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination</a>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theological_determinism" title="Theological determinism">Theological determinism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compatibilism" title="Compatibilism">Compatibilism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Divine Attributes</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Saint_Victor" title="School of Saint Victor">Victorines</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lullism" title="Lullism">Lullism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplatonism_and_Christianity" title="Neoplatonism and Christianity">Christian Neoplatonism</a>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends_of_God" title="Friends of God">Friends of God</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouvelle_théologie" title="Nouvelle théologie">Ressourcement</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occamism" title="Occamism">Occamism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_scholasticism" title="Second scholasticism">Second</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_Thomism" title="Analytical Thomism">Analytic</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">Salamanca</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenagoras_of_Athens" title="Athenagoras of Athens">Athenagoras</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory (of Nazianzus)</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory (of Nyssa)</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">Cassian</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">Climacus</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albert</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_of_Hales" title="Alexander of Hales">Alexander</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_of_Autrecourt" title="Nicholas of Autrecourt">Autrecourt</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Bacon</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berengar_of_Tours" title="Berengar of Tours">Berengar</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Buridan" title="Jean Buridan">Buridan</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Cusa</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Eckhart</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">Eriugena</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giles_of_Rome" title="Giles of Rome">Giles</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Grosseteste</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominicus_Gundissalinus" title="Dominicus Gundissalinus">Gundissalinus</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor" title="Hugh of Saint Victor">Hugh</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Llull</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Lombard</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_of_Braga" title="Martin of Braga">Martin</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Oresme" title="Nicole Oresme">Oresme</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paschasius_Radbertus" title="Paschasius Radbertus">Paschasius</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscellinus" title="Roscellinus">Roscellinus</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Scotus</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siger_of_Brabant" title="Siger of Brabant">Siger</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symeon_the_New_Theologian" title="Symeon the New Theologian">Symeon</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierry_of_Chartres" title="Thierry of Chartres">Thierry</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Gaetana_Agnesi" title="Maria Gaetana Agnesi">Agnesi</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Arnauld" title="Antoine Arnauld">Arnauld</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_of_Ávila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Ávila</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martín_de_Azpilcueta" title="Martín de Azpilcueta">Azpilcueta</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Bellarmine</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques-Bénigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano">Brentano</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Botero" title="Giovanni Botero">Botero</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cajetan" title="Thomas Cajetan">Cajetan</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/François-René_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cortés" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Descartes" class="mw-selflink selflink">Descartes</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/François_Fénelon" title="François Fénelon">Fénelon</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltasar_Gracián" title="Baltasar Gracián">Gracián</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Kołłątaj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignacy_Krasicki" title="Ignacy Krasicki">Krasicki</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Félicité_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">La Mennais</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Liguori</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Malebranche</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_Mariana" title="Juan de Mariana">Mariana</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexius_Meinong" title="Alexius Meinong">Meinong</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomás_de_Mercado" title="Tomás de Mercado">Mercado</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_de_Molina" title="Luis de Molina">Molina</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Pascal</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Rosmini" title="Antonio Rosmini">Rosmini</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Sales</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo_de_Soto" title="Domingo de Soto">Soto</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Suárez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Caramuel_y_Lobkowitz" title="Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz">Caramuel</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Contemporary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortimer_J._Adler" title="Mortimer J. Adler">Adler</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Balthasar</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Barron" title="Robert Barron">Barron</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Blondel" title="Maurice Blondel">Blondel</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Brown</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Congar" title="Yves Congar">Congar</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Copleston</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Finnis" title="John Finnis">Finnis</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Réginald_Garrigou-Lagrange" title="Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange">Garrigou-Lagrange</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach">Geach</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Étienne_Gilson" title="Étienne Gilson">Gilson</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Girard" title="René Girard">Girard</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavo_Gutiérrez" title="Gustavo Gutiérrez">Gutiérrez</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romano_Guardini" title="Romano Guardini">Guardini</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michał_Heller" title="Michał Heller">Heller</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Haldane_(philosopher)" title="John Haldane (philosopher)">Haldane</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" title="Dietrich von Hildebrand">Hildebrand</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Illich" title="Ivan Illich">Illich</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Lonergan" title="Bernard Lonergan">Lonergan</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_de_Lubac" title="Henri de Lubac">Lubac</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Marcel</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Marion</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">McLuhan</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Mounier" title="Emmanuel Mounier">Mounier</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Courtney_Murray" title="John Courtney Murray">Murray</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Pieper" title="Josef Pieper">Pieper</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Rahner</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Rescher" title="Nicholas Rescher">Rescher</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Stein</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td>
</tr></tbody></table></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below">
<div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/20px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail" srcset="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/40px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x" alt="icon" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" data-file-type="bitmap" height="13" width="17" class="mw-file-element" /></a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Churchportal</a></li><li><img src="https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/20px-Socrates.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail" alt="" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" data-file-type="bitmap" height="15" width="10" class="mw-file-element" /><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophyportal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1374427404" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Navbar/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Catholic_philosophy" title="Template:Catholic philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_philosophy" title="Template talk:Catholic philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Pages_using_sidebar_with_the_child_parameter" /><p id="mwAzI">In the third and fifth <i id="mwAzM">Meditation</i>, Descartes offers <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_(truth)" title="Proof (truth)" id="mwAzQ">proofs</a> of a benevolent God (the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark_argument" title="Trademark argument" id="mwAzU">trademark argument</a> and the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontological_argument#René_Descartes" title="Ontological argument" id="mwAzY">ontological argument</a> respectively). Descartes has faith in the account of reality his senses provide him, since he believed that God provided him with a working mind and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_nervous_system" title="Sensory nervous system" id="mwAzc">sensory system</a> and does not desire to deceive him. From this supposition, however, Descartes finally establishes the possibility of acquiring knowledge about the world based on deduction and perception. Regarding <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology" id="mwAzg">epistemology</a>, therefore, Descartes can be said to have contributed such ideas as a conception of foundationalism and the possibility that <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reason" title="Reason" id="mwAzk">reason</a> is the only reliable method of attaining knowledge. Descartes, however, was very much aware that experimentation was necessary to verify and validate theories.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Preface_75-2" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Preface&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-Preface-75" id="mwAzo">[71]</a></sup></p>
<p id="mwAz4">Descartes invokes his <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal_adequacy_principle" title="Causal adequacy principle" id="mwAz8">causal adequacy principle</a><sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDicker2013118ff_105-0" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;group&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;FOOTNOTEDicker2013118ff&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEDicker2013118ff-105&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;sfn&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Sfn&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Dicker&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2013&quot;},&quot;pp&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;118ff&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDicker2013118ff-105" id="mwA0A">[101]</a></sup> to support his trademark argument for the existence of God, quoting <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius" id="mwA0Q">Lucretius</a> in defence: "<i lang="la">Ex nihilo nihil fit</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" id="mwA0Y" />", meaning "<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creation_ex_materia" title="Creation ex materia" class="mw-redirect" id="mwA0g">Nothing comes from nothing</a>".<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-106" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-106&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-106" id="mwA0k">[102]</a></sup> The argument is "that our idea of perfection is related to its perfect origin (God), just as a stamp or trademark is left in an article of workmanship by its maker."<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-107" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-107&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-107" id="mwA00">[103]</a></sup> In the fifth Meditation, Descartes presents a version of the ontological argument which is founded on the possibility of thinking the "idea of a being that is supremely perfect and infinite", and suggests that "of all the ideas that are in me, the idea that I have of God is the most true, the most clear and distinct".<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-108" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-108&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-108" id="mwA1E">[104]</a></sup></p>
<p id="mwA1U">Descartes's attempt to ground theological beliefs on reason encountered intense opposition in his time. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal" id="mwA1Y">Pascal</a> regarded Descartes's views as a rationalist and mechanist, and accused him of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deism" title="Deism" id="mwA1c">deism</a>: "I cannot forgive Descartes; in all his philosophy, Descartes did his best to dispense with God. But Descartes could not avoid prodding God to set the world in motion with a snap of his lordly fingers; after that, he had no more use for God", while a contemporary, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Schoock" title="Martin Schoock" id="mwA1g">Martin Schoock</a>, accused him of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism" id="mwA1k">atheist</a> beliefs, though Descartes had provided an explicit critique of atheism in his <i id="mwA1o">Meditations</i>. In 1663, the Catholic Church placed Descartes's works on the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum" title="Index Librorum Prohibitorum" id="mwA1s"><i id="mwA1w">Index of Prohibited Books</i></a>.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Descartes,_René_2009_109-0" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Descartes, René 2009&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-Descartes,_René_2009-109&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-Descartes,_René_2009-109" id="mwA10">[105]</a></sup><sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-110" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-110&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-110" id="mwA2E">[106]</a></sup><sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-111" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-111&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-111" id="mwA2U">[107]</a></sup></p>
<p id="mwA2k">Descartes also wrote a response to <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism" title="Philosophical skepticism" id="mwA2o">external world skepticism</a>. Through this method of skepticism, he does not doubt for the sake of doubting but to achieve concrete and reliable information. In other words, certainty. He argues that sensory <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception" title="Perception" id="mwA2s">perceptions</a> come to him involuntarily, and are not willed by him. They are external to his senses, and according to Descartes, this is evidence of the existence of something outside of his mind, and thus, an external world. Descartes goes on to argue that the things in the external world are material by arguing that God would not deceive him as to the ideas that are being transmitted, and that God has given him the "propensity" to believe that such ideas are caused by material things. Descartes also believes a substance is something that does not need any assistance to function or exist. Descartes further explains how only God can be a true "substance". But minds are substances, meaning they need only God for them to function. The mind is a thinking substance. The means for a thinking substance stem from ideas.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:1_112-0" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;:1&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-:1-112&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-:1-112" id="mwA2w">[108]</a></sup></p>
<p id="mwA3A">Descartes steered clear of theological questions, restricting his attention to showing that there is no incompatibility between his metaphysics and theological orthodoxy. He avoided trying to demonstrate theological dogmas metaphysically. When challenged that he had not established the immortality of the soul merely in showing that the soul and the body are distinct substances, he replied, "I do not take it upon myself to try to use the power of human reason to settle any of those matters which depend on the free will of God".<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaukroger1995355–56_113-0" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;group&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;FOOTNOTEGaukroger1995355–56&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaukroger1995355–56-113&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;sfn&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Sfn&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Gaukroger&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1995&quot;},&quot;page&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;355–56&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaukroger1995355–56-113" id="mwA3E">[109]</a></sup></p>
</section></section><section data-mw-section-id="15" id="mwA3U" aria-labelledby="Mathematics"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mathematics">Mathematics</h2>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section: Mathematics">edit</a>]</div>
<section data-mw-section-id="16" id="mwA3Y" aria-labelledby="x_for_unknown;_exponential_notation"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="x_for_unknown;_exponential_notation"><i id="mwA3c">x</i> for unknown; exponential notation</h3>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section: x for unknown; exponential notation">edit</a>]</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" id="mwA3k">Main article: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponentiation#History" title="Exponentiation">Exponentiation § History</a></div>
<p id="mwA3o">Descartes "invented the convention of representing unknowns in equations by <i id="mwA3s">x</i>, <i id="mwA3w">y</i>, and <i id="mwA30">z</i>, and knowns by <i id="mwA34">a</i>, <i id="mwA38">b</i>, and <i id="mwA4A">c</i>".<link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" id="mwA4I" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cn&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cn&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;September 2026&quot;},&quot;reason&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;citation for quotation&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2026" /> He also "pioneered the standard notation" that uses <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscript_and_superscript" title="Subscript and superscript" id="mwA4Q">superscripts</a> to show the powers or exponents; for example, the superscript 2 used in x<sup id="mwA4U">2</sup> to indicate x squared.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-114" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-114&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-114" id="mwA4Y">[110]</a></sup><sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-115" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-115&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-115" id="mwA4o">[111]</a></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="17" id="mwA44" aria-labelledby="Analytic_geometry"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analytic_geometry">Analytic geometry</h3>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section: Analytic geometry">edit</a>]</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" id="mwA5A">Main article: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_geometry" title="Analytic geometry">Analytic geometry</a></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" id="mwA5I">See also: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equation#Analytic_geometry" title="Equation">Equation § Analytic geometry</a>, and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_geometry#History" title="Algebraic geometry">Algebraic geometry § History</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" id="mwA5M"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cartesian_coordinates_2D.svg" class="mw-file-description" id="mwA5Q"><img src="https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Cartesian_coordinates_2D.svg/250px-Cartesian_coordinates_2D.svg.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail" srcset="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Cartesian_coordinates_2D.svg/500px-Cartesian_coordinates_2D.svg.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="742" data-file-type="drawing" height="232" width="250" class="mw-file-element" id="mwA5U" alt="image" /></a><figcaption id="mwA5Y">A Cartesian coordinates graph, using his invented <i id="mwA5c">x</i> and <i id="mwA5g">y</i> axes</figcaption></figure><p id="mwA5k">One of Descartes's most enduring legacies was his development – together with <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_de_Fermat" title="Pierre de Fermat" id="mwA5s">Pierre de Fermat</a> – of Cartesian or <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_geometry" title="Analytic geometry" id="mwA50">analytic geometry</a>, which uses algebra to describe geometry; the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_coordinate_system" title="Cartesian coordinate system" id="mwA54">Cartesian coordinate system</a> is named after him.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Katz2008_116-0" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Katz2008&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-Katz2008-116&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-Katz2008-116" id="mwA58">[112]</a></sup> Descartes's work on geometry was written to demonstrate its application to correct reasoning he discussed in the <i id="mwA6M"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discourse_on_the_Method" title="Discourse on the Method" id="mwA6Q">Discourse on the Method</a></i>, which consists of reasoning based on self-evident principles.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatz2008478_117-0" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;group&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;FOOTNOTEKatz2008478&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz2008478-117&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;sfn&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Sfn&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Katz&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2008&quot;},&quot;p&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;478&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz2008478-117" id="mwA6U">[113]</a></sup> He was the first to assign a fundamental place for algebra in the system of knowledge, using it as a method to automate or mechanize reasoning, particularly about abstract, unknown quantities.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-118" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-118&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-118" id="mwA6k">[114]</a></sup></p>
<p id="mwA60">Both Descartes and Fermat were inspired by the works of the Ancient Greek mathematicians <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pappus_of_Alexandria" title="Pappus of Alexandria" id="mwA64">Pappus of Alexandria</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollonius_of_Perga" title="Apollonius of Perga" id="mwA68">Apollonius of Perga</a>, especially by their techniques of analysis.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatz2008473_119-0" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;group&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;FOOTNOTEKatz2008473&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz2008473-119&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;sfn&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Sfn&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Katz&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2008&quot;},&quot;p&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;473&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz2008473-119" id="mwA7A">[115]</a></sup> Crucial for their work was also the symbolic algebra of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/François_Viète" title="François Viète" id="mwA7Q">François Viète</a>. The step that their predecessors failed to take was using coordinates to study the relationship between geometry and algebra.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatz2008478_117-1" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;group&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;FOOTNOTEKatz2008478&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz2008478-117&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;sfn&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Sfn&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Katz&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2008&quot;},&quot;p&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;478&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz2008478-117" id="mwA7U">[113]</a></sup></p>
<p id="mwA7k">European mathematicians had previously viewed geometry as a more fundamental form of mathematics, serving as the foundation of algebra. Algebraic rules were given geometric proofs by mathematicians such as <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca_Pacioli" title="Luca Pacioli" id="mwA7o">Pacioli</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerolamo_Cardano" title="Gerolamo Cardano" id="mwA7s">Cardano</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccolò_Fontana_Tartaglia" title="Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia" class="mw-redirect" id="mwA7w">Tartaglia</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodovico_Ferrari" title="Lodovico Ferrari" id="mwA70">Ferrari</a>. Equations of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_of_a_polynomial" title="Degree of a polynomial" id="mwA74">degree</a> higher than the third were regarded as unreal, because a three-dimensional form, such as a cube, occupied the largest dimension of reality. Descartes professed that the abstract quantity <i id="mwA78">a</i><sup id="mwA8A">2</sup> could represent length as well as an area. This was in opposition to the teachings of mathematicians such as <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/François_Viète" title="François Viète" id="mwA8E">François Viète</a>, who insisted that a second power must represent an area.<link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" id="mwA8I" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;citation needed&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Citation_needed&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;July 2025&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2025" /></p>
<p id="mwA8Q">Although Descartes did not pursue the subject, he preceded <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz" id="mwA8U">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</a> in envisioning a more general science of algebra or "universal mathematics", as a precursor to <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_logic" title="Mathematical logic" id="mwA8Y">symbolic logic</a>, that could encompass logical principles and methods symbolically, and mechanize general reasoning.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-120" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-120&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-120" id="mwA8c">[116]</a></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="18" id="mwA8s" aria-labelledby="Influence_on_Newton's_mathematics"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_on_Newton's_mathematics">Influence on Newton's mathematics</h3>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section: Influence on Newton's mathematics">edit</a>]</div>
<p id="mwA8w">It is often said that Descartes had the most influence of anyone on the young <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton" id="mwA80">Isaac Newton</a>.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-121" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-121&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-121" id="mwA84">[117]</a></sup> Descartes's influence did not extend directly from his original French edition of <i lang="fr">La Géométrie</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" id="mwA9M" />, rather from <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_van_Schooten" title="Frans van Schooten" id="mwA9Q">Frans van Schooten</a>'s expanded second Latin edition of the work.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-122" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-122&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-122" id="mwA9U">[118]</a></sup> Newton continued Descartes's work on <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_equation" title="Cubic equation" id="mwA9k">cubic equations</a>, which freed the subject from the fetters of the Greek perspectives. The most important concept was his very modern treatment of single variables.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-123" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-123&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-123" id="mwA9o">[119]</a></sup></p>
<section data-mw-section-id="19" id="mwA94" aria-labelledby="The_basis_of_calculus"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_basis_of_calculus">The basis of calculus</h4>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section: The basis of calculus">edit</a>]</div>
<p id="mwA98">Descartes's work provided the basis for the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus" title="Calculus" id="mwA-A">calculus</a> developed by <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz" id="mwA-E">Leibniz</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton" id="mwA-I">Newton</a>, who applied the infinitesimal calculus to the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangent#Analytical_approach" title="Tangent" id="mwA-M">tangent line problem</a>, thus permitting the evolution of that branch of modern mathematics.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-124" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-124&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-124" id="mwA-Q">[120]</a></sup> His <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descartes's_rule_of_signs" title="Descartes's rule of signs" id="mwA-g">rule of signs</a> is also a commonly used method to determine the number of positive and negative roots of a polynomial.</p>
</section></section></section><section data-mw-section-id="20" id="mwA-k" aria-labelledby="Physics"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physics">Physics</h2>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section: Physics">edit</a>]</div>
<section data-mw-section-id="21" id="mwA-o" aria-labelledby="Mechanics"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanics">Mechanics</h3>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Edit section: Mechanics">edit</a>]</div>
<section data-mw-section-id="22" id="mwA-s" aria-labelledby="Mechanical_philosophy"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mechanical_philosophy">Mechanical philosophy</h4>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Edit section: Mechanical philosophy">edit</a>]</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" id="mwA-0">Main article: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanism_(philosophy)#Mechanical_philosophy" title="Mechanism (philosophy)">Mechanism (philosophy) § Mechanical philosophy</a></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" id="mwA-8">See also: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpuscularianism" title="Corpuscularianism">Corpuscularianism</a></div>
<p id="mwA_A">The beginning of Descartes's interest in physics is accredited to the amateur scientist and mathematician <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Beeckman" title="Isaac Beeckman" id="mwA_E">Isaac Beeckman</a>, whom he met in 1618, and who was at the forefront of a new school of thought known as <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_philosophy" title="Mechanical philosophy" class="mw-redirect" id="mwA_I">mechanical philosophy</a>. With this foundation of reasoning, Descartes formulated many of his theories on <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_mechanics" title="Geometric mechanics" id="mwA_M">mechanical and geometric physics</a>.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Slowik_125-0" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Slowik&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-Slowik-125&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-Slowik-125" id="mwA_Q">[121]</a></sup> It is said that they met when both were looking at a placard that was set up in the Breda marketplace, detailing a mathematical problem to be solved. Descartes asked Beeckman to translate the problem from Dutch to French.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaukroger1995Chapter_3_126-0" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;group&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;FOOTNOTEGaukroger1995Chapter 3&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaukroger1995Chapter_3-126&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;sfn&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Sfn&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Gaukroger&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1995&quot;},&quot;page&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Chapter 3&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaukroger1995Chapter_3-126" id="mwA_g">[122]</a></sup> In their following meetings Beeckman interested Descartes in his corpuscularian approach to mechanical theory, and convinced him to devote his studies to a mathematical approach to nature.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-porter_127-0" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;porter&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-porter-127" id="mwA_w">[123]</a></sup><sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaukroger1995Chapter_3_126-1" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;group&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;FOOTNOTEGaukroger1995Chapter 3&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaukroger1995Chapter_3-126&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;sfn&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Sfn&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Gaukroger&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1995&quot;},&quot;page&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Chapter 3&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaukroger1995Chapter_3-126" id="mwBAA">[122]</a></sup> In 1628, Beeckman also introduced him to many of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo" title="Galileo" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBAQ">Galileo</a>'s ideas.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-porter_127-1" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;porter&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-porter-127&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-porter-127" id="mwBAU">[123]</a></sup> Together, they worked on <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_fall" title="Free fall" id="mwBAk">free fall</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catenary" title="Catenary" id="mwBAo">catenaries</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conic_section" title="Conic section" id="mwBAs">conic sections</a>, and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_statics" title="Fluid statics" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBAw">fluid statics</a>. Both believed that it was necessary to create a method that thoroughly linked mathematics and physics.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Durandin_26-1" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Durandin&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-Durandin-26" id="mwBA0">[24]</a></sup></p>
<p id="mwBBE">Descartes's mechanical attempt to study nature reveals success and shortcomings. He managed to explain rather well the functioning of so-called inert phenomena, such as the rainbow, the phenomenon of mock suns, the movement of planets and comets, as well as the differentiation of metals, stones and minerals.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-128" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-128&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-128" id="mwBBI">[124]</a></sup> This experimental work with metals and inert bodies reveals a different Descartes, investigating nature by means of observations and the uses of microscopes.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-129" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-129&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-129" id="mwBBY">[125]</a></sup> But there is more, as Descartes tried to explain in the mechanical terms of his philosophy living nature too – namely, plants and animals.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-130" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-130&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-130" id="mwBBs">[126]</a></sup> This part shows the complexity of his philosophical programme, but also the most fascinating. On the one hand, Descartes managed to lay the ground for a modern medicine, while on the other hand he failed to establish an overall science of nature.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-131" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-131&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-131" id="mwBB8">[127]</a></sup><sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-132" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-132&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-132" id="mwBCM">[128]</a></sup> Recently, historians have recognized the importance of Descartes's scientific enterprise in his philosophical work.</p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="23" id="mwBCc" aria-labelledby="Anticipating_the_concept_of_work"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anticipating_the_concept_of_work">Anticipating the concept of work</h4>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Edit section: Anticipating the concept of work">edit</a>]</div>
<p id="mwBCg">Although the concept of work (in physics) was not formally used until 1826, similar concepts existed before then.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-133" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-133&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-133" id="mwBCk">[129]</a></sup> In 1637, Descartes wrote:<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-134" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-134&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-134" id="mwBC0">[130]</a></sup></p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" id="mwBDE" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Template:Blockquote/styles.css&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Blockquote&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Blockquote&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;text&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Lifting 100 lb one foot twice over is the same as lifting 200 lb one foot, or 100 lb two feet.&quot;},&quot;author&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;source&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><blockquote class="templatequote" id="mwBDI"><p>Lifting 100 lb one foot twice over is the same as lifting 200 lb one foot, or 100 lb two feet.</p></blockquote>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="24" id="mwBDM" aria-labelledby="Conservation_of_motion"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conservation_of_motion">Conservation of motion</h4>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="Edit section: Conservation of motion">edit</a>]</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" id="mwBDU">Main article: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum#History_of_the_concept" title="Momentum">Momentum § History of the concept</a></div>
<p id="mwBDY">In <i id="mwBDc"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principles_of_Philosophy" title="Principles of Philosophy" id="mwBDg">Principles of Philosophy</a></i> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language" title="Latin language" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBDk" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;langx&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Langx&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;la&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Principia Philosophiae&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Principia Philosophiae</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" id="mwBDo" />) from 1644, Descartes outlined his views on the universe. In it he describes his three <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_motion" title="Laws of motion" id="mwBDw">laws of motion</a>.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-135" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-135&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-135" id="mwBD0">[131]</a></sup> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_laws_of_motion" title="Newton's laws of motion" id="mwBEE">Newton's own laws of motion</a> would later be modeled on Descartes's exposition.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Slowik_125-1" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Slowik&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-Slowik-125" id="mwBEI">[121]</a></sup>) Descartes defined "quantity of motion" (Latin: <i lang="la">quantitas motus</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" id="mwBEc" />) as the product of size and speed, and claimed that the total quantity of motion in the universe is conserved.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:03_136-0" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;:03&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-:03-136&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-:03-136" id="mwBEk">[132]</a></sup></p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" id="mwBE0" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Template:Blockquote/styles.css&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Blockquote&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Blockquote&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;text&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;If ''x'' is twice the size of ''y'', and is moving half as fast, then there's the same amount of motion in each.&quot;},&quot;author&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;source&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><blockquote class="templatequote" id="mwBE4"><p>If <i>x</i> is twice the size of <i>y</i>, and is moving half as fast, then there's the same amount of motion in each.</p></blockquote>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" id="mwBE8" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Template:Blockquote/styles.css&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Blockquote&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Blockquote&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;text&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;[God] created matter, along with its motion{{nbsp}}... merely by letting things run their course, he preserves the same amount of motion{{nbsp}}... as he put there in the beginning.&quot;},&quot;source&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;author&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><blockquote class="templatequote" id="mwBFA"><p>[God] created matter, along with its motion ... merely by letting things run their course, he preserves the same amount of motion ... as he put there in the beginning.</p></blockquote>
<p id="mwBFE">Descartes had discovered an early form of the law of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_momentum" title="Conservation of momentum" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBFI">conservation of momentum</a>.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:9_137-0" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;:9&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-:9-137" id="mwBFM">[133]</a></sup> He envisioned the quantity of motion as pertaining to motion in a straight line, as opposed to perfect circular motion, as Galileo had envisioned it.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Slowik_125-2" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Slowik&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-Slowik-125" id="mwBFc">[121]</a></sup><sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:9_137-1" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;:9&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-:9-137&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-:9-137" id="mwBFs">[133]</a></sup> Descartes's discovery should not be seen as the modern law of conservation of momentum, since it had no concept of mass as distinct from weight or size, and since he believed that it is speed rather than velocity that is conserved.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-138" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-138&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-138" id="mwBF8">[134]</a></sup><sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-139" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-139&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-139" id="mwBGM">[135]</a></sup><sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-140" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-140&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-140" id="mwBGc">[136]</a></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="25" id="mwBGs" aria-labelledby="Plenism"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plenism">Plenism</h4>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Edit section: Plenism">edit</a>]</div>
<figure id="mwBGw"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Descartes_Aetherwirbel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" id="mwBG0"><img src="https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Descartes_Aetherwirbel.jpg/250px-Descartes_Aetherwirbel.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Descartes_Aetherwirbel.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled 2x" data-file-width="319" data-file-height="500" data-file-type="bitmap" height="392" width="250" class="mw-file-element" id="mwBG4" alt="image" /></a><figcaption id="mwBG8">René Descartes's aether vortices around celestial bodies</figcaption></figure><p id="mwBHA">Descartes was also a devoted "plenist" who believed that <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_vacui_(philosophy)" title="Horror vacui (philosophy)" id="mwBHE">no empty space can exist</a> and that space must consequently be filled with <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter" title="Matter" id="mwBHI">matter</a>.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-141" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-141&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-141" id="mwBHM">[137]</a></sup> The parts of this matter tend to move in straight paths, but because they lie close together, they cannot move freely, which according to Descartes implies that every motion is circular, so the aether is filled with <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortex" title="Vortex" id="mwBHc">vortices</a>. Descartes also distinguishes between different forms and sizes of matter, in which rough matter resists the circular movement more strongly than fine matter. Due to <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugal_force" title="Centrifugal force" id="mwBHg">centrifugal force</a>, matter tends towards the outer edges of the vortex, which causes a condensation of this matter there. The rough matter cannot follow this movement due to its greater <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertia" title="Inertia" id="mwBHk">inertia</a> – so due to the pressure of the condensed outer matter, those parts will be pushed into the centre of the vortex. According to Descartes, this inward pressure is nothing other than gravity. He compared this mechanism with the fact that if a rotating, liquid-filled vessel is stopped, the liquid goes on to rotate. Now, if one drops small pieces of light matter (e.g. wood) into the vessel, the pieces move to the middle of the vessel.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-142" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-142&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-142" id="mwBHs">[138]</a></sup><sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-143" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-143&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-143" id="mwBH8">[139]</a></sup><sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-zehe_144-0" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;zehe&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-zehe-144&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-zehe-144" id="mwBIM">[140]</a></sup></p>
</section></section><section data-mw-section-id="26" id="mwBIc" aria-labelledby="Magnetism"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magnetism">Magnetism</h3>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="Edit section: Magnetism">edit</a>]</div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" id="mwBIg"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Descartes_magnetic_field.jpg" class="mw-file-description" id="mwBIk"><img src="https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Descartes_magnetic_field.jpg/250px-Descartes_magnetic_field.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail" srcset="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Descartes_magnetic_field.jpg/500px-Descartes_magnetic_field.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x" data-file-width="1372" data-file-height="1165" data-file-type="bitmap" height="212" width="250" class="mw-file-element" id="mwBIo" alt="image" /></a><figcaption id="mwBIs">Descartes's 1664 diagram of effluvia emitted by magnets. It is a predecessor of the concept of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field" id="mwBIw">magnetic field</a>.</figcaption></figure><p id="mwBI0">Descartes proposed a theory to explain magnetism and explain the observation in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Magnete" title="De Magnete" id="mwBI4" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;langlink&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Langlink&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;De Magnete&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}"><i lang="fr">De Magnete</i></a> by <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gilbert_(physicist)" title="William Gilbert (physicist)" id="mwBI8">William Gilbert</a>. Descartes considered that 'effluvia' were emitted by a magnet, the effluvia rarefied the air, creating pressure differences and thus forces.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-145" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-145&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-145" id="mwBJA">[141]</a></sup><sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-146" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-146&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-146" id="mwBJQ">[142]</a></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="27" id="mwBJg" aria-labelledby="Glass_science"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glass_science">Glass science</h3>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27" title="Edit section: Glass science">edit</a>]</div>
<p id="mwBJk">In 1644, Descartes provided one of the earliest microscopic theories of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass" title="Glass" id="mwBJo">glass</a>. He considered that glass was formed by particles frozen in motion after heated. He also provides one of the earliest understanding of the role of stress and its relief by <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annealing_(glass)" title="Annealing (glass)" id="mwBJs">annealing</a>.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-147" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-147&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-147" id="mwBJw">[143]</a></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="28" id="mwBKA" aria-labelledby="Optics"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Optics">Optics</h3>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28" title="Edit section: Optics">edit</a>]</div>
<p id="mwBKE">Descartes also made contributions to the field of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optics" title="Optics" id="mwBKI">optics</a>. He showed by using geometric construction and the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_refraction" title="Law of refraction" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBKM">law of refraction</a> (also known as Descartes's law in France, or more commonly <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snell's_law" title="Snell's law" id="mwBKQ">Snell's law</a> elsewhere) that the angular radius of a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow" title="Rainbow" id="mwBKU">rainbow</a> is 42 degrees (i.e., the angle subtended at the eye by the edge of the rainbow and the ray passing from the sun through the rainbow's centre is 42°).<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-148" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-148&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-148" id="mwBKY">[144]</a></sup> He also independently discovered the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specular_reflection" title="Specular reflection" id="mwBKo">law of reflection</a>, and his essay on optics was the first published mention of this law.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-149" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-149&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-149" id="mwBKs">[145]</a></sup></p>
</section></section><section data-mw-section-id="29" id="mwBK8" aria-labelledby="Meteorology"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Meteorology">Meteorology</h2>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29" title="Edit section: Meteorology">edit</a>]</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" id="mwBLE">"Les Météores" redirects here. For Michel Tournier's novel, see <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_(novel)" title="Gemini (novel)">Gemini (novel)</a>.</div>
<p id="mwBLI">Within <i id="mwBLM"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discourse_on_the_Method" title="Discourse on the Method" id="mwBLQ">Discourse on the Method</a></i>, there is an appendix in which Descartes discusses his theories on <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology" id="mwBLU">meteorology</a> known as <i lang="fr">Les Météores</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" id="mwBLc" />. He first proposed the idea that the elements were made up of small particles that join together imperfectly, thus leaving small spaces in between. These spaces were then filled with smaller much quicker "subtile matter". These particles were different based on what element they constructed, for example, Descartes believed that particles of water were "like little eels, which, though they join and twist around each other, do not, for all that, ever knot or hook together in such a way that they cannot easily be separated".<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:02_150-0" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;:02&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-:02-150&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-:02-150" id="mwBLg">[146]</a></sup> In contrast, the particles that made up the more solid material, were constructed in a way that generated irregular shapes. The size of the particle also matters; if the particle was smaller, not only was it faster and constantly moving, it was more easily agitated by the larger particles, which were slow but had more force. The different qualities, such as combinations and shapes, gave rise to different secondary qualities of materials, such as temperature.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:12_151-0" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;:12&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-:12-151&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-:12-151" id="mwBLw">[147]</a></sup> This first idea is the basis for the rest of Descartes's theory on meteorology.</p>
<p id="mwBMA">While rejecting most of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle" id="mwBME">Aristotle</a>'s theories on meteorology, he still kept some of the terminology that Aristotle used such as vapors and exhalations. These "vapors" would be drawn into the sky by the sun from "terrestrial substances" and would generate wind.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:02_150-1" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;:02&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-:02-150" id="mwBMI">[146]</a></sup> Descartes also theorized that falling clouds would displace the air below them, also generating wind. Falling clouds could also generate thunder. He theorized that when a cloud rests above another cloud and the air around the top cloud is hot, it condenses the vapor around the top cloud, and causes the particles to fall. When the particles falling from the top cloud collided with the bottom cloud's particles it would create thunder. He compared his theory on thunder to his theory on avalanches. Descartes believed that the booming sound that avalanches created, was due to snow that was heated, and therefore heavier, falling onto the snow that was below it. This theory was supported by experience: "It follows that one can understand why it thunders more rarely in winter than in summer; for then not enough heat reaches the highest clouds, in order to break them up."<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:12_151-1" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;:12&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-:12-151" id="mwBMY">[147]</a></sup></p>
<p id="mwBMo">Another theory that Descartes had was on the production of lightning. Descartes believed that lightning was caused by exhalations trapped between the two colliding clouds. He believed that in order to make these exhalations viable to produce lightning, they had to be made "fine and inflammable" by hot and dry weather.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:12_151-2" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;:12&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-:12-151" id="mwBMs">[147]</a></sup> Whenever the clouds would collide, it would cause them to ignite, creating lightning; if the cloud above was heavier than the bottom cloud, it would also produce thunder.</p>
<p id="mwBM8">Descartes also believed that clouds were made up of drops of water and ice, and believed that rain would fall whenever the air could no longer support them. It would fall as snow if the air was not warm enough to melt the raindrops. And hail was when the cloud drops would melt, and then freeze again because cold air would refreeze them.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:02_150-2" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;:02&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-:02-150" id="mwBNA">[146]</a></sup><sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:12_151-3" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;:12&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-:12-151" id="mwBNQ">[147]</a></sup></p>
<p id="mwBNg">Descartes did not use mathematics or instruments (as there were not any at the time) to back up his theories on Meteorology and instead used qualitative reasoning in order to deduce his hypothesis.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:02_150-3" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;:02&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-:02-150" id="mwBNk">[146]</a></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="30" id="mwBN0" aria-labelledby="Historical_impact"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_impact">Historical impact</h2>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30" title="Edit section: Historical impact">edit</a>]</div>
<section data-mw-section-id="31" id="mwBN4" aria-labelledby="Emancipation_from_Church_doctrine"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emancipation_from_Church_doctrine">Emancipation from Church doctrine</h3>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&amp;action=edit&amp;section=31" title="Edit section: Emancipation from Church doctrine">edit</a>]</div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" id="mwBN8"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DescartesMeditations.png" class="mw-file-description" id="mwBOA"><img src="https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/DescartesMeditations.png/250px-DescartesMeditations.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/DescartesMeditations.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled 2x" data-file-width="345" data-file-height="500" data-file-type="bitmap" height="362" width="250" class="mw-file-element" id="mwBOE" alt="image" /></a><figcaption id="mwBOI">Cover of <i id="mwBOM">Meditations</i></figcaption></figure><p id="mwBOQ">Descartes has often been dubbed the father of modern <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy" id="mwBOU">Western philosophy</a>, the thinker whose approaches have profoundly changed the course of Western philosophy and set the basis for <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity" id="mwBOY">modernity</a>.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Russell2004p516_152-0" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Russell2004p516&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-Russell2004p516-152&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-Russell2004p516-152" id="mwBOc">[148]</a></sup><sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-153" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-153&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-153" id="mwBOs">[149]</a></sup> The first two of his <i id="mwBO8">Meditations on First Philosophy</i>, those that formulate the famous methodic doubt, represent the portion of Descartes's writings that most influenced modern thinking.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-154" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-154&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-154" id="mwBPA">[150]</a></sup> It has been argued that Descartes himself did not realize the extent of this revolutionary move.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-155" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-155&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-155" id="mwBPQ">[151]</a></sup> In shifting the debate from "what is true" to "of what can I be certain?", Descartes arguably shifted the authoritative guarantor of truth from God to humanity – while the traditional concept of "truth" implies an external authority, "certainty" instead relies on the judgment of the individual.</p>
<p id="mwBPk">In an <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropocentrism" title="Anthropocentrism" id="mwBPo">anthropocentric</a> revolution, the human being is now raised to the level of a subject, an agent, an <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation" id="mwBPs">emancipated</a> being equipped with autonomous reason. This was a revolutionary step that contributed to the basis of the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Era" title="Modern Era" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBPw">Modern Era</a>, the repercussions of which are still being felt: the emancipation of humanity from Christian <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation" id="mwBP0">revelational</a> truth and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church" id="mwBP4">Church doctrine</a>; humanity making its own law and taking its own stand.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-156" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-156&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-156" id="mwBP8">[152]</a></sup><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2026" id="mwBQM" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Page needed&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Page_needed&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;September 2026&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Ingraffia95p126_157-0" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Ingraffia95p126&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-Ingraffia95p126-157&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-Ingraffia95p126-157" id="mwBQU">[153]</a></sup><sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-158" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-158&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-158" id="mwBQk">[154]</a></sup> In modernity, the guarantor of truth is not God anymore but human beings, each of whom is a "self-conscious shaper and guarantor" of their own reality.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Lovitt77pxxv_159-0" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Lovitt77pxxv&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-Lovitt77pxxv-159" id="mwBQ0">[155]</a></sup><sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-160" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-160&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-160" id="mwBRE">[156]</a></sup> In that way, each person is turned into a reasoning adult, a subject and agent,<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Lovitt77pxxv_159-1" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Lovitt77pxxv&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-Lovitt77pxxv-159&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-Lovitt77pxxv-159" id="mwBRU">[155]</a></sup> as opposed to a child obedient to God. This change in perspective was characteristic of the shift from the Christian medieval period to the modern period, a shift that had been anticipated in other fields, and which was now being formulated in the field of philosophy by Descartes.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Lovitt77pxxv_159-2" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Lovitt77pxxv&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-Lovitt77pxxv-159" id="mwBRk">[155]</a></sup><sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-161" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-161&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-161" id="mwBR0">[157]</a></sup></p>
<p id="mwBSE">This anthropocentric perspective of Descartes's work, establishing human reason as autonomous, provided the basis for <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment" id="mwBSI">the Enlightenment</a>'s emancipation from God and the Church. According to <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger" id="mwBSM">Martin Heidegger</a>, the perspective of Descartes's work also provided the basis for all subsequent <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology" id="mwBSQ">anthropology</a>.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-162" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-162&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-162" id="mwBSU">[158]</a></sup> Descartes's philosophical revolution is sometimes said to have sparked modern <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropocentrism" title="Anthropocentrism" id="mwBSk">anthropocentrism</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjectivism" title="Subjectivism" id="mwBSo">subjectivism</a>.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Russell2004p516_152-1" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Russell2004p516&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-Russell2004p516-152" id="mwBSs">[148]</a></sup><sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-163" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-163&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-163" id="mwBS8">[159]</a></sup><sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-164" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-164&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-164" id="mwBTM">[160]</a></sup><sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-165" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-165&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-165" id="mwBTc">[161]</a></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="32" id="mwBTs" aria-labelledby="Reception"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reception">Reception</h3>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&amp;action=edit&amp;section=32" title="Edit section: Reception">edit</a>]</div>
<p id="mwBTw">The <i id="mwBT0">Discourse</i> appeared during Descartes's lifetime in a single edition of 500 copies, 200 of which were set aside for the author. Sharing a similar fate was the only French edition of the <i id="mwBT4">Meditations</i>, which had not managed to sell out by the time of Descartes's death. A concomitant Latin edition of the latter was, however, eagerly sought out by Europe's scholarly community and proved a commercial success for Descartes.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-166" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-166&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-166" id="mwBT8">[162]</a></sup></p>
<p id="mwBUM">Although Descartes was well known in academic circles towards the end of his life, the teaching of his works in schools was controversial. Henri de Roy (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henricus_Regius" title="Henricus Regius" id="mwBUQ">Henricus Regius</a>, 1598–1679), Professor of Medicine at the University of Utrecht, was condemned by the Rector of the university, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gisbertus_Voetius" title="Gisbertus Voetius" id="mwBUU">Gijsbert Voet</a> (Voetius), for teaching Descartes's physics.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-167" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-167&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-167" id="mwBUY">[163]</a></sup></p>
<p id="mwBUo">According to philosophy professor <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cottingham" title="John Cottingham" id="mwBUs">John Cottingham</a>, Descartes's <i id="mwBUw">Meditations on First Philosophy</i> is considered to be "one of the key texts of Western philosophy". Cottingham said that the <i id="mwBU0">Meditations</i> is the "most widely studied of all Descartes's writings".<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECottinghamWilliams199650_168-0" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;group&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;FOOTNOTECottinghamWilliams199650&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTECottinghamWilliams199650-168&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;sfn&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Sfn&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Cottingham&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Williams&quot;},&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1996&quot;},&quot;p&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;50&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECottinghamWilliams199650-168" id="mwBU4">[164]</a></sup> According to author <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Gottlieb" title="Anthony Gottlieb" id="mwBVI">Anthony Gottlieb</a>, one of the reasons Descartes and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes" id="mwBVM">Thomas Hobbes</a> continue to be debated in the modern era is that they still have something to say to us that remains relevant on questions such as, "What does the advance of science entail for our understanding of ourselves and our ideas of God?" and "How is government to deal with religious diversity?"<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGottlieb201623_169-0" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;group&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;FOOTNOTEGottlieb201623&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEGottlieb201623-169&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;sfn&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Sfn&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Gottlieb&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2016&quot;},&quot;page&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;23&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGottlieb201623-169" id="mwBVQ">[165]</a></sup></p>
</section></section><section data-mw-section-id="33" id="mwBVg" aria-labelledby="Works"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&amp;action=edit&amp;section=33" title="Edit section: Works">edit</a>]</div>
<section data-mw-section-id="34" id="mwBVk" aria-labelledby="Writings"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writings">Writings</h3>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&amp;action=edit&amp;section=34" title="Edit section: Writings">edit</a>]</div>
<ul id="mwBVo"><li id="mwBVs">1618. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_KzBJf8q37wC" class="external text" id="mwBVw"><i lang="la">Musicae Compendium</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" id="mwBV4" /></a>. A treatise on music theory and the aesthetics of music, which Descartes dedicated to early collaborator Isaac Beeckman (written in 1618, first published—posthumously—in 1650).<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-170" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-170&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-170" id="mwBV8">[166]</a></sup></li>
<li id="mwBWM">1626–1628. <i lang="la">Regulae ad directionem ingenii</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" id="mwBWU" /> (<i id="mwBWY"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rules_for_the_Direction_of_the_Mind" title="Rules for the Direction of the Mind" id="mwBWc">Rules for the Direction of the Mind</a></i>). Incomplete. First published posthumously in Dutch translation in 1684 and in the original Latin at Amsterdam in 1701 (<i lang="la">R. Des-Cartes Opuscula Posthuma Physica et Mathematica</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" id="mwBWo" />). The best critical edition, which includes the Dutch translation of 1684, is edited by Giovanni Crapulli (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1966).</li>
<li id="mwBWw">c. 1630. <i lang="la">De solidorum elementis</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" id="mwBW4" />. Concerns the classification of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platonic_solid" title="Platonic solid" id="mwBW8">Platonic solids</a> and three-dimensional <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figurate_number" title="Figurate number" id="mwBXA">figurate numbers</a>. Said by some scholars to prefigure <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler's_polyhedral_formula" title="Euler's polyhedral formula" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBXE">Euler's polyhedral formula</a>. Unpublished; discovered in Descartes's estate in Stockholm in 1650, soaked for three days in the Seine in a shipwreck while being shipped back to Paris, copied in 1676 by Leibniz, and lost. Leibniz's copy, also lost, was rediscovered circa 1860 in Hannover.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-171" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-171&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-171" id="mwBXI">[167]</a></sup></li>
<li id="mwBXY">1630–1631. <i lang="fr">La recherche de la vérité par la lumière naturelle</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" id="mwBXg" /> (<i id="mwBXk"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Search_for_Truth_by_Natural_Light" title="The Search for Truth by Natural Light" id="mwBXo">The Search for Truth by Natural Light</a></i>) unfinished dialogue published in 1701.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-172" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-172&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-172" id="mwBXw">[168]</a></sup></li>
<li id="mwBYA">1630–1633. <i lang="fr">Le Monde</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" id="mwBYI" /> (<i id="mwBYM"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_(Descartes)" title="The World (Descartes)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBYQ">The World</a></i>) and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatise_on_Man" title="Treatise on Man" id="mwBYY" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;langlink&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Langlink&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Treatise on Man&quot;},&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;L'Homme&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}"><i lang="fr">L'Homme</i></a> (<i id="mwBYc">Man</i>). Descartes's first systematic presentation of his natural philosophy. <i id="mwBYk">Man</i> was published posthumously in Latin translation in 1662; and <i id="mwBYo">The World</i> posthumously in 1664.</li>
<li id="mwBYs">1637. <i lang="fr">Discours de la méthode</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" id="mwBY0" /> (<i id="mwBY4"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discourse_on_the_Method" title="Discourse on the Method" id="mwBY8">Discourse on the Method</a></i>). An introduction to the <i lang="fr">Essais</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" id="mwBZI" />, which include <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Dioptrique" title="La Dioptrique" id="mwBZM" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;langlink&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Langlink&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;La Dioptrique&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}"><i lang="fr">La Dioptrique</i></a>, <i lang="fr">Les Météores</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" id="mwBZU" /> and <i lang="fr">La Géométrie</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" id="mwBZc" />.</li>
<li id="mwBZg">1637. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Géométrie" title="La Géométrie" id="mwBZk" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;langlink&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Langlink&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;La Géométrie&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}"><i lang="fr">La Géométrie</i></a> (<i id="mwBZo">Geometry</i>). Descartes's major work in mathematics. There is an English translation by Michael Mahoney (New York: Dover, 1979).</li>
<li id="mwBZw">1641. <i lang="la">Meditationes de prima philosophia</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" id="mwBZ4" /> (<i id="mwBZ8"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meditations_on_First_Philosophy" title="Meditations on First Philosophy" id="mwBaA">Meditations on First Philosophy</a></i>), also known as <i id="mwBaI">Metaphysical Meditations</i>. In Latin; a second edition, published the following year, included an additional objection and reply, and a <i id="mwBaM">Letter to Dinet</i>. A French translation by the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Luynes" title="Duke of Luynes" id="mwBaQ">Duke of Luynes</a>, probably done without Descartes's supervision, was published in 1647. Includes six <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meditations_on_First_Philosophy#Objections_and_replies" title="Meditations on First Philosophy" id="mwBaU">Objections and Replies</a>.</li>
<li id="mwBaY">1644. <i lang="la">Principia philosophiae</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" id="mwBag" /> (<i id="mwBak"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principles_of_Philosophy" title="Principles of Philosophy" id="mwBao">Principles of Philosophy</a></i>), a Latin textbook at first intended by Descartes to replace the Aristotelian textbooks then used in universities. A French translation, <i lang="fr">Principes de philosophie</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" id="mwBa0" /> by Claude Picot, under the supervision of Descartes, appeared in 1647 with a letter-preface to Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia.</li>
<li id="mwBa4">1647. <i lang="la">Notae in programma</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" id="mwBbA" /> (<i id="mwBbE">Comments on a Certain Broadsheet</i>). A reply to Descartes's one-time disciple Henricus Regius.</li>
<li id="mwBbM">1648. <i lang="fr">La description du corps humain</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" id="mwBbU" /> (<i id="mwBbY"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Description_of_the_Human_Body" title="The Description of the Human Body" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBbc">The Description of the Human Body</a></i>). Published posthumously by Clerselier in 1664.</li>
<li id="mwBbk">1648. <i lang="fr">Responsiones Renati Des Cartes...</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" id="mwBbs" /> (<i id="mwBbw">Conversation with Burman</i>). Notes on a Q&amp;A session between Descartes and Frans Burman on 16 April 1648. Rediscovered in 1895 and published for the first time in 1896. An annotated bilingual edition (Latin with French translation), edited by Jean-Marie Beyssade, was published in 1981 (Paris: PUF).</li>
<li id="mwBb4">1649. <i lang="fr">Les passions de l'âme</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" id="mwBcA" /> (<i id="mwBcE"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passions_of_the_Soul" title="Passions of the Soul" id="mwBcI">Passions of the Soul</a></i>). Dedicated to Princess <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_of_the_Palatinate" title="Elisabeth of the Palatinate" id="mwBcQ">Elisabeth of the Palatinate</a>.</li>
<li id="mwBcU">1657. <i lang="fr">Correspondance</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" id="mwBcc" /> (three volumes: 1657, 1659, 1667). Published by Descartes's literary executor <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Clerselier" title="Claude Clerselier" id="mwBcg">Claude Clerselier</a>. The third edition, in 1667, was the most complete; Clerselier omitted, however, much of the material pertaining to mathematics.</li></ul><p id="mwBck">In January 2010, a previously unknown letter from Descartes, dated 27 May 1641, was found by the Dutch philosopher Erik-Jan Bos when browsing through <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Search" title="Google Search" id="mwBco">Google</a>. Bos found the letter mentioned in a summary of autographs kept by <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haverford_College" title="Haverford College" id="mwBcs">Haverford College</a> in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haverford,_Pennsylvania" title="Haverford, Pennsylvania" id="mwBcw">Haverford, Pennsylvania</a>. The college was unaware that the letter had never been published. This was the third letter by Descartes found in the last 25 years.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-173" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-173&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-173" id="mwBc0">[169]</a></sup><sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-174" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-174&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-174" id="mwBdE">[170]</a></sup></p>
<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" id="mwBdU" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;gallery&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;widths&quot;:&quot;160px&quot;,&quot;heights&quot;:&quot;200px&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{}}"><li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px;" id="mwBdY"><div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 230px;" id="mwBdc"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Handwritten_letter_by_Descartes_December_1638.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Handwritten letter by Descartes, December 1638" id="mwBdk"><img src="https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Handwritten_letter_by_Descartes_December_1638.jpg/250px-Handwritten_letter_by_Descartes_December_1638.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail" srcset="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Handwritten_letter_by_Descartes_December_1638.jpg/330px-Handwritten_letter_by_Descartes_December_1638.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x" alt="Handwritten letter by Descartes, December 1638" data-file-width="1561" data-file-height="2369" data-file-type="bitmap" height="200" width="132" class="mw-file-element" id="mwBdo" /></a></div><div class="gallerytext" id="mwBds">Handwritten letter by Descartes, December 1638</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px;" id="mwBdw"><div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 230px;" id="mwBd0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:René_Descartes_1644_Principia_philosophiae.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Principia philosophiae, 1644" id="mwBd8"><img src="https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes_1644_Principia_philosophiae.jpg/250px-Ren%C3%A9_Descartes_1644_Principia_philosophiae.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail" srcset="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes_1644_Principia_philosophiae.jpg/330px-Ren%C3%A9_Descartes_1644_Principia_philosophiae.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x" alt="Principia philosophiae, 1644" data-file-width="2796" data-file-height="3440" data-file-type="bitmap" height="197" width="160" class="mw-file-element" id="mwBeA" /></a></div><div class="gallerytext" id="mwBeE"><i lang="la" id="mwBeM">Principia philosophiae</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" id="mwBeQ" />, 1644</div></li>
</ul></section><section data-mw-section-id="35" id="mwBeU" aria-labelledby="Collected_editions"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collected_editions">Collected editions</h3>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&amp;action=edit&amp;section=35" title="Edit section: Collected editions">edit</a>]</div>
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<ul><li><i lang="fr">Oeuvres de Descartes</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" /> edited by Charles Adam and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Tannery" title="Paul Tannery">Paul Tannery</a>, Paris: Léopold Cerf, 1897–1913, 13 volumes; new revised edition, Paris: Vrin-CNRS, 1964–1974, 11 volumes (the first five volumes contain the correspondence). [This edition is traditionally cited with the initials <i>AT</i> (for Adam and Tannery) followed by a volume number in Roman numerals; thus <i>AT</i> VII refers to <i lang="fr">Oeuvres de Descartes</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" /> volume 7.]</li>
<li><i lang="fr">Étude du bon sens, La recherche de la vérité et autres écrits de jeunesse (1616–1631)</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" /> edited by Vincent Carraud and Gilles Olivo, Paris: PUF, 2013.</li>
<li>Descartes, <i lang="fr">Œuvres complètes</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" />, new edition by Jean-Marie Beyssade and Denis Kambouchner, Paris: Gallimard, published volumes:
<ul><li>I: <i lang="fr">Premiers écrits. Règles pour la direction de l'esprit</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" />, 2016.</li>
<li>III: <i lang="fr">Discours de la Méthode et Essais</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" />, 2009.</li>
<li>VIII.1: <i lang="fr">Correspondance, 1</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" /> edited by Jean-Robert Armogathe, 2013.</li>
<li>VIII.2: <i lang="fr">Correspondance, 2</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" /> edited by Jean-Robert Armogathe, 2013.</li></ul></li>
<li><i lang="it">René Descartes. Opere 1637–1649</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_Italian-language_text" />, Milano, Bompiani, 2009, pp. 2531. Edizione integrale (di prime edizioni) e traduzione italiana a fronte, a cura di G. Belgioioso con la collaborazione di I. Agostini, M. Marrone, M. Savini<link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_Italian-language_text" /><sup>[<i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_index/Translation#not_English-inline" title="Wikipedia:Template index/Translation">needs translation</a></i>]</sup><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_translation" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1333433106" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" scoped="scoped"></style><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect">ISBN</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-452-6332-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-452-6332-3"><bdi>978-88-452-6332-3</bdi></a>.</li>
<li><i lang="it">René Descartes. Opere 1650–2009</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_Italian-language_text" />, Milano, Bompiani, 2009, pp. 1723. Edizione integrale delle opere postume e traduzione italiana a fronte, a cura di G. Belgioioso con la collaborazione di I. Agostini, M. Marrone, M. Savini<link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_Italian-language_text" /><sup>[<i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_index/Translation#not_English-inline" title="Wikipedia:Template index/Translation">needs translation</a></i>]</sup><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_translation" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect">ISBN</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-452-6333-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-452-6333-0"><bdi>978-88-452-6333-0</bdi></a>.</li>
<li><i lang="it">René Descartes. Tutte le lettere 1619–1650</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_Italian-language_text" />, Milano, Bompiani, 2009 IIa ed., pp. 3104. Nuova edizione integrale dell'epistolario cartesiano con traduzione italiana a fronte, a cura di G. Belgioioso con la collaborazione di I. Agostini, M. Marrone, F.A. Meschini, M. Savini e J.-R. Armogathe<link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_Italian-language_text" /><sup>[<i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_index/Translation#not_English-inline" title="Wikipedia:Template index/Translation">needs translation</a></i>]</sup><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_translation" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect">ISBN</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-452-3422-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-452-3422-4"><bdi>978-88-452-3422-4</bdi></a>.</li>
<li><i lang="it">René Descartes, Isaac Beeckman, Marin Mersenne. Lettere 1619–1648</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_Italian-language_text" />, Milano, Bompiani, 2015 pp. 1696. <i lang="it">Edizione integrale con traduzione italiana a fronte, a cura di Giulia Beglioioso e Jean Robert-Armogathe</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_Italian-language_text" /><sup>[<i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_index/Translation#not_English-inline" title="Wikipedia:Template index/Translation">needs translation</a></i>]</sup><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_translation" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect">ISBN</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-452-8071-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-452-8071-9"><bdi>978-88-452-8071-9</bdi></a>.</li></ul></div>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="36" id="mwBeg" aria-labelledby="Collected_English_translations"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collected_English_translations">Collected English translations</h3>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&amp;action=edit&amp;section=36" title="Edit section: Collected English translations">edit</a>]</div>
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<ul><li>1955. <i>The Philosophical Works</i>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Haldane" title="Elizabeth Haldane">E. S. Haldane</a> and G. R. T. Ross, trans. Dover Publications. This work is traditionally cited with the initials <i>HR</i> (for Haldane and Ross) followed by a volume number in Roman numerals; thus <i>HR</i> II refers to volume 2 of this edition.</li>
<li>1988. <i>The Philosophical Writings of Descartes</i> in 3 vols. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cottingham" title="John Cottingham">Cottingham, J.</a>, Stoothoff, R., <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Kenny" title="Anthony Kenny">Kenny, A.</a>, and Murdoch, D., trans. Cambridge University Press. This work is traditionally cited with the initials <i>CSM</i> (for Cottingham, Stoothoff, and Murdoch) or <i>CSMK</i> (for Cottingham, Stoothoff, Murdoch, and Kenny) followed by a volume number in Roman numeral; thus <i>CSM</i> II refers to volume 2 of this edition.</li>
<li>1998. <i>René Descartes: The World and Other Writings.</i> Translated and edited by <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Gaukroger" title="Stephen Gaukroger">Stephen Gaukroger</a>. Cambridge University Press. (This consists mainly of scientific writings, on physics, biology, astronomy, optics, etc., which were very influential in the 17th and 18th centuries, but which are routinely omitted or much abridged in modern collections of Descartes's <i>philosophical</i> works.)</li></ul></div>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="37" id="mwBes" aria-labelledby="Translation_of_single_works"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Translation_of_single_works">Translation of single works</h3>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&amp;action=edit&amp;section=37" title="Edit section: Translation of single works">edit</a>]</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1365158831" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Refbegin/styles.css&quot;}}" /><div class="refbegin  refbegin-columns references-column-width&#10;" style="column-width: 28em" id="mwBe0">
<ul><li>1628. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fZvuT6Q76GAC" class="external text"><i><i lang="la">Regulae ad directionem ingenii</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" />. Rules for the Direction of the Natural Intelligence. A Bilingual Edition of the Cartesian Treatise on Method</i></a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816214243/https://books.google.com/books?id=fZvuT6Q76GAC&amp;printsec=frontcover" class="external text">Archived</a> 16 August 2021 at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" />, ed. &amp; trans. G. Heffernan (Amsterdam/Atlanta: Rodopi, 1998).</li>
<li>1633. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://www.princeton.edu/~hos/mike/texts/descartes/world/worldfr.htm" class="external text"><i>The World, or Treatise on Light</i></a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210621095514/http://www.princeton.edu/~hos/mike/texts/descartes/world/worldfr.htm" class="external text">Archived</a> 21 June 2021 at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" />, tr. by <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_S._Mahoney" title="Michael S. Mahoney" class="mw-redirect">Michael S. Mahoney</a>.</li>
<li>1633. <i>Treatise of Man</i>, tr. by T. S. Hall. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1972.</li>
<li>1637. <i>Discourse on the Method, Optics, Geometry and Meteorology</i>, trans. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_J._Olscamp" title="Paul J. Olscamp">P. J. Olscamp</a>, Revised edition (Indianapolis: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackett_Publishing_Company" title="Hackett Publishing Company">Hackett</a>, 2001).</li>
<li>1637. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TXopSMll0tEC" class="external text"><i>The Geometry of René Descartes</i></a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816214242/https://books.google.com/books?id=TXopSMll0tEC&amp;printsec=frontcover" class="external text">Archived</a> 16 August 2021 at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" />, trans. D. E. Smith &amp; Marcia Latham (Chicago: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Court_Publishing_Company" title="Open Court Publishing Company">Open Court</a>, 1925).</li>
<li>1641. <i>Meditations on First Philosophy</i>, tr. by J. Cottingham, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Latin original. Alternative English title: <i>Metaphysical Meditations</i>. Includes six <i>Objections and Replies</i>. A second edition published the following year, includes an additional <i>Objection and Reply</i> and a <i>Letter to Dinet</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://www.wright.edu/cola/descartes/intro.html" class="external text">HTML Online Latin-French-English Edition</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060827231748/http://www.wright.edu/cola/descartes/intro.html" class="external text">Archived</a> 27 August 2006 at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" />.</li>
<li>1644. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2KNFBgAAQBAJ" class="external text"><i>Principles of Philosophy</i></a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200930220348/https://books.google.com/books?id=2KNFBgAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover" class="external text">Archived</a> 30 September 2020 at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" />, trans. V. R. Miller &amp; R. P. Miller: (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dordrecht" title="Dordrecht">Dordrecht</a>/Boston/London: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science+Business_Media#History" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Kluwer Academic Publishers</a>, 1982).</li>
<li>1648. <i>Descartes' Conversation with Burman</i>, tr. by J. Cottingham, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989.</li>
<li>1649. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ca9aBAAAQBAJ" class="external text"><i>Passions of the Soul</i></a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816214249/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ca9aBAAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover" class="external text">Archived</a> 16 August 2021 at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" />, trans. S. H. Voss (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1989). Dedicated to <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_of_the_Palatinate" title="Elisabeth of the Palatinate">Elisabeth of the Palatinate</a>.</li>
<li>1619–1648. <i>René Descartes, Isaac Beeckman, Marin Mersenne. Lettere 1619–1648</i>, ed. by Giulia Beglioioso and Jean Robert-Armogathe, Milano, Bompiani, 2015 pp. 1696. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect">ISBN</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-452-8071-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-452-8071-9"><bdi>978-88-452-8071-9</bdi></a></li></ul></div>
</section></section><section data-mw-section-id="38" id="mwBe4" aria-labelledby="See_also"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&amp;action=edit&amp;section=38" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Div col/styles.css&quot;}}" scoped="scoped"></style><div class="div-col" id="mwBfA">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucket_argument" title="Bucket argument">Bucket argument</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_circle" title="Cartesian circle">Cartesian circle</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_plane" title="Cartesian plane" class="mw-redirect">Cartesian plane</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_product" title="Cartesian product">Cartesian product</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_product_of_graphs" title="Cartesian product of graphs">Cartesian product of graphs</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_theater" title="Cartesian theater">Cartesian theater</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_tree" title="Cartesian tree">Cartesian tree</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descartes_number" title="Descartes number">Descartes number</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descartes's_rule_of_signs" title="Descartes's rule of signs">Descartes's rule of signs</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descartes's_theorem" title="Descartes's theorem">Descartes's theorem</a> (4 tangent circles)</li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_defect" title="Angular defect">Descartes's theorem on total angular defect</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folium_of_Descartes" title="Folium of Descartes">Folium of Descartes</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_René_Descartes" title="List of things named after René Descartes">List of things named after René Descartes</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_of_knowledge_(philosophy)" title="Tree of knowledge (philosophy)">Tree of knowledge (philosophy)</a></li></ul></div>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="39" id="mwBfE" aria-labelledby="Notes"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&amp;action=edit&amp;section=39" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1327269900" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot;}}" scoped="scoped"></style><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns" style="column-width: calc( 0.9 * 25em );" id="mwBfM"><ol class="mw-references references" data-mw-group="note" id="mwBfQ" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;references&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;group&quot;:&quot;note&quot;,&quot;responsive&quot;:&quot;0&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}"><li id="cite_note-2" data-mw-footnote-number="1"><a href="#cite_ref-2" data-mw-group="note" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwBfY">↑</a> Although the uncertain authorship of this most iconic portrait of Descartes was traditionally attributed to <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_Hals" title="Frans Hals" id="mwBfg">Frans Hals</a>, there is no record of their meeting. During the 20th century the assumption was widely challenged.<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-1" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-1&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-1" id="mwBfk">[1]</a></sup></li>
<li id="cite_note-15" data-mw-footnote-number="2"><a href="#cite_ref-15" data-mw-group="note" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwBf4">↑</a> His thesis was titled "Theses ex utroque iure de Testamentis ordinandis<link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" id="mwBgI" />" ("Theses from both branches of law concerning the drawing up of wills").<sup class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-14" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-14&quot;}}"><a href="#cite_note-14" id="mwBgM">[13]</a></sup></li>
<li id="cite_note-40" data-mw-footnote-number="3"><a href="#cite_ref-40" data-mw-group="note" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwBgg">↑</a> While in the Netherlands he changed his address frequently, living among other places in Dordrecht (1628), <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franeker" title="Franeker" id="mwBgo">Franeker</a> (1629), Amsterdam (1629–1630), <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden" id="mwBgs">Leiden</a> (1630), Amsterdam (1630–1632), Deventer (1632–1634), Amsterdam (1634–1635), <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht_(city)" title="Utrecht (city)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBgw">Utrecht</a> (1635–1636), Leiden (1636), <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egmond_aan_den_Hoef" title="Egmond aan den Hoef" id="mwBg0">Egmond</a> (1636–1638), <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santpoort" title="Santpoort" id="mwBg4">Santpoort</a> (1638–1640), Leiden (1640–1641), Endegeest (a castle near <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oegstgeest" title="Oegstgeest" id="mwBg8">Oegstgeest</a>) (1641–1643), and finally for an extended time in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egmond-Binnen" title="Egmond-Binnen" id="mwBhA">Egmond-Binnen</a> (1643–1649).</li>
<li id="cite_note-41" data-mw-footnote-number="4"><a href="#cite_ref-41" data-mw-group="note" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwBhI">↑</a> He had lived with <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henricus_Reneri" title="Henricus Reneri" id="mwBhQ">Henricus Reneri</a> in Deventer and Amsterdam, and had met with <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantijn_Huygens" title="Constantijn Huygens" id="mwBhU">Constantijn Huygens</a> and Vopiscus Fortunatus Plempius; Descartes was interviewed by Frans Burman at Egmond-Binnen in 1648. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henricus_Regius" title="Henricus Regius" id="mwBhY">Henricus Regius</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Jansz_de_Jonge_Stampioen" title="Jan Jansz de Jonge Stampioen" id="mwBhc">Jan Stampioen</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_van_Schooten" title="Frans van Schooten" id="mwBhg">Frans van Schooten</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comenius" title="Comenius" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBhk">Comenius</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gisbertus_Voetius" title="Gisbertus Voetius" id="mwBho">Gisbertus Voetius</a> were his main opponents.</li>
</ol></div>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="40" id="mwBhs" aria-labelledby="References"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&amp;action=edit&amp;section=40" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div>
<section data-mw-section-id="41" id="mwBhw" aria-labelledby="Citations"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&amp;action=edit&amp;section=41" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1327269900" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot;}}" /><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns" style="column-width: calc( 0.9 * 25em );" id="mwBh4"><ol class="mw-references references" id="mwBh8" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;references&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;group&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;responsive&quot;:&quot;0&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}"><li id="cite_note-1" data-mw-footnote-number="1"><a href="#cite_ref-1" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwBiE">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwBiM" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><cite id="CITEREFNadler2013" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Nadler" title="Steven Nadler" id="mwBiQ">Nadler, Steven</a> (2013). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201115073610/https://books.google.com/books?id=a2yYDwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover" class="external text" id="mwBiU"><i id="mwBiY">The Philosopher, The Priest, and The Painter: A Portrait of Descartes</i></a>. Princeton, New Jersey: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press" id="mwBic">Princeton University Press</a>. pp. 174–198. Archived from <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a2yYDwAAQBAJ" class="external text" id="mwBio">the original</a> on 15 November 2020.</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-longman-3" data-mw-footnote-number="2"><a href="#cite_ref-longman_3-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwBi0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwBi8" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cite book &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_book&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;last&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Wells&quot;},&quot;first&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;John&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Longman Pronunciation Dictionary&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2008&quot;},&quot;publisher&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Pearson Longman&quot;},&quot;isbn&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;978-1-4058-8118-0&quot;},&quot;edition&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;3rd&quot;},&quot;author-link&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;John C. Wells&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells" id="mwBjA">Wells, John</a> (2008). <i id="mwBjE">Longman Pronunciation Dictionary</i> (3rd ed.). Pearson Longman. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBjM">ISBN</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0" id="mwBjU"><bdi id="mwBjY">978-1-4058-8118-0</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-:7-4" data-mw-footnote-number="3"><a href="#cite_ref-:7_4-0" id="mwBjk">1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_4-1" id="mwBjs">2</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwBj0" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cite encyclopedia &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_encyclopedia&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;last&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Rutherford&quot;},&quot;first&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Donald&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Descartes' Ethics&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2021&quot;},&quot;encyclopedia&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy&quot;},&quot;editor-last&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Zalta&quot;},&quot;editor-first&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Edward N.&quot;},&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2021/entries/descartes-ethics/&quot;},&quot;access-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2025-12-31&quot;},&quot;edition&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Winter 2021&quot;},&quot;publisher&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite id="CITEREFRutherford2021" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Rutherford, Donald (2021). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2021/entries/descartes-ethics/" class="external text" id="mwBj4">"Descartes' Ethics"</a>. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). <i id="mwBj8">The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (Winter 2021 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 31 December 2025.</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruno199999-5" data-mw-footnote-number="4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruno199999_5-0" id="mwBkU">1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruno199999_5-1" id="mwBkc">2</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="#CITEREFBruno1999" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwBkk">Bruno 1999</a>, p. 99.</li>
<li id="cite_note-6" data-mw-footnote-number="5"><a href="#cite_ref-6" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwBkw">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwBk4" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Cite book &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_book&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cartesian-metaphysics/scepticism-scholasticism-and-the-origins-of-descartess-philosophy/8D76D0E0D4307ADA49F5AB6DF30BB060&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Scepticism, Scholasticism, and the origins of Descartes's philosophy (Chapter 2)&quot;},&quot;chapter&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Scepticism, Scholasticism, and the origins of Descartes's philosophy&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2000&quot;},&quot;pages&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;27–54&quot;},&quot;publisher&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Cambridge University Press&quot;},&quot;doi&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;10.1017/CBO9780511487309.004&quot;},&quot;isbn&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;978-0521452915&quot;},&quot;access-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;22 August 2022&quot;},&quot;archive-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;22 August 2022&quot;},&quot;archive-url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20220822064758/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cartesian-metaphysics/scepticism-scholasticism-and-the-origins-of-descartess-philosophy/8D76D0E0D4307ADA49F5AB6DF30BB060&quot;},&quot;url-status&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;live&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite class="citation book cs1" id="mwBk8">"Scepticism, Scholasticism, and the origins of Descartes's philosophy". <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cartesian-metaphysics/scepticism-scholasticism-and-the-origins-of-descartess-philosophy/8D76D0E0D4307ADA49F5AB6DF30BB060" class="external text" id="mwBlA"><i id="mwBlE">Scepticism, Scholasticism, and the origins of Descartes's philosophy (Chapter 2)</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. 2000. pp. 27–54. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBlQ">doi</a>:<a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511487309.004" class="external text" id="mwBlU">10.1017/CBO9780511487309.004</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBlY">ISBN</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521452915" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521452915" id="mwBlg"><bdi id="mwBlk">978-0521452915</bdi></a>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220822064758/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cartesian-metaphysics/scepticism-scholasticism-and-the-origins-of-descartess-philosophy/8D76D0E0D4307ADA49F5AB6DF30BB060" class="external text" id="mwBlo">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2022. Retrieved 22 August 2022.</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-7" data-mw-footnote-number="6"><a href="#cite_ref-7" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwBl8">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwBmE" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;harvc &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Harvc&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;last&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Rodis-Lewis&quot;},&quot;first&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Geneviève&quot;},&quot;year&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1992&quot;},&quot;chapter&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Descartes' Life and the Development of His Philosophy&quot;},&quot;in&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Cottingham&quot;},&quot;page&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;22&quot;},&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://archive.org/details/the-cambridge-companion-to-descartes-john-cottingham/page/22/mode/2up&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" />Rodis-Lewis, Geneviève. "<a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://archive.org/details/the-cambridge-companion-to-descartes-john-cottingham/page/22/mode/2up" class="external text" id="mwBmI">Descartes' Life and the Development of His Philosophy</a>". In <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="#CITEREFCottingham1992" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwBmM">Cottingham (1992)</a>, p. 22.</li>
<li id="cite_note-8" data-mw-footnote-number="7"><a href="#cite_ref-8" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwBmY">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwBmg" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Cite web &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_web&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;http://all-history.org/world_literature/descartes1.htm&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;All-history.org&quot;},&quot;access-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;23 December 2014&quot;},&quot;archive-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;29 January 2015&quot;},&quot;archive-url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20150129035839/http://all-history.org/world_literature/descartes1.htm&quot;},&quot;url-status&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;dead&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite class="citation web cs1" id="mwBmk"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150129035839/http://all-history.org/world_literature/descartes1.htm" class="external text" id="mwBmo">"All-history.org"</a>. Archived from <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://all-history.org/world_literature/descartes1.htm" class="external text" id="mwBms">the original</a> on 29 January 2015. Retrieved 23 December 2014.</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke2006-9" data-mw-footnote-number="8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke2006_9-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwBnA">↑</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="#CITEREFClarke2006" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwBnI">Clarke 2006</a>.</li>
<li id="cite_note-10" data-mw-footnote-number="9"><a href="#cite_ref-10" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwBnQ">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwBnY" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Cite web&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_web&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Descartes, Rene {{!}} Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy&quot;},&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://iep.utm.edu/descarte/&quot;},&quot;access-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;27 July 2021&quot;},&quot;language&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;en-US&quot;},&quot;archive-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;28 May 2010&quot;},&quot;archive-url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20100528030333/https://iep.utm.edu/descarte/&quot;},&quot;url-status&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;live&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite class="citation web cs1" id="mwBnc"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://iep.utm.edu/descarte/" class="external text" id="mwBng">"Descartes, Rene | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy"</a>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528030333/https://iep.utm.edu/descarte/" class="external text" id="mwBnk">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2010. Retrieved 27 July 2021.</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruno1999100-11" data-mw-footnote-number="10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruno1999100_11-0" id="mwBn4">1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruno1999100_11-1" id="mwBoA">2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruno1999100_11-2" id="mwBoI">3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruno1999100_11-3" id="mwBoQ">4</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="#CITEREFBruno1999" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwBoY">Bruno 1999</a>, p. 100.</li>
<li id="cite_note-12" data-mw-footnote-number="11"><a href="#cite_ref-12" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwBok">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwBos" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cite book&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_book&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;last1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Porter&quot;},&quot;first1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Roy&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity from Antiquity to the Present&quot;},&quot;publisher&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Harper Collins&quot;},&quot;year&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1999&quot;},&quot;isbn&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;978-0-00-637454-1&quot;},&quot;location&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Great Britain&quot;},&quot;page&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;217&quot;},&quot;chapter&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;The New Science&quot;},&quot;author-link&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Roy Porter&quot;},&quot;orig-year&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1997&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite id="CITEREFPorter1999" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Porter" title="Roy Porter" id="mwBow">Porter, Roy</a> (1999) [1997]. "The New Science". <i id="mwBo0">The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity from Antiquity to the Present</i>. Great Britain: Harper Collins. p. 217. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBo8">ISBN</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-637454-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-637454-1" id="mwBpE"><bdi id="mwBpI">978-0-00-637454-1</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-13" data-mw-footnote-number="12"><a href="#cite_ref-13" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwBpU">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwBpc" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cite book &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_book&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;last2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Kaufmann&quot;},&quot;first2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Walter&quot;},&quot;last1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Baird&quot;},&quot;first1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Forrest E.&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;From Plato to Derrida&quot;},&quot;publisher&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Pearson Prentice Hall&quot;},&quot;year&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2008&quot;},&quot;location&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Upper Saddle River, New Jersey&quot;},&quot;pages&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;373–77&quot;},&quot;isbn&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;978-0-13-158591-1&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite id="CITEREFBairdKaufmann2008" class="citation book cs1">Baird, Forrest E.; Kaufmann, Walter (2008). <i id="mwBpg">From Plato to Derrida</i>. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. pp. 373–77. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBps">ISBN</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-158591-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-158591-1" id="mwBp0"><bdi id="mwBp4">978-0-13-158591-1</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-14" data-mw-footnote-number="13"><a href="#cite_ref-14" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwBqE">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwBqM" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><cite id="CITEREFKurt_Smith2023" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kurt Smith (2023). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-works/tlatin.html" class="external text" id="mwBqQ">"Descartes' 1616 Law Thesis – Latin Translation"</a>. <i id="mwBqU">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 26 August 2026.</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaukroger199566-16" data-mw-footnote-number="14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaukroger199566_16-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwBqo">↑</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="#CITEREFGaukroger1995" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwBqw">Gaukroger 1995</a>, p. 66.</li>
<li id="cite_note-17" data-mw-footnote-number="15"><a href="#cite_ref-17" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwBq8">↑</a> McQuillan, J. C. 2016. <i id="mwBrE">Early Modern Aesthetics</i>. Lanham, MD: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowman_&amp;_Littlefield" title="Rowman &amp; Littlefield" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBrI">Rowman &amp; Littlefield</a>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NObaDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA45" class="external text" id="mwBrM">p. 45</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801014714/https://books.google.com/books?id=NObaDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA45" class="external text" id="mwBrQ" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Webarchive&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Webarchive&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20200801014714/https://books.google.com/books?id=NObaDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA45&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1 August 2020&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}">Archived</a> 1 August 2020 at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" id="mwBrY">Wayback Machine</a><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" id="mwBrc" />.</li>
<li id="cite_note-18" data-mw-footnote-number="16"><a href="#cite_ref-18" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwBrk">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwBrs" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Cite web&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_web&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;René Descartes – Biography&quot;},&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Descartes/&quot;},&quot;access-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;27 September 2020&quot;},&quot;website&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Maths History&quot;},&quot;language&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;en&quot;},&quot;archive-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;19 July 2017&quot;},&quot;archive-url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20170719105154/http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Descartes.html&quot;},&quot;url-status&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;live&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite class="citation web cs1" id="mwBrw"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Descartes/" class="external text" id="mwBr0">"René Descartes – Biography"</a>. <i id="mwBr4">Maths History</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719105154/http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Descartes.html" class="external text" id="mwBr8">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2017. Retrieved 27 September 2020.</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-19" data-mw-footnote-number="17"><a href="#cite_ref-19" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwBsQ">↑</a> Parker, N. Geoffrey. 2007. "<a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/642395/Battle-of-White-Mountain" class="external text" id="mwBsY">Battle of White Mountain</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150509044752/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/642395/Battle-of-White-Mountain" class="external text" id="mwBsc" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Webarchive&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Webarchive&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20150509044752/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/642395/Battle-of-White-Mountain&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;9 May 2015&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}">Archived</a> 9 May 2015 at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" id="mwBsk">Wayback Machine</a><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" id="mwBso" />" (revised). <i id="mwBss"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopædia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica" id="mwBsw">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>.</li>
<li id="cite_note-20" data-mw-footnote-number="18"><a href="#cite_ref-20" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwBs4">↑</a> Jeffery, R. 2018. <i id="mwBtA">Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia: The Philosopher Princess</i>. Lanham, MD: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington_Books" title="Lexington Books" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBtE">Lexington Books</a>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FUGIDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA68" class="external text" id="mwBtI">p. 68</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108204711/https://books.google.com/books?id=FUGIDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA68" class="external text" id="mwBtM" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Webarchive&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Webarchive&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20201108204711/https://books.google.com/books?id=FUGIDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA68&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;8 November 2020&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}">Archived</a> 8 November 2020 at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" id="mwBtU">Wayback Machine</a><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" id="mwBtY" />.</li>
<li id="cite_note-21" data-mw-footnote-number="19"><a href="#cite_ref-21" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwBtg">↑</a> Rothkamm, J., <i id="mwBto">Institutio Oratoria: Bacon, Descartes, Hobbes, Spinoza</i> (Leiden &amp; Boston: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers" id="mwBts">Brill</a>, 2009), <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5bH3_u4g3cMC&amp;pg=PA40" class="external text" id="mwBtw">p. 40</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816214229/https://books.google.com/books?id=5bH3_u4g3cMC&amp;pg=PA40" class="external text" id="mwBt0" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Webarchive&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Webarchive&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20210816214229/https://books.google.com/books?id=5bH3_u4g3cMC&amp;pg=PA40&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;16 August 2021&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}">Archived</a> 16 August 2021 at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" id="mwBt8">Wayback Machine</a><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" id="mwBuA" />.</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruno1999101-22" data-mw-footnote-number="20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruno1999101_22-0" id="mwBuI">1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruno1999101_22-1" id="mwBuQ">2</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="#CITEREFBruno1999" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwBuY">Bruno 1999</a>, p. 101.</li>
<li id="cite_note-Otaiku2018-23" data-mw-footnote-number="21"><a href="#cite_ref-Otaiku2018_23-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwBuk">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwBus" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cite journal &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_journal&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;author&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Otaiku AI&quot;},&quot;year&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2018&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Did René Descartes have Exploding Head Syndrome?&quot;},&quot;journal&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;J. Clin. Sleep Med.&quot;},&quot;volume&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;14&quot;},&quot;issue&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;4&quot;},&quot;pages&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;675–78&quot;},&quot;doi&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;10.5664/jcsm.7068&quot;},&quot;pmid&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;29609724&quot;},&quot;pmc&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;5886445&quot;},&quot;issn&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1550-9389&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite id="CITEREFOtaiku_AI2018" class="citation journal cs1">Otaiku AI (2018). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5886445" class="external text" id="mwBuw">"Did René Descartes have Exploding Head Syndrome?"</a>. <i id="mwBu0">J. Clin. Sleep Med</i>. <b id="mwBu4">14</b> (4): 675–78. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBvA">doi</a>:<a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.5664%2Fjcsm.7068" class="external text" id="mwBvE">10.5664/jcsm.7068</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" title="ISSN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBvI">ISSN</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1550-9389" class="external text" id="mwBvQ">1550-9389</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" title="PMC (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBvU">PMC</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5886445" class="external text" id="mwBvg">5886445</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" title="PMID (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBvk">PMID</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29609724" class="external text" id="mwBvs">29609724</a>.</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-24" data-mw-footnote-number="22"><a href="#cite_ref-24" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwBv4">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwBwA" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cite book &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_book&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;last1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Durant&quot;},&quot;first1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Will&quot;},&quot;author-link1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Will Durant&quot;},&quot;last2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Durant&quot;},&quot;first2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Ariel&quot;},&quot;author-link2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Ariel Durant&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;The Story of Civilization: Part VII, the Age of Reason Begins&quot;},&quot;year&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1961&quot;},&quot;publisher&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Simon and Schuster&quot;},&quot;location&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;New York&quot;},&quot;isbn&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;978-0-671-01320-2&quot;},&quot;page&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;[https://archive.org/details/ageofreasonbegin07dura_0/page/637 637]&quot;},&quot;title-link&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;The Story of Civilization: Part VII, the Age of Reason Begins&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite id="CITEREFDurantDurant1961" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Durant" title="Will Durant" id="mwBwE">Durant, Will</a>; <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel_Durant" title="Ariel Durant" id="mwBwI">Durant, Ariel</a> (1961). <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Story_of_Civilization:_Part_VII,_the_Age_of_Reason_Begins" title="The Story of Civilization: Part VII, the Age of Reason Begins" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBwM"><i id="mwBwQ">The Story of Civilization: Part VII, the Age of Reason Begins</i></a>. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://archive.org/details/ageofreasonbegin07dura_0/page/637" class="external text" id="mwBwY">637</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBwc">ISBN</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-01320-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-01320-2" id="mwBwk"><bdi id="mwBwo">978-0-671-01320-2</bdi></a>.</cite><code class="cs1-code" id="mwBw4">{{<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book" id="mwBw8">cite book</a>}}</code>: ISBN / Date incompatibility (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#invalid_isbn_date" title="Help:CS1 errors" id="mwBxE">help</a>)<link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:CS1_errors:_ISBN_date" id="mwBxI" /></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke200658–59-25" data-mw-footnote-number="23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke200658–59_25-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwBxQ">↑</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="#CITEREFClarke2006" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwBxY">Clarke 2006</a>, p. 58–59.</li>
<li id="cite_note-Durandin-26" data-mw-footnote-number="24"><a href="#cite_ref-Durandin_26-0" id="mwBxk">1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durandin_26-1" id="mwBxs">2</a> Durandin, Guy. 1970. <i id="mwBx0">Les Principes de la Philosophie. Introduction et notes</i>. Paris: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librairie_philosophique_J._Vrin" title="Librairie philosophique J. Vrin" id="mwBx4">Librairie Philosophique J. Vrin</a>.</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaukroger1995132-27" data-mw-footnote-number="25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaukroger1995132_27-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwByA">↑</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="#CITEREFGaukroger1995" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwByI">Gaukroger 1995</a>, p. 132.</li>
<li id="cite_note-:8-28" data-mw-footnote-number="26"><a href="#cite_ref-:8_28-0" id="mwByU">1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_28-1" id="mwByc">2</a> Shea, William R. 1991. <i id="mwByk">The Magic of Numbers and Motion</i>. Science History Publications.</li>
<li id="cite_note-29" data-mw-footnote-number="27"><a href="#cite_ref-29" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwBys">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwBy0" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Cite book &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_book&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;last&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Aczel&quot;},&quot;first&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Amir D.&quot;},&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Descartes's Secret Notebook: A True Tale of Mathematics, Mysticism, and the Quest to Understand the Universe&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2006-10-10&quot;},&quot;publisher&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Crown&quot;},&quot;isbn&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;978-0-7679-2034-6&quot;},&quot;pages&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;127&quot;},&quot;language&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite id="CITEREFAczel2006" class="citation book cs1">Aczel, Amir D. (10 October 2006). <i id="mwBy4">Descartes's Secret Notebook: A True Tale of Mathematics, Mysticism, and the Quest to Understand the Universe</i>. Crown. p. 127. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBzA">ISBN</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7679-2034-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7679-2034-6" id="mwBzI"><bdi id="mwBzM">978-0-7679-2034-6</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-30" data-mw-footnote-number="28"><a href="#cite_ref-30" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwBzY">↑</a> Matton, Sylvain, ed. 2013. <i id="mwBzg">Lettres sur l'or potable suivies du traité De la connaissance des vrais principes de la nature et des mélanges et de fragments d'un Commentaire sur l'Amphithéâtre de la Sapience éternelle de Khunrath</i>, by Nicolas de Villiers. Paris: Préface de Vincent Carraud.</li>
<li id="cite_note-31" data-mw-footnote-number="29"><a href="#cite_ref-31" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwBzo">↑</a> Moote, A. L. 1989. <i id="mwBzw">Louis XIII, the Just</i>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California" id="mwBz0">Oakland</a>: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press" id="mwBz4">University of California Press</a>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ya0wDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA271" class="external text" id="mwBz8">pp. 271–72</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816214232/https://books.google.com/books?id=ya0wDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA271" class="external text" id="mwB0A" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Webarchive&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Webarchive&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20210816214232/https://books.google.com/books?id=ya0wDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA271&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;16 August 2021&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}">Archived</a> 16 August 2021 at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" id="mwB0I">Wayback Machine</a><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" id="mwB0M" />.</li>
<li id="cite_note-32" data-mw-footnote-number="30"><a href="#cite_ref-32" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwB0U">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwB0c" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cite web &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_web&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/dossiers/history-of-leiden-university/birds-eye-view&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;A bird's eye view&quot;},&quot;access-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;3 May 2022&quot;},&quot;archive-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;21 September 2021&quot;},&quot;archive-url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20210921053655/https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/dossiers/history-of-leiden-university/birds-eye-view&quot;},&quot;url-status&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;live&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite class="citation web cs1" id="mwB0g"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/dossiers/history-of-leiden-university/birds-eye-view" class="external text" id="mwB0k">"A bird's eye view"</a>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210921053655/https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/dossiers/history-of-leiden-university/birds-eye-view" class="external text" id="mwB0o">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 3 May 2022.</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-33" data-mw-footnote-number="31"><a href="#cite_ref-33" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwB08">↑</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._C._Grayling" title="A. C. Grayling" id="mwB1E">Grayling, A. C.</a> 2006. <i id="mwB1I">Descartes: The Life of René Descartes and Its Place in His Times</i>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_&amp;_Schuster" title="Simon &amp; Schuster" id="mwB1M">Simon &amp; Schuster</a>. pp. 151–52.</li>
<li id="cite_note-34" data-mw-footnote-number="32"><a href="#cite_ref-34" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwB1U">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwB1c" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cite book &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_book&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://books.google.com/books?id=IRvIQkLFD60C&amp;dq=descartes+convert+calvinism&amp;pg=PA171&quot;},&quot;isbn&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;978-1567923353&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Cogito, Ergo Sum: The Life of René Descartes&quot;},&quot;year&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2007&quot;},&quot;publisher&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;David R. Godine Publisher&quot;},&quot;access-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;3 May 2022&quot;},&quot;archive-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;26 September 2022&quot;},&quot;archive-url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20220926153941/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Cogito_Ergo_Sum/IRvIQkLFD60C?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=descartes+convert+calvinism&amp;pg=PA171&amp;printsec=frontcover&quot;},&quot;url-status&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;live&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite class="citation book cs1" id="mwB1g"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IRvIQkLFD60C&amp;dq=descartes+convert+calvinism&amp;pg=PA171" class="external text" id="mwB1k"><i id="mwB1o">Cogito, Ergo Sum: The Life of René Descartes</i></a>. David R. Godine Publisher. 2007. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwB1s">ISBN</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1567923353" title="Special:BookSources/978-1567923353" id="mwB10"><bdi id="mwB14">978-1567923353</bdi></a>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220926153941/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Cogito_Ergo_Sum/IRvIQkLFD60C?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=descartes+convert+calvinism&amp;pg=PA171&amp;printsec=frontcover" class="external text" id="mwB18">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2022. Retrieved 3 May 2022.</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-35" data-mw-footnote-number="33"><a href="#cite_ref-35" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwB2Q">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwB2Y" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cite book &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_book&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://books.google.com/books?id=WVFEEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Helena+Jans+van+der+Strom+protestant&amp;pg=PA8&quot;},&quot;isbn&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;978-1633887947&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;The Wisdom of the Enlightenment&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2022&quot;},&quot;publisher&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Rowman &amp; Littlefield&quot;},&quot;access-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;3 May 2022&quot;},&quot;archive-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;26 September 2022&quot;},&quot;archive-url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20220926153941/https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Wisdom_of_the_Enlightenment/WVFEEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Helena+Jans+van+der+Strom+protestant&amp;pg=PA8&amp;printsec=frontcover&quot;},&quot;url-status&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;live&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite class="citation book cs1" id="mwB2c"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WVFEEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Helena+Jans+van+der+Strom+protestant&amp;pg=PA8" class="external text" id="mwB2g"><i id="mwB2k">The Wisdom of the Enlightenment</i></a>. Rowman &amp; Littlefield. 2022. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwB2o">ISBN</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1633887947" title="Special:BookSources/978-1633887947" id="mwB2w"><bdi id="mwB20">978-1633887947</bdi></a>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220926153941/https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Wisdom_of_the_Enlightenment/WVFEEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Helena+Jans+van+der+Strom+protestant&amp;pg=PA8&amp;printsec=frontcover" class="external text" id="mwB24">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2022. Retrieved 3 May 2022.</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-36" data-mw-footnote-number="34"><a href="#cite_ref-36" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwB3M">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwB3U" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Cite web &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_web&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Descartes, Rene {{!}} Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy&quot;},&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://iep.utm.edu/rene-descartes/&quot;},&quot;access-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2023-05-10&quot;},&quot;language&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;en-US&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite class="citation web cs1" id="mwB3Y"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://iep.utm.edu/rene-descartes/" class="external text" id="mwB3c">"Descartes, Rene | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy"</a>. Retrieved 10 May 2023.</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-37" data-mw-footnote-number="35"><a href="#cite_ref-37" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwB3w">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwB34" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cite book &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_book&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;last1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Durant&quot;},&quot;first1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Will&quot;},&quot;last2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Durant&quot;},&quot;first2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Ariel&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;The Story of Civilization: Par VII, the Age of reason Begins&quot;},&quot;year&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1961&quot;},&quot;publisher&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Simon and Schuster&quot;},&quot;location&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;New York&quot;},&quot;isbn&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;978-0-671-01320-2&quot;},&quot;page&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;[https://archive.org/details/ageofreasonbegin07dura_0/page/638 638]&quot;},&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://archive.org/details/ageofreasonbegin07dura_0/page/638&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite id="mwB38" class="citation book cs1" data-x-id="CITEREFDurantDurant1961">Durant, Will; Durant, Ariel (1961). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://archive.org/details/ageofreasonbegin07dura_0/page/638" class="external text" id="mwB4A"><i id="mwB4E">The Story of Civilization: Par VII, the Age of reason Begins</i></a>. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://archive.org/details/ageofreasonbegin07dura_0/page/638" class="external text" id="mwB4M">638</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwB4Q">ISBN</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-01320-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-01320-2" id="mwB4Y"><bdi id="mwB4c">978-0-671-01320-2</bdi></a>.</cite><code class="cs1-code" id="mwB4s">{{<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book" id="mwB4w">cite book</a>}}</code>: ISBN / Date incompatibility (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#invalid_isbn_date" title="Help:CS1 errors" id="mwB44">help</a>)<link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:CS1_errors:_ISBN_date" id="mwB48" /></li>
<li id="cite_note-38" data-mw-footnote-number="36"><a href="#cite_ref-38" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwB5E">↑</a> Porterfield, J., <i id="mwB5M">René Descartes</i> (New York: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosen_Publishing" title="Rosen Publishing" id="mwB5Q">Rosen Publishing</a>, 2018), <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UEJgDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA66" class="external text" id="mwB5U">p. 66</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816214228/https://books.google.com/books?id=UEJgDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA66" class="external text" id="mwB5Y" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Webarchive&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Webarchive&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20210816214228/https://books.google.com/books?id=UEJgDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA66&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;16 August 2021&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}">Archived</a> 16 August 2021 at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" id="mwB5g">Wayback Machine</a><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" id="mwB5k" />.</li>
<li id="cite_note-39" data-mw-footnote-number="37"><a href="#cite_ref-39" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwB5s">↑</a> Russell Shorto, <i id="mwB50">Descartes' Bones: A Skeletal History of the Conflict Between Faith and Reason</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwB54" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;ISBN&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:ISBN&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;978-0-385-51753-9&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwB58">ISBN</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-51753-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-51753-9" id="mwB6E"><bdi id="mwB6I">978-0-385-51753-9</bdi></a> (New York: Random House, 2008)</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruno1999103-42" data-mw-footnote-number="38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruno1999103_42-0" id="mwB6Q">1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruno1999103_42-1" id="mwB6Y">2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruno1999103_42-2" id="mwB6g">3</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="#CITEREFBruno1999" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwB6o">Bruno 1999</a>, p. 103.</li>
<li id="cite_note-43" data-mw-footnote-number="39"><a href="#cite_ref-43" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwB60">↑</a> Descartes, <i id="mwB68">Discourse on the Method</i> (Zhubei: Hyweb Technology: 2011), <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N04dAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT88" class="external text" id="mwB7A">p. 88</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816214231/https://books.google.com/books?id=N04dAwAAQBAJ&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;hl=cs&amp;pg=PT88" class="external text" id="mwB7E" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Webarchive&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Webarchive&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20210816214231/https://books.google.com/books?id=N04dAwAAQBAJ&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;hl=cs&amp;pg=PT88&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;16 August 2021&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}">Archived</a> 16 August 2021 at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" id="mwB7M">Wayback Machine</a><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" id="mwB7Q" />.</li>
<li id="cite_note-:6-44" data-mw-footnote-number="40"><a href="#cite_ref-:6_44-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwB7Y">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwB7g" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Cite encyclopedia&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_encyclopedia&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pierre-de-Fermat&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Pierre de Fermat {{!}} Biography &amp; Facts&quot;},&quot;encyclopedia&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Encyclopædia Britannica&quot;},&quot;access-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;14 November 2017&quot;},&quot;language&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;en&quot;},&quot;archive-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;15 November 2017&quot;},&quot;archive-url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20171115083548/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pierre-de-Fermat&quot;},&quot;url-status&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;live&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1" id="mwB7k"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pierre-de-Fermat" class="external text" id="mwB7o">"Pierre de Fermat | Biography &amp; Facts"</a>. <i id="mwB7s">Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171115083548/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pierre-de-Fermat" class="external text" id="mwB7w">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2017.</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-45" data-mw-footnote-number="41"><a href="#cite_ref-45" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwB8E">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwB8M" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Cite web &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_web&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;last&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Watson&quot;},&quot;first&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Richard&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Meditations {{!}} Definition, Mind-Body Dualism, Cogito, Ontological Argument, Cartesian Circle, &amp; Facts {{!}} Britannica&quot;},&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://www.britannica.com/topic/Meditations-on-First-Philosophy&quot;},&quot;access-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2025-08-30&quot;},&quot;website&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;www.britannica.com&quot;},&quot;language&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite id="CITEREFWatson" class="citation web cs1">Watson, Richard. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Meditations-on-First-Philosophy" class="external text" id="mwB8Q">"Meditations | Definition, Mind-Body Dualism, Cogito, Ontological Argument, Cartesian Circle, &amp; Facts | Britannica"</a>. <i id="mwB8U">www.britannica.com</i>. Retrieved 30 August 2025.</cite></li>
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<li id="cite_note-55" data-mw-footnote-number="51"><a href="#cite_ref-55" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCBc">↑</a> Blom, John J., <i id="mwCBk">Descartes, His Moral Philosophy and Psychology</i>. New York University Press, 1978. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwCBo" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;ISBN&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:ISBN&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;0-8147-0999-0&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwCBs">ISBN</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-0999-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-0999-0" id="mwCB0"><bdi id="mwCB4">0-8147-0999-0</bdi></a></li>
<li id="cite_note-Åkerman_1991-56" data-mw-footnote-number="52"><a href="#cite_ref-Åkerman_1991_56-0" id="mwCCA">1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Åkerman_1991_56-1" id="mwCCI">2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Åkerman_1991_56-2" id="mwCCQ">3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Åkerman_1991_56-3" id="mwCCY">4</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwCCg" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cite book &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_book&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;author-last&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Åkerman&quot;},&quot;author-first&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Susanna&quot;},&quot;year&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1991&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Queen Christina of Sweden and her Circle: The Transformation of a Seventeenth-Century Philosophical Libertine&quot;},&quot;chapter&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Christina and Descartes: Disassembling A Myth&quot;},&quot;chapter-url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://books.google.com/books?id=E-V5DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA44&quot;},&quot;location&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;[[Leiden]] and [[Boston]]&quot;},&quot;publisher&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;[[Brill Publishers]]&quot;},&quot;series&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Brill's Studies in Intellectual History&quot;},&quot;volume&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;21&quot;},&quot;pages&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;44–69&quot;},&quot;doi&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;10.1163/9789004246706_004&quot;},&quot;isbn&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;978-90-04-24670-6&quot;},&quot;issn&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;0920-8607&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite id="CITEREFÅkerman1991" class="citation book cs1">Åkerman, Susanna (1991). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E-V5DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA44" class="external text" id="mwCCk">"Christina and Descartes: Disassembling A Myth"</a>. <i id="mwCCo">Queen Christina of Sweden and her Circle: The Transformation of a Seventeenth-Century Philosophical Libertine</i>. Brill's Studies in Intellectual History. Vol. 21. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden" id="mwCCw">Leiden</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston" id="mwCC0">Boston</a>: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers" id="mwCC4">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 44–69. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwCDE">doi</a>:<a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004246706_004" class="external text" id="mwCDI">10.1163/9789004246706_004</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwCDM">ISBN</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-24670-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-24670-6" id="mwCDU"><bdi id="mwCDY">978-90-04-24670-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" title="ISSN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwCDc">ISSN</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0920-8607" class="external text" id="mwCDk">0920-8607</a>.</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruno1999103–104-57" data-mw-footnote-number="53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruno1999103–104_57-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCDw">↑</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="#CITEREFBruno1999" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwCD4">Bruno 1999</a>, pp. 103–104.</li>
<li id="cite_note-Smith-58" data-mw-footnote-number="54"><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_58-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCEE">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwCEM" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cite encyclopedia &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_encyclopedia&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;last&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Smith&quot;},&quot;first&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Kurt&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Descartes' Life and Works&quot;},&quot;encyclopedia&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Fall 2010&quot;},&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-works/&quot;},&quot;access-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2 May 2005&quot;},&quot;archive-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;23 March 2021&quot;},&quot;archive-url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20210323211048/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-works/&quot;},&quot;url-status&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;live&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Smith, Kurt (Fall 2010). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-works/" class="external text" id="mwCEQ">"Descartes' Life and Works"</a>. <i id="mwCEU"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy" id="mwCEY">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210323211048/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-works/" class="external text" id="mwCEc">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2021. Retrieved 2 May 2005.</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-59" data-mw-footnote-number="55"><a href="#cite_ref-59" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCEw">↑</a> <i id="mwCE4">Modern meteorology: a series of six lectures: delivered under the auspices of the Meteorological Society in 1878</i>, 1879, <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://archive.org/details/modernmeteorolog00mete/page/72/mode/2up?q=Stockholm" class="external text" id="mwCE8">p. 73</a>.</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruno1999104-60" data-mw-footnote-number="56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruno1999104_60-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCFE">↑</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="#CITEREFBruno1999" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwCFM">Bruno 1999</a>, p. 104.</li>
<li id="cite_note-61" data-mw-footnote-number="57"><a href="#cite_ref-61" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCFY">↑</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://dwc.knaw.nl/wp-content/bestanden/2012_Rijks-_Correspondence_Van_Nierop.pdf" class="external text" id="mwCFg">The Correspondence of Dirck Rembrantsz van Nierof, (1610–1682), pp. 61, 84 </a></li>
<li id="cite_note-62" data-mw-footnote-number="58"><a href="#cite_ref-62" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCFo">↑</a> Pies Е., <i id="mwCFw">Der Mordfall Descartes</i>, Solingen, 1996, and Ebert Т., <i id="mwCF0">Der rätselhafte Tod des René Descartes</i>, Aschaffenburg, Alibri, 2009. French translation: <i id="mwCF4">L'Énigme de la mort de Descartes</i>, Paris, Hermann, 2011</li>
<li id="cite_note-63" data-mw-footnote-number="59"><a href="#cite_ref-63" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCGA">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwCGI" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cite web &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_web&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Il y a des preuves que René Descartes a été assassiné&quot;},&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://www.nouvelobs.com/rue89/rue89-rue89-culture/20100212.RUE5003/il-y-a-des-preuves-que-rene-descartes-a-ete-assassine.html&quot;},&quot;access-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;27 September 2020&quot;},&quot;website&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;L'Obs&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;12 February 2010&quot;},&quot;language&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;},&quot;archive-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;20 May 2019&quot;},&quot;archive-url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20190520025901/https://www.nouvelobs.com/rue89/rue89-rue89-culture/20100212.RUE5003/il-y-a-des-preuves-que-rene-descartes-a-ete-assassine.html&quot;},&quot;url-status&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;live&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" id="mwCGM"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.nouvelobs.com/rue89/rue89-rue89-culture/20100212.RUE5003/il-y-a-des-preuves-que-rene-descartes-a-ete-assassine.html" class="external text" id="mwCGQ">"Il y a des preuves que René Descartes a été assassiné"</a>. <i id="mwCGU">L'Obs</i> (in French). 12 February 2010. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190520025901/https://www.nouvelobs.com/rue89/rue89-rue89-culture/20100212.RUE5003/il-y-a-des-preuves-que-rene-descartes-a-ete-assassine.html" class="external text" id="mwCGY">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2020.</cite><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" id="mwCGo" /></li>
<li id="cite_note-64" data-mw-footnote-number="60"><a href="#cite_ref-64" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCGw">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwCG4" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cite web &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_web&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;http://andrefabre.e-monsite.com/pages/histoire-de-la-medecine/descartes-in-sweden.html&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Andrefabre.e-monsite.com&quot;},&quot;access-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;21 December 2014&quot;},&quot;archive-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;5 November 2014&quot;},&quot;archive-url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20141105143616/http://andrefabre.e-monsite.com/pages/histoire-de-la-medecine/descartes-in-sweden.html&quot;},&quot;url-status&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;dead&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite class="citation web cs1" id="mwCG8"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141105143616/http://andrefabre.e-monsite.com/pages/histoire-de-la-medecine/descartes-in-sweden.html" class="external text" id="mwCHA">"Andrefabre.e-monsite.com"</a>. Archived from <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://andrefabre.e-monsite.com/pages/histoire-de-la-medecine/descartes-in-sweden.html" class="external text" id="mwCHE">the original</a> on 5 November 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2014.</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson2002137–154-65" data-mw-footnote-number="61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson2002137–154_65-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCHY">↑</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="#CITEREFWatson2002" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwCHg">Watson 2002</a>, pp. 137–154.</li>
<li id="cite_note-66" data-mw-footnote-number="62"><a href="#cite_ref-66" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCHs">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwCH0" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cite web &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_web&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://strangeremains.com/2015/07/23/the-heads-of-these-5-people-were-stolen-from-their-graves/&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;5 historical figures whose heads have been stolen&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;23 July 2015&quot;},&quot;website&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Strange Remains&quot;},&quot;access-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;29 November 2016&quot;},&quot;archive-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;22 December 2016&quot;},&quot;archive-url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20161222005508/https://strangeremains.com/2015/07/23/the-heads-of-these-5-people-were-stolen-from-their-graves/&quot;},&quot;url-status&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;live&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite class="citation web cs1" id="mwCH4"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://strangeremains.com/2015/07/23/the-heads-of-these-5-people-were-stolen-from-their-graves/" class="external text" id="mwCH8">"5 historical figures whose heads have been stolen"</a>. <i id="mwCIA">Strange Remains</i>. 23 July 2015. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161222005508/https://strangeremains.com/2015/07/23/the-heads-of-these-5-people-were-stolen-from-their-graves/" class="external text" id="mwCIE">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2016.</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-67" data-mw-footnote-number="63"><a href="#cite_ref-67" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCIY">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwCIg" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cite web &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_web&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/descartes-alleged-skull-fragment&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;(Alleged) Piece of Descartes' Skull&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite class="citation web cs1" id="mwCIk"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/descartes-alleged-skull-fragment" class="external text" id="mwCIo">"(Alleged) Piece of Descartes' Skull"</a>.</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-68" data-mw-footnote-number="64"><a href="#cite_ref-68" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCI0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwCI8" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cite web&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_web&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;last&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Copenhaver&quot;},&quot;first&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Rebecca&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Forms of skepticism&quot;},&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;http://www.lclark.edu/~rebeccac/forms.html&quot;},&quot;archive-url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20050108095032/http://www.lclark.edu/~rebeccac/forms.html&quot;},&quot;archive-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;8 January 2005&quot;},&quot;access-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;15 August 2007&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite id="CITEREFCopenhaver" class="citation web cs1">Copenhaver, Rebecca. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050108095032/http://www.lclark.edu/~rebeccac/forms.html" class="external text" id="mwCJA">"Forms of skepticism"</a>. Archived from <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://www.lclark.edu/~rebeccac/forms.html" class="external text" id="mwCJE">the original</a> on 8 January 2005. Retrieved 15 August 2007.</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-:0-69" data-mw-footnote-number="65"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_69-0" id="mwCJY">1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_69-1" id="mwCJg">2</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwCJo" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Cite book&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_book&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;last&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Newman&quot;},&quot;first&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Lex&quot;},&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/descartes-epistemology/&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy&quot;},&quot;publisher&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University&quot;},&quot;year&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2016&quot;},&quot;editor-last&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Zalta&quot;},&quot;editor-first&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Edward N.&quot;},&quot;edition&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Winter 2016&quot;},&quot;access-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;22 February 2017&quot;},&quot;archive-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;8 March 2021&quot;},&quot;archive-url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20210308011100/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/descartes-epistemology/&quot;},&quot;url-status&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;live&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite id="CITEREFNewman2016" class="citation book cs1">Newman, Lex (2016). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/descartes-epistemology/" class="external text" id="mwCJs"><i id="mwCJw">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i></a> (Winter 2016 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308011100/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/descartes-epistemology/" class="external text" id="mwCJ4">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2017.</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-70" data-mw-footnote-number="66"><a href="#cite_ref-70" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCKM">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwCKU" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Cite web&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_web&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Cogito, ergo sum {{!}} philosophy&quot;},&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://www.britannica.com/topic/cogito-ergo-sum&quot;},&quot;access-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;28 July 2021&quot;},&quot;website&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Encyclopedia Britannica&quot;},&quot;language&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;en&quot;},&quot;archive-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;16 June 2015&quot;},&quot;archive-url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20150616100526/https://www.britannica.com/topic/cogito-ergo-sum&quot;},&quot;url-status&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;live&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite class="citation web cs1" id="mwCKY"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/cogito-ergo-sum" class="external text" id="mwCKc">"Cogito, ergo sum | philosophy"</a>. <i id="mwCKg">Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150616100526/https://www.britannica.com/topic/cogito-ergo-sum" class="external text" id="mwCKk">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2021.</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-71" data-mw-footnote-number="67"><a href="#cite_ref-71" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCK4">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwCLA" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cite web&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_web&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Ten books: Chosen by Raj Persuade&quot;},&quot;publisher&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;The [[British Journal of Psychiatry]]&quot;},&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/full/181/3/258&quot;},&quot;access-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;13 November 2007&quot;},&quot;archive-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;10 November 2003&quot;},&quot;archive-url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20031110060925/http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/full/181/3/258&quot;},&quot;url-status&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;live&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite class="citation web cs1" id="mwCLE"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/full/181/3/258" class="external text" id="mwCLI">"Ten books: Chosen by Raj Persuade"</a>. The <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Journal_of_Psychiatry" title="British Journal of Psychiatry" id="mwCLM">British Journal of Psychiatry</a>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031110060925/http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/full/181/3/258" class="external text" id="mwCLQ">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2003. Retrieved 13 November 2007.</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-72" data-mw-footnote-number="68"><a href="#cite_ref-72" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCLk">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwCLs" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cite web&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_web&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://capone.mtsu.edu/rbombard/RB/Spinoza/cnd.html&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;How the Rationalists Construe \&quot;Clear and Distinct Ideas\&quot;&quot;},&quot;author&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Ron Bombardi&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite id="CITEREFRon_Bombardi" class="citation web cs1">Ron Bombardi. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://capone.mtsu.edu/rbombard/RB/Spinoza/cnd.html" class="external text" id="mwCLw">"How the Rationalists Construe "Clear and Distinct Ideas""</a>.</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-73" data-mw-footnote-number="69"><a href="#cite_ref-73" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCMA">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwCMI" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cite book&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_book&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;last&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Descartes&quot;},&quot;first&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;René&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;The Principles of Philosophy&quot;},&quot;year&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1644&quot;},&quot;volume&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;IX&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite id="CITEREFDescartes1644" class="citation book cs1">Descartes, René (1644). <i id="mwCMM">The Principles of Philosophy</i>. Vol. IX.</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-74" data-mw-footnote-number="70"><a href="#cite_ref-74" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCMc">↑</a> Bardt, C., <i id="mwCMk">Material and Mind</i> (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2019), <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yk2rDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA109" class="external text" id="mwCMo">p. 109</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816214231/https://books.google.com/books?id=yk2rDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA109" class="external text" id="mwCMs">Archived</a> 16 August 2021 at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" id="mwCMw">Wayback Machine</a><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" id="mwCM0" />.</li>
<li id="cite_note-Preface-75" data-mw-footnote-number="71"><a href="#cite_ref-Preface_75-0" id="mwCM8">1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Preface_75-1" id="mwCNE">2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Preface_75-2" id="mwCNM">3</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwCNU" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cite web &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_web&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;last&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Descartes&quot;},&quot;first&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;René&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Letter of the Author to the French Translator of the Principles of Philosophy serving for a preface&quot;},&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;http://www.classicallibrary.org/descartes/principles/preface.htm&quot;},&quot;url-status&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;live&quot;},&quot;archive-url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20180117122219/http://www.classicallibrary.org/descartes/principles/preface.htm&quot;},&quot;archive-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;17 January 2018&quot;},&quot;access-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;6 December 2011&quot;},&quot;translator-last&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Veitch&quot;},&quot;translator-first&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;John&quot;},&quot;translator-link&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;John Veitch (poet)&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite id="CITEREFDescartes" class="citation web cs1">Descartes, René. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://www.classicallibrary.org/descartes/principles/preface.htm" class="external text" id="mwCNY">"Letter of the Author to the French Translator of the Principles of Philosophy serving for a preface"</a>. Translated by <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Veitch_(poet)" title="John Veitch (poet)" id="mwCNc">Veitch, John</a>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180117122219/http://www.classicallibrary.org/descartes/principles/preface.htm" class="external text" id="mwCNg">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2018. Retrieved 6 December 2011.</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-76" data-mw-footnote-number="72"><a href="#cite_ref-76" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCN0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwCN8" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cite book &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_book&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;last&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Olson&quot;},&quot;first&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Richard&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1982&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Science Deified &amp; Science Defied: The Historical Significance of Science in Western Culture&quot;},&quot;volume&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2&quot;},&quot;publisher&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;University of California Press&quot;},&quot;pages&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;33&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite id="CITEREFOlson1982" class="citation book cs1">Olson, Richard (1982). <i id="mwCOA">Science Deified &amp; Science Defied: The Historical Significance of Science in Western Culture</i>. Vol. 2. University of California Press. p. 33.</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-77" data-mw-footnote-number="73"><a href="#cite_ref-77" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCOU">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwCOc" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Cite journal &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_journal&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;jstor&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;20013943&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;What Moves the Mind: An Excursion in Cartesian Dualism&quot;},&quot;last&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Watson&quot;},&quot;first&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Richard A.&quot;},&quot;author-link&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Richard Watson (philosopher)&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;January 1982&quot;},&quot;journal&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;[[American Philosophical Quarterly]]&quot;},&quot;volume&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;19&quot;},&quot;issue&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1&quot;},&quot;pages&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;73–81&quot;},&quot;publisher&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;[[University of Illinois Press]]&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite id="CITEREFWatson1982" class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Watson_(philosopher)" title="Richard Watson (philosopher)" id="mwCOg">Watson, Richard A.</a> (January 1982). "What Moves the Mind: An Excursion in Cartesian Dualism". <i id="mwCOk"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Philosophical_Quarterly" title="American Philosophical Quarterly" id="mwCOo">American Philosophical Quarterly</a></i>. <b id="mwCOs">19</b> (1). <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press" id="mwCOw">University of Illinois Press</a>: 73–81. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" title="JSTOR (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwCO4">JSTOR</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20013943" class="external text" id="mwCPA">20013943</a>.</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-78" data-mw-footnote-number="74"><a href="#cite_ref-78" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCPM">↑</a> Gobert, R. D., <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U8RwsQvrQRgC" class="external text" id="mwCPU"><i id="mwCPY">The Mind-Body Stage: Passion and Interaction in the Cartesian Theater</i></a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816214247/https://books.google.com/books?id=U8RwsQvrQRgC&amp;printsec=frontcover" class="external text" id="mwCPc" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Webarchive&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Webarchive&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20210816214247/https://books.google.com/books?id=U8RwsQvrQRgC&amp;printsec=frontcover&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;16 August 2021&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}">Archived</a> 16 August 2021 at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" id="mwCPk">Wayback Machine</a><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" id="mwCPo" /> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013).</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECunning2014277-79" data-mw-footnote-number="75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunning2014277_79-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCPw">↑</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="#CITEREFCunning2014" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwCP4">Cunning 2014</a>, p. 277.</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECunning2014278-80" data-mw-footnote-number="76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunning2014278_80-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCQE">↑</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="#CITEREFCunning2014" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwCQM">Cunning 2014</a>, p. 278.</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECunning2014279-81" data-mw-footnote-number="77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunning2014279_81-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCQY">↑</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="#CITEREFCunning2014" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwCQg">Cunning 2014</a>, p. 279.</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECunning2014280-82" data-mw-footnote-number="78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunning2014280_82-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCQs">↑</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="#CITEREFCunning2014" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwCQ0">Cunning 2014</a>, p. 280.</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDicker201386-83" data-mw-footnote-number="79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDicker201386_83-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCRA">↑</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="#CITEREFDicker2013" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwCRI">Dicker 2013</a>, p. 86.</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDicker201387-84" data-mw-footnote-number="80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDicker201387_84-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCRU">↑</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="#CITEREFDicker2013" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwCRc">Dicker 2013</a>, p. 87.</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDicker2013301-85" data-mw-footnote-number="81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDicker2013301_85-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCRo">↑</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="#CITEREFDicker2013" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwCRw">Dicker 2013</a>, p. 301.</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDicker2013303-86" data-mw-footnote-number="82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDicker2013303_86-0" id="mwCR8">1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDicker2013303_86-1" id="mwCSE">2</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="#CITEREFDicker2013" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwCSM">Dicker 2013</a>, p. 303.</li>
<li id="cite_note-87" data-mw-footnote-number="83"><a href="#cite_ref-87" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCSY">↑</a> Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy (online): Descartes and the Pineal Gland.</li>
<li id="cite_note-88" data-mw-footnote-number="84"><a href="#cite_ref-88" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCSk">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwCSs" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Cite journal &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_journal&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;jstor&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;27532614&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;John Locke's Contributions to Education&quot;},&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/27532614.pdf&quot;},&quot;last&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Baldwin&quot;},&quot;first&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Bird T.&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;April 1913&quot;},&quot;publisher&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;[[The Johns Hopkins University Press]]&quot;},&quot;journal&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;[[The Sewanee Review]]&quot;},&quot;volume&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;21&quot;},&quot;issue&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2&quot;},&quot;pages&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;177–87&quot;},&quot;access-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;22 September 2020&quot;},&quot;archive-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;26 September 2022&quot;},&quot;archive-url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20220926153940/https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/27532614.pdf&quot;},&quot;url-status&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;live&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite id="CITEREFBaldwin1913" class="citation journal cs1">Baldwin, Bird T. (April 1913). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/27532614.pdf" class="external text" id="mwCSw">"John Locke's Contributions to Education"</a> (PDF). <i id="mwCS4"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sewanee_Review" title="The Sewanee Review" id="mwCS8">The Sewanee Review</a></i>. <b id="mwCTA">21</b> (2). <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="The Johns Hopkins University Press" class="mw-redirect" id="mwCTE">The Johns Hopkins University Press</a>: 177–87. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" title="JSTOR (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwCTM">JSTOR</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27532614" class="external text" id="mwCTU">27532614</a>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220926153940/https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/27532614.pdf" class="external text" id="mwCTY">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2020.</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-89" data-mw-footnote-number="85"><a href="#cite_ref-89" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCTw">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwCT4" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Cite web&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_web&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;17th and 18th Century Theories of Emotions &gt; Descartes on the Emotions (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)&quot;},&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/emotions-17th18th/LD2Descartes.html#PasMedFre&quot;},&quot;access-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;29 July 2021&quot;},&quot;website&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy&quot;},&quot;archive-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;3 September 2006&quot;},&quot;archive-url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20060903001831/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/emotions-17th18th/LD2Descartes.html#PasMedFre&quot;},&quot;url-status&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;live&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite class="citation web cs1" id="mwCT8"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/emotions-17th18th/LD2Descartes.html#PasMedFre" class="external text" id="mwCUA">"17th and 18th Century Theories of Emotions &gt; Descartes on the Emotions (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)"</a>. <i id="mwCUE">The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060903001831/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/emotions-17th18th/LD2Descartes.html#PasMedFre" class="external text" id="mwCUI">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2006. Retrieved 29 July 2021.</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-90" data-mw-footnote-number="86"><a href="#cite_ref-90" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCUc">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwCUk" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Cite book &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_book&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;last&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Shiraev&quot;},&quot;first&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Eric&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2010&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;A History of Psychology: A Global Perspective: A Global Perspective&quot;},&quot;publisher&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Sage&quot;},&quot;isbn&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;978-1-4129-7383-0&quot;},&quot;page&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;86&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite id="CITEREFShiraev2010" class="citation book cs1">Shiraev, Eric (2010). <i id="mwCUo">A History of Psychology: A Global Perspective: A Global Perspective</i>. Sage. p. 86. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwCUw">ISBN</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-7383-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-7383-0" id="mwCU4"><bdi id="mwCU8">978-1-4129-7383-0</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShiraev201087-91" data-mw-footnote-number="87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShiraev201087_91-0" id="mwCVI">1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShiraev201087_91-1" id="mwCVQ">2</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="#CITEREFShiraev2010" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwCVY">Shiraev 2010</a>, p. 87.</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShiraev201088-92" data-mw-footnote-number="88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShiraev201088_92-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCVk">↑</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="#CITEREFShiraev2010" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwCVs">Shiraev 2010</a>, p. 88.</li>
<li id="cite_note-93" data-mw-footnote-number="89"><a href="#cite_ref-93" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCV4">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwCWA" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Cite journal &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_journal&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;last&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Goudriaan&quot;},&quot;first&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Aza&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;3 September 2020&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;The Concept of Heresy and the Debates on Descartes' Philosophy&quot;},&quot;journal&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Church History and Religious Culture&quot;},&quot;volume&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;100&quot;},&quot;issue&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2–3&quot;},&quot;pages&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;172–86&quot;},&quot;doi&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;10.1163/18712428-10002001&quot;},&quot;s2cid&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;225257956&quot;},&quot;issn&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1871-241X&quot;},&quot;doi-access&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;free&quot;},&quot;hdl&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1871.1/f533604a-2d8d-4700-b8c2-bad504f49d13&quot;},&quot;hdl-access&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;free&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite id="CITEREFGoudriaan2020" class="citation journal cs1">Goudriaan, Aza (3 September 2020). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F18712428-10002001" class="external text" id="mwCWE">"The Concept of Heresy and the Debates on Descartes' Philosophy"</a>. <i id="mwCWI">Church History and Religious Culture</i>. <b id="mwCWM">100</b> (2–3): 172–86. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwCWY">doi</a>:<a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F18712428-10002001" class="external text" id="mwCWg">10.1163/18712428-10002001</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" title="Hdl (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwCWk">hdl</a>:<a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1871.1%2Ff533604a-2d8d-4700-b8c2-bad504f49d13" class="external text" id="mwCWs">1871.1/f533604a-2d8d-4700-b8c2-bad504f49d13</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" title="ISSN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwCWw">ISSN</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1871-241X" class="external text" id="mwCW4">1871-241X</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" title="S2CID (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwCW8">S2CID</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225257956" class="external text" id="mwCXE">225257956</a>.</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-94" data-mw-footnote-number="90"><a href="#cite_ref-94" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCXQ">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwCXY" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cite encyclopedia &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_encyclopedia&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rene-Descartes/Physics-physiology-and-morals&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;René Descartes - Philosophy, Mathematics, Science &amp;#124; Britannica&quot;},&quot;encyclopedia&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Encyclopedia Britannica&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;22 August 2024&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1" id="mwCXc"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rene-Descartes/Physics-physiology-and-morals" class="external text" id="mwCXg">"René Descartes - Philosophy, Mathematics, Science | Britannica"</a>. <i id="mwCXo">Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. 22 August 2024.</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-95" data-mw-footnote-number="91"><a href="#cite_ref-95" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCX0">↑</a> Waddicor, M. H., <i id="mwCX8">Montesquieu and the Philosophy of Natural Law</i> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden" id="mwCYA">Leiden</a>: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinus_Nijhoff_Publishers" title="Martinus Nijhoff Publishers" class="mw-redirect" id="mwCYE">Martinus Nijhoff Publishers</a>, 1970), <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sLooBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA63" class="external text" id="mwCYI">p. 63</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816214230/https://books.google.com/books?id=sLooBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA63" class="external text" id="mwCYM" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Webarchive&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Webarchive&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20210816214230/https://books.google.com/books?id=sLooBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA63&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;16 August 2021&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}">Archived</a> 16 August 2021 at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" id="mwCYU">Wayback Machine</a><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" id="mwCYY" />.</li>
<li id="cite_note-96" data-mw-footnote-number="92"><a href="#cite_ref-96" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCYg">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwCYo" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cite web &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_web&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;23 December 1995&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;''Animal Consciousness'', No. 2. Historical background&quot;},&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consciousness-animal/#hist&quot;},&quot;url-status&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;live&quot;},&quot;archive-url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20080906181245/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consciousness-animal/#hist&quot;},&quot;archive-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;6 September 2008&quot;},&quot;access-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;16 December 2014&quot;},&quot;publisher&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite class="citation web cs1" id="mwCYs"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consciousness-animal/#hist" class="external text" id="mwCYw">"<i id="mwCY0">Animal Consciousness</i>, No. 2. Historical background"</a>. Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy. 23 December 1995. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080906181245/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consciousness-animal/#hist" class="external text" id="mwCY4">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2008. Retrieved 16 December 2014.</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-97" data-mw-footnote-number="93"><a href="#cite_ref-97" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCZM">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwCZU" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Citation &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Citation&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;last&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Baldassarri&quot;},&quot;first&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Fabrizio&quot;},&quot;chapter&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Animals&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2023&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;René Descartes's Natural Philosophy and Particular Bodies&quot;},&quot;pages&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;153–184&quot;},&quot;editor-last&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Baldassarri&quot;},&quot;editor-first&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Fabrizio&quot;},&quot;series&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Studies in History and Philosophy of Science&quot;},&quot;volume&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;60&quot;},&quot;chapter-url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48663-0_6&quot;},&quot;access-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2025-10-28&quot;},&quot;place&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Cham&quot;},&quot;publisher&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Springer International Publishing&quot;},&quot;language&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;en&quot;},&quot;doi&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;10.1007/978-3-031-48663-0_6&quot;},&quot;isbn&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;978-3-031-48663-0&quot;},&quot;chapter-url-access&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;subscription&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite id="CITEREFBaldassarri2023" class="citation cs2">Baldassarri, Fabrizio (2023), <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48663-0_6" class="external text" id="mwCZc">"Animals"</a>, in Baldassarri, Fabrizio (ed.), <i id="mwCZg">René Descartes's Natural Philosophy and Particular Bodies</i>, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, vol. 60, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 153–184, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwCZw">doi</a>:<a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-031-48663-0_6" class="external text" id="mwCZ0">10.1007/978-3-031-48663-0_6</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwCZ4">ISBN</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-48663-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-48663-0" id="mwCaA"><bdi id="mwCaE">978-3-031-48663-0</bdi></a>, retrieved 28 October 2025</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-98" data-mw-footnote-number="94"><a href="#cite_ref-98" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCaY">↑</a> Parker, J. V., <i id="mwCag">Animal Minds, Animal Souls, Animal Rights</i> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanham,_Maryland" title="Lanham, Maryland" id="mwCak">Lanham</a>: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Press_of_America" title="University Press of America" id="mwCao">University Press of America</a>, 2010), p. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sh2AQTDV5DQC&amp;pg=PA16" class="external text" id="mwCas">16</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816214246/https://books.google.com/books?id=Sh2AQTDV5DQC&amp;pg=PA16" class="external text" id="mwCaw" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Webarchive&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Webarchive&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20210816214246/https://books.google.com/books?id=Sh2AQTDV5DQC&amp;pg=PA16&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;16 August 2021&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}">Archived</a> 16 August 2021 at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" id="mwCa4">Wayback Machine</a><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" id="mwCa8" />, <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sh2AQTDV5DQC&amp;pg=PA88" class="external text" id="mwCbA">88</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816214245/https://books.google.com/books?id=Sh2AQTDV5DQC&amp;pg=PA88" class="external text" id="mwCbE" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Webarchive&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Webarchive&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20210816214245/https://books.google.com/books?id=Sh2AQTDV5DQC&amp;pg=PA88&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;16 August 2021&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}">Archived</a> 16 August 2021 at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" id="mwCbM">Wayback Machine</a><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" id="mwCbQ" />, <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sh2AQTDV5DQC&amp;pg=PA99" class="external text" id="mwCbU">99</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816214239/https://books.google.com/books?id=Sh2AQTDV5DQC&amp;pg=PA99" class="external text" id="mwCbY" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Webarchive&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Webarchive&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20210816214239/https://books.google.com/books?id=Sh2AQTDV5DQC&amp;pg=PA99&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;16 August 2021&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}">Archived</a> 16 August 2021 at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" id="mwCbg">Wayback Machine</a><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" id="mwCbk" />.</li>
<li id="cite_note-99" data-mw-footnote-number="95"><a href="#cite_ref-99" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCbs">↑</a> Gaukroger, S., <i id="mwCb0">Descartes' System of Natural Philosophy</i> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V14lWzINUv4C&amp;pg=PA180" class="external text" id="mwCb4">pp. 180–214</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816214242/https://books.google.com/books?id=V14lWzINUv4C&amp;pg=PA180" class="external text" id="mwCb8" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Webarchive&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Webarchive&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20210816214242/https://books.google.com/books?id=V14lWzINUv4C&amp;pg=PA180&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;16 August 2021&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}">Archived</a> 16 August 2021 at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" id="mwCcE">Wayback Machine</a><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" id="mwCcI" />.</li>
<li id="cite_note-100" data-mw-footnote-number="96"><a href="#cite_ref-100" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCcQ">↑</a> Spencer, J., "'Love and Hatred are Common to the Whole Sensitive Creation': Animal Feeling in the Century before Darwin," in A. Richardson, ed., <i id="mwCcg">After Darwin: Animals, Emotions, and the Mind</i> (Amsterdam and New York: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodopi_(publisher)" title="Rodopi (publisher)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwCck">Rodopi</a>, 2013),
<a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3imLAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA37" class="external text" id="mwCco">p. 37</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816214237/https://books.google.com/books?id=3imLAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA37" class="external text" id="mwCcs" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Webarchive&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Webarchive&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20210816214237/https://books.google.com/books?id=3imLAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA37&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;16 August 2021&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}">Archived</a> 16 August 2021 at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" id="mwCc0">Wayback Machine</a><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" id="mwCc4" />.</li>
<li id="cite_note-101" data-mw-footnote-number="97"><a href="#cite_ref-101" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCdA">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwCdI" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Cite book &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_book&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;author&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Workman, L.&quot;},&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://books.google.com/books?id=rz8dBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT177&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Charles Darwin: The Shaping of Evolutionary Thinking&quot;},&quot;publisher&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Palgrave Macmillan&quot;},&quot;year&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2013&quot;},&quot;isbn&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;978-1-137-31323-2&quot;},&quot;page&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;177&quot;},&quot;author-link&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Lance Workman&quot;},&quot;access-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;19 August 2019&quot;},&quot;archive-url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20210816214235/https://books.google.com/books?id=rz8dBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT177&quot;},&quot;archive-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;16 August 2021&quot;},&quot;url-status&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;live&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite id="CITEREFWorkman,_L.2013" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_Workman" title="Lance Workman" id="mwCdM">Workman, L.</a> (2013). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rz8dBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT177" class="external text" id="mwCdQ"><i id="mwCdU">Charles Darwin: The Shaping of Evolutionary Thinking</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 177. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwCdc">ISBN</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-31323-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-31323-2" id="mwCdk"><bdi id="mwCdo">978-1-137-31323-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816214235/https://books.google.com/books?id=rz8dBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT177" class="external text" id="mwCds">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2019.</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-102" data-mw-footnote-number="98"><a href="#cite_ref-102" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCeA">↑</a> Pickavé, M., &amp; <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Shapiro" title="Lisa Shapiro" id="mwCeI">Shapiro, L.</a>, eds., <i id="mwCeM">Emotion and Cognitive Life in Medieval and Early Modern Philosophy</i> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oDZpAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA189" class="external text" id="mwCeQ">p. 189</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816214236/https://books.google.com/books?id=oDZpAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA189" class="external text" id="mwCeU" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Webarchive&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Webarchive&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20210816214236/https://books.google.com/books?id=oDZpAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA189&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;16 August 2021&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}">Archived</a> 16 August 2021 at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" id="mwCec">Wayback Machine</a><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" id="mwCeg" />.</li>
<li id="cite_note-Blom-103" data-mw-footnote-number="99"><a href="#cite_ref-Blom_103-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCeo">↑</a> Blom, John J., Descartes. His moral philosophy and psychology. New York University Press. 1978. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwCew" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Isbn&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;0-8147-0999-0&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwCe0">ISBN</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-0999-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-0999-0" id="mwCe8"><bdi id="mwCfA">0-8147-0999-0</bdi></a></li>
<li id="cite_note-104" data-mw-footnote-number="100"><a href="#cite_ref-104" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCfI">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwCfQ" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Cite book&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_book&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;The Scientific Revolution A Brief History with Documents&quot;},&quot;last&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Jacob&quot;},&quot;first&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Margaret C.&quot;},&quot;publisher&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Bedford/St. Martin's&quot;},&quot;year&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2009&quot;},&quot;isbn&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;978-0-312-65349-1&quot;},&quot;location&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Boston&quot;},&quot;pages&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;16–17&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite id="CITEREFJacob2009" class="citation book cs1">Jacob, Margaret C. (2009). <i id="mwCfU">The Scientific Revolution A Brief History with Documents</i>. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's. pp. 16–17. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwCfg">ISBN</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-65349-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-65349-1" id="mwCfo"><bdi id="mwCfs">978-0-312-65349-1</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDicker2013118ff-105" data-mw-footnote-number="101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDicker2013118ff_105-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCf4">↑</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="#CITEREFDicker2013" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwCgA">Dicker 2013</a>, pp. 118ff.</li>
<li id="cite_note-106" data-mw-footnote-number="102"><a href="#cite_ref-106" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCgM">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwCgU" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cite book&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_book&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;last&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Carus&quot;},&quot;first&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Lucretius&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;De Rerum Natura&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1947&quot;},&quot;publisher&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Oxford University Press&quot;},&quot;pages&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;146–482&quot;},&quot;author-link&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Lucretius&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite id="CITEREFCarus1947" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius" id="mwCgY">Carus, Lucretius</a> (1947). <i id="mwCgc">De Rerum Natura</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 146–482.</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-107" data-mw-footnote-number="103"><a href="#cite_ref-107" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCgw">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwCg4" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Cite journal &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_journal&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Trademark argument&quot;},&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803105212460&quot;},&quot;access-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;29 July 2021&quot;},&quot;journal&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Oxford Reference&quot;},&quot;language&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;en&quot;},&quot;archive-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;23 October 2017&quot;},&quot;archive-url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20171023105416/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803105212460&quot;},&quot;url-status&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;live&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="mwCg8"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803105212460" class="external text" id="mwChA">"Trademark argument"</a>. <i id="mwChE">Oxford Reference</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171023105416/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803105212460" class="external text" id="mwChI">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2017. Retrieved 29 July 2021.</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-108" data-mw-footnote-number="104"><a href="#cite_ref-108" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwChc">↑</a> Descartes, Rene "Meditations on First Philosophy, 3rd Ed., Translated from Latin by: Donald A. Cress</li>
<li id="cite_note-Descartes,_René_2009-109" data-mw-footnote-number="105"><a href="#cite_ref-Descartes,_René_2009_109-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCho">↑</a> Descartes, René. (2009). <i id="mwChw">Encyclopædia Britannica 2009 Deluxe Edition</i>. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.</li>
<li id="cite_note-110" data-mw-footnote-number="106"><a href="#cite_ref-110" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCh4">↑</a> Edward C. Mendler, <i id="mwCiA">False Truths: The Error of Relying on Authority</i>, p. 16</li>
<li id="cite_note-111" data-mw-footnote-number="107"><a href="#cite_ref-111" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCiI">↑</a> Peterson, L. L., <i id="mwCiQ">American Trinity: Jefferson, Custer, and the Spirit of the West</i> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena,_Montana" title="Helena, Montana" id="mwCiU">Helena, MT</a>: Sweetgrass Books, 2017), <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uKIoDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA274" class="external text" id="mwCiY">p. 274</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816214251/https://books.google.com/books?id=uKIoDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA274" class="external text" id="mwCic" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Webarchive&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Webarchive&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20210816214251/https://books.google.com/books?id=uKIoDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA274&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;16 August 2021&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}">Archived</a> 16 August 2021 at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" id="mwCik">Wayback Machine</a><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" id="mwCio" />.</li>
<li id="cite_note-:1-112" data-mw-footnote-number="108"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_112-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCiw">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwCi4" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cite web&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_web&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;http://www.iep.utm.edu/descarte/&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Descartes, Rene {{!}} Internet Encyclopaedia of Philosophy&quot;},&quot;website&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;www.iep.utm.edu&quot;},&quot;language&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;en-US&quot;},&quot;access-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;22 February 2017&quot;},&quot;archive-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1 November 2012&quot;},&quot;archive-url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20121101020931/http://www.iep.utm.edu/descarte/&quot;},&quot;url-status&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;live&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite class="citation web cs1" id="mwCi8"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/descarte/" class="external text" id="mwCjA">"Descartes, Rene | Internet Encyclopaedia of Philosophy"</a>. <i id="mwCjE">www.iep.utm.edu</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121101020931/http://www.iep.utm.edu/descarte/" class="external text" id="mwCjI">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 22 February 2017.</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaukroger1995355–56-113" data-mw-footnote-number="109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaukroger1995355–56_113-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCjc">↑</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="#CITEREFGaukroger1995" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwCjk">Gaukroger 1995</a>, p. 355–56.</li>
<li id="cite_note-114" data-mw-footnote-number="110"><a href="#cite_ref-114" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCjw">↑</a> René Descartes, <i id="mwCj4">Discourse de la Méthode</i> (Leiden, Netherlands): Jan Maire, 1637, appended book: <i id="mwCj8">La Géométrie</i>, book one, <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b86069594/f383.image" class="external text" id="mwCkA">p. 299.</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171008182014/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b86069594/f383.image" class="external text" id="mwCkE" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Webarchive&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Webarchive&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20171008182014/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b86069594/f383.image&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;8 October 2017&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}">Archived</a> 8 October 2017 at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" id="mwCkM">Wayback Machine</a><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" id="mwCkQ" /> From p. 299: "2&lt;/sup&gt;'', pour multiplier'' a ''par soy mesme; Et'' a&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;'', pour le multiplier encore une fois par'' a'', &amp; ainsi a l'infini;{{nbsp}}...''"}},"i":0}}]}'&gt;<i id="mwCkc">... Et</i> aa<i id="mwCko">, ou</i> a<sup id="mwCks">2</sup><i id="mwCkw">, pour multiplier</i> a <i id="mwCk0">par soy mesme; Et</i> a<sup id="mwCk4">3</sup><i id="mwCk8">, pour le multiplier encore une fois par</i> a<i id="mwClA">, &amp; ainsi a l'infini; ...</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" id="mwClM" />" ("... and <i id="mwClY">aa</i>, or <i id="mwClc">a</i><sup id="mwClg">2</sup>, in order to multiply <i id="mwClk">a</i> by itself; and <i id="mwClo">a</i><sup id="mwCls">3</sup>, in order to multiply it once more by <i id="mwClw">a</i>, and thus to infinity; ...")</li>
<li id="cite_note-115" data-mw-footnote-number="111"><a href="#cite_ref-115" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCmA">↑</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Sorell" title="Tom Sorell" id="mwCmI">Sorell, T.</a>, <i id="mwCmM">Descartes: A Very Short Introduction</i> (2000). New York: Oxford University Press. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kCNz9Nbe2JQC&amp;pg=PT19" class="external text" id="mwCmQ">p. 19</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816214234/https://books.google.com/books?id=kCNz9Nbe2JQC&amp;pg=PT19" class="external text" id="mwCmU" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Webarchive&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Webarchive&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20210816214234/https://books.google.com/books?id=kCNz9Nbe2JQC&amp;pg=PT19&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;16 August 2021&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}">Archived</a> 16 August 2021 at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" id="mwCmc">Wayback Machine</a><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" id="mwCmg" />.</li>
<li id="cite_note-Katz2008-116" data-mw-footnote-number="112"><a href="#cite_ref-Katz2008_116-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCmo">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwCmw" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cite book &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_book&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;last&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Katz&quot;},&quot;first1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Victor J.&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2008&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;A History of Mathematics&quot;},&quot;edition&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2nd&quot;},&quot;publisher&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Pearson&quot;},&quot;author-link&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Victor J. Katz&quot;},&quot;page&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;473&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite id="CITEREFKatz2008" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_J._Katz" title="Victor J. Katz" id="mwCm0">Katz, Victor J.</a> (2008). <i id="mwCm4">A History of Mathematics</i> (2nd ed.). Pearson. p. 473.</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz2008478-117" data-mw-footnote-number="113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatz2008478_117-0" id="mwCnM">1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatz2008478_117-1" id="mwCnU">2</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="#CITEREFKatz2008" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwCnc">Katz 2008</a>, p. 478.</li>
<li id="cite_note-118" data-mw-footnote-number="114"><a href="#cite_ref-118" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCno">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwCnw" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;harvc &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Harvc&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;last&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Gaukroger&quot;},&quot;first&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Stephen&quot;},&quot;year&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1992&quot;},&quot;author-link&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Stephen Gaukroger&quot;},&quot;chapter&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;The nature of abstract reasoning: philosophical aspects of Descartes' work in algebra&quot;},&quot;in&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Cottingham&quot;},&quot;pages&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;91–114&quot;},&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://archive.org/details/the-cambridge-companion-to-descartes-john-cottingham/page/91/mode/2up&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Gaukroger" title="Stephen Gaukroger" id="mwCn0">Gaukroger, Stephen</a>. "<a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://archive.org/details/the-cambridge-companion-to-descartes-john-cottingham/page/91/mode/2up" class="external text" id="mwCn4">The nature of abstract reasoning: philosophical aspects of Descartes' work in algebra</a>". In <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="#CITEREFCottingham1992" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwCn8">Cottingham (1992)</a>, pp. 91–114.</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz2008473-119" data-mw-footnote-number="115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatz2008473_119-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCoI">↑</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="#CITEREFKatz2008" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwCoQ">Katz 2008</a>, p. 473.</li>
<li id="cite_note-120" data-mw-footnote-number="116"><a href="#cite_ref-120" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCoc">↑</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Kline" title="Morris Kline" id="mwCok">Morris Kline</a>, <i id="mwCoo">Mathematical Thought from Ancient to Modern Times</i>, Vol. 1 (1972). New York &amp; Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wKsYrT691yIC&amp;pg=PT280" class="external text" id="mwCos">pp. 280–81</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211216164107/https://books.google.com/books?id=wKsYrT691yIC&amp;pg=PT280" class="external text" id="mwCow" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Webarchive&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Webarchive&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20211216164107/https://books.google.com/books?id=wKsYrT691yIC&amp;pg=PT280&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;16 December 2021&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}">Archived</a> 16 December 2021 at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" id="mwCo4">Wayback Machine</a><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" id="mwCo8" />.</li>
<li id="cite_note-121" data-mw-footnote-number="117"><a href="#cite_ref-121" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCpE">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwCpM" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Cite book &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_book&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;last&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Janiak&quot;},&quot;first&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Andrew&quot;},&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/newton-as-philosopher/1BF18C6EF66B5B8C978DD5C57D21998C&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Newton as Philosopher&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2008&quot;},&quot;publisher&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Cambridge University Press&quot;},&quot;isbn&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;978-0-521-86286-8&quot;},&quot;location&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Cambridge&quot;},&quot;pages&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;8&quot;},&quot;doi&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;10.1017/cbo9780511481512&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite id="CITEREFJaniak2008" class="citation book cs1">Janiak, Andrew (2008). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/newton-as-philosopher/1BF18C6EF66B5B8C978DD5C57D21998C" class="external text" id="mwCpQ"><i id="mwCpU">Newton as Philosopher</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 8. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwCpc">doi</a>:<a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9780511481512" class="external text" id="mwCpg">10.1017/cbo9780511481512</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwCpk">ISBN</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86286-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86286-8" id="mwCps"><bdi id="mwCpw">978-0-521-86286-8</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-122" data-mw-footnote-number="118"><a href="#cite_ref-122" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCp8">↑</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_S._Westfall" title="Richard S. Westfall" id="mwCqE">Westfall, R. S.</a>, <i id="mwCqI">Never at Rest: A Biography of Isaac Newton</i> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980), <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ngEugMMa9YC&amp;pg=PT100" class="external text" id="mwCqM">p. 100</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816214236/https://books.google.com/books?id=3ngEugMMa9YC&amp;pg=PT100" class="external text" id="mwCqQ" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Webarchive&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Webarchive&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20210816214236/https://books.google.com/books?id=3ngEugMMa9YC&amp;pg=PT100&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;16 August 2021&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}">Archived</a> 16 August 2021 at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" id="mwCqY">Wayback Machine</a><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" id="mwCqc" />.</li>
<li id="cite_note-123" data-mw-footnote-number="119"><a href="#cite_ref-123" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCqk">↑</a> Whiteside, D. T., "Newton the Mathematician", in Z. Bechler, ed., <i id="mwCqs">Contemporary Newtonian Research</i> (Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer, 1982), <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LP3nCAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA109" class="external text" id="mwCqw">pp. 109–29</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816214228/https://books.google.de/books?id=LP3nCAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA109" class="external text" id="mwCq0" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Webarchive&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Webarchive&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20210816214228/https://books.google.de/books?id=LP3nCAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA109&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;16 August 2021&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}">Archived</a> 16 August 2021 at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" id="mwCq8">Wayback Machine</a><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" id="mwCrA" />.</li>
<li id="cite_note-124" data-mw-footnote-number="120"><a href="#cite_ref-124" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCrI">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwCrQ" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cite book &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_book&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;last&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Gullberg&quot;},&quot;first&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Jan&quot;},&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://archive.org/details/mathematicsfromb1997gull&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Mathematics From The Birth of Numbers&quot;},&quot;publisher&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;W.W. Norton&quot;},&quot;year&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1997&quot;},&quot;isbn&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;978-0-393-04002-9&quot;},&quot;author-link&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Jan Gullberg&quot;},&quot;url-access&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;registration&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite id="CITEREFGullberg1997" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Gullberg" title="Jan Gullberg" id="mwCrU">Gullberg, Jan</a> (1997). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://archive.org/details/mathematicsfromb1997gull" class="external text" id="mwCrc"><i id="mwCrg">Mathematics From The Birth of Numbers</i></a>. W.W. Norton. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwCrk">ISBN</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04002-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04002-9" id="mwCrs"><bdi id="mwCrw">978-0-393-04002-9</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-Slowik-125" data-mw-footnote-number="121"><a href="#cite_ref-Slowik_125-0" id="mwCr8">1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slowik_125-1" id="mwCsE">2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slowik_125-2" id="mwCsM">3</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwCsU" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cite encyclopedia &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_encyclopedia&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Descartes' Physics&quot;},&quot;encyclopedia&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Archive&quot;},&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2017/entries/descartes-physics/&quot;},&quot;access-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1 October 2018&quot;},&quot;last&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Slowik&quot;},&quot;first&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Edward&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;22 August 2017&quot;},&quot;editor&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Edward N. Zalta&quot;},&quot;archive-url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20190318080638/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2017/entries/descartes-physics/&quot;},&quot;archive-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;18 March 2019&quot;},&quot;url-status&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;live&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite id="CITEREFSlowik2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Slowik, Edward (22 August 2017). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2017/entries/descartes-physics/" class="external text" id="mwCsY">"Descartes' Physics"</a>. In Edward N. Zalta (ed.). <i id="mwCsc">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Archive</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190318080638/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2017/entries/descartes-physics/" class="external text" id="mwCsg">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2019. Retrieved 1 October 2018.</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaukroger1995Chapter_3-126" data-mw-footnote-number="122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaukroger1995Chapter_3_126-0" id="mwCs0">1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaukroger1995Chapter_3_126-1" id="mwCs8">2</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="#CITEREFGaukroger1995" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwCtE">Gaukroger 1995</a>, p. Chapter 3.</li>
<li id="cite_note-porter-127" data-mw-footnote-number="123"><a href="#cite_ref-porter_127-0" id="mwCtQ">1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-porter_127-1" id="mwCtY">2</a> Harold J. Cook, in <i id="mwCtg">The Scientific Revolution in National Context</i>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Porter" title="Roy Porter" id="mwCtk">Roy Porter</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikuláš_Teich" title="Mikuláš Teich" id="mwCto">Mikuláš Teich</a>, (eds.), Cambridge University Press, 1992, pages 127–129</li>
<li id="cite_note-128" data-mw-footnote-number="124"><a href="#cite_ref-128" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCtw">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwCt4" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Citation &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Citation&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;last&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Baldassarri&quot;},&quot;first&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Fabrizio&quot;},&quot;chapter&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Metals&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2023&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;René Descartes's Natural Philosophy and Particular Bodies&quot;},&quot;pages&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;75–116&quot;},&quot;editor-last&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Baldassarri&quot;},&quot;editor-first&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Fabrizio&quot;},&quot;series&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Studies in History and Philosophy of Science&quot;},&quot;volume&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;60&quot;},&quot;chapter-url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48663-0_4&quot;},&quot;access-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2025-10-28&quot;},&quot;place&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Cham&quot;},&quot;publisher&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Springer International Publishing&quot;},&quot;language&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;en&quot;},&quot;doi&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;10.1007/978-3-031-48663-0_4&quot;},&quot;isbn&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;978-3-031-48663-0&quot;},&quot;chapter-url-access&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;subscription&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite id="mwCt8" class="citation cs2" data-x-id="CITEREFBaldassarri2023">Baldassarri, Fabrizio (2023), <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48663-0_4" class="external text" id="mwCuE">"Metals"</a>, in Baldassarri, Fabrizio (ed.), <i id="mwCuI">René Descartes's Natural Philosophy and Particular Bodies</i>, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, vol. 60, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 75–116, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwCuY">doi</a>:<a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-031-48663-0_4" class="external text" id="mwCuc">10.1007/978-3-031-48663-0_4</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwCug">ISBN</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-48663-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-48663-0" id="mwCuo"><bdi id="mwCus">978-3-031-48663-0</bdi></a>, retrieved 28 October 2025</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-129" data-mw-footnote-number="125"><a href="#cite_ref-129" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCvA">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwCvI" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Cite journal &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_journal&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;last&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Baldassarri&quot;},&quot;first&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Fabrizio&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;December 2020&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Descartes and the Dutch: Botanical Experimentation in the Early Modern Period&quot;},&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://direct.mit.edu/posc/article/28/6/657-683/97509&quot;},&quot;journal&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Perspectives on Science&quot;},&quot;language&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;en&quot;},&quot;volume&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;28&quot;},&quot;issue&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;6&quot;},&quot;pages&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;657–683&quot;},&quot;doi&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;10.1162/posc_a_00355&quot;},&quot;issn&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1063-6145&quot;},&quot;url-access&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;subscription&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite id="CITEREFBaldassarri2020" class="citation journal cs1">Baldassarri, Fabrizio (December 2020). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://direct.mit.edu/posc/article/28/6/657-683/97509" class="external text" id="mwCvQ">"Descartes and the Dutch: Botanical Experimentation in the Early Modern Period"</a>. <i id="mwCvU">Perspectives on Science</i>. <b id="mwCvY">28</b> (6): 657–683. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwCvg">doi</a>:<a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fposc_a_00355" class="external text" id="mwCvk">10.1162/posc_a_00355</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" title="ISSN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwCvo">ISSN</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1063-6145" class="external text" id="mwCvw">1063-6145</a>.</cite></li>
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<li id="cite_note-131" data-mw-footnote-number="127"><a href="#cite_ref-131" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCxE">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwCxM" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Cite web &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_web&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Brepols - Descartes and Medicine&quot;},&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://www.brepols.net/products/IS-9782503594613-1&quot;},&quot;access-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2025-10-28&quot;},&quot;website&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;www.brepols.net&quot;},&quot;language&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite class="citation web cs1" id="mwCxQ"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.brepols.net/products/IS-9782503594613-1" class="external text" id="mwCxU">"Brepols - Descartes and Medicine"</a>. <i id="mwCxY">www.brepols.net</i>. Retrieved 28 October 2025.</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-132" data-mw-footnote-number="128"><a href="#cite_ref-132" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwCxs">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwCx0" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Citation &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Citation&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;last&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Baldassarri&quot;},&quot;first&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Fabrizio&quot;},&quot;chapter&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Introduction: Lights &amp; Shadows in Descartes?s Medicine&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;January 2023&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Descartes and Medicine&quot;},&quot;volume&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;9&quot;},&quot;issue&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;9&quot;},&quot;pages&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;21–39&quot;},&quot;chapter-url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://www.brepolsonline.net/doi/abs/10.1484/M.DESCARTES-EB.5.132882&quot;},&quot;access-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2025-10-28&quot;},&quot;series&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;The Age of Descartes&quot;},&quot;publisher&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Brepols Publishers&quot;},&quot;doi&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;10.1484/m.descartes-eb.5.132882&quot;},&quot;isbn&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;978-2-503-59461-3&quot;},&quot;chapter-url-access&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;subscription&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite id="mwCx4" class="citation cs2" data-x-id="CITEREFBaldassarri2023">Baldassarri, Fabrizio (January 2023), <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.brepolsonline.net/doi/abs/10.1484/M.DESCARTES-EB.5.132882" class="external text" id="mwCyA">"Introduction: Lights &amp; Shadows in Descartes?s Medicine"</a>, <i id="mwCyE">Descartes and Medicine</i>, The Age of Descartes, vol. 9, Brepols Publishers, pp. 21–39, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwCyU">doi</a>:<a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1484%2Fm.descartes-eb.5.132882" class="external text" id="mwCyY">10.1484/m.descartes-eb.5.132882</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwCyc">ISBN</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-503-59461-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-503-59461-3" id="mwCyk"><bdi id="mwCyo">978-2-503-59461-3</bdi></a>, retrieved 28 October 2025</cite></li>
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<li id="cite_note-:9-137" data-mw-footnote-number="133"><a href="#cite_ref-:9_137-0" id="mwC1o">1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_137-1" id="mwC1w">2</a> Alexander Afriat, <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/1699/1/Momentum3.pdf" class="external text" id="mwC14">"Cartesian and Lagrangian Momentum"</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170309014638/http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/1699/1/Momentum3.pdf" class="external text" id="mwC18" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Webarchive&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Webarchive&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20170309014638/http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/1699/1/Momentum3.pdf&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;9 March 2017&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}">Archived</a> 9 March 2017 at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" id="mwC2E">Wayback Machine</a><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" id="mwC2I" /> (2004).</li>
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<li id="cite_note-139" data-mw-footnote-number="135"><a href="#cite_ref-139" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwC2s">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwC20" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cite book &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_book&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;last&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Rothman&quot;},&quot;first&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Milton A.&quot;},&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://archive.org/details/discoveringnatur0000roth/page/83&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Discovering the natural laws: the experimental basis of physics&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1989&quot;},&quot;publisher&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Dover&quot;},&quot;isbn&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;9780486261782&quot;},&quot;edition&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2nd&quot;},&quot;location&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;New York&quot;},&quot;pages&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;[https://archive.org/details/discoveringnatur0000roth/page/83 83–88]&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite id="CITEREFRothman1989" class="citation book cs1">Rothman, Milton A. (1989). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://archive.org/details/discoveringnatur0000roth/page/83" class="external text" id="mwC24"><i id="mwC28">Discovering the natural laws: the experimental basis of physics</i></a> (2nd ed.). New York: Dover. pp. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://archive.org/details/discoveringnatur0000roth/page/83" class="external text" id="mwC3I">83–88</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwC3M">ISBN</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486261782" title="Special:BookSources/9780486261782" id="mwC3U"><bdi id="mwC3Y">9780486261782</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-140" data-mw-footnote-number="136"><a href="#cite_ref-140" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwC3k">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwC3s" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cite encyclopedia &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_encyclopedia&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Descartes' Physics&quot;},&quot;encyclopedia&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy&quot;},&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2017/entries/descartes-physics/&quot;},&quot;access-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;29 November 2019&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Fall 2017&quot;},&quot;editor-last1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Zalta&quot;},&quot;editor-first1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Edward N.&quot;},&quot;first1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Edward&quot;},&quot;last1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Slowik&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite id="mwC3w" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1" data-x-id="CITEREFSlowik2017">Slowik, Edward (Fall 2017). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2017/entries/descartes-physics/" class="external text" id="mwC30">"Descartes' Physics"</a>. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). <i id="mwC34">The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Retrieved 29 November 2019.</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-141" data-mw-footnote-number="137"><a href="#cite_ref-141" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwC4M">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwC4U" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Cite book &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_book&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;last&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Koyré&quot;},&quot;first&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Alexandre&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1968&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;From the Closed World to the Infinite Universe&quot;},&quot;pages&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;101&quot;},&quot;publisher&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;The Johns Hopkins Press&quot;},&quot;isbn&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;0801803470&quot;},&quot;location&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Baltimore&quot;},&quot;author-link&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Alexandre Koyré&quot;},&quot;postscript&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite id="CITEREFKoyré1968" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Koyré" title="Alexandre Koyré" id="mwC4Y">Koyré, Alexandre</a> (1968). <i id="mwC4c">From the Closed World to the Infinite Universe</i>. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press. p. 101. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwC4k">ISBN</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0801803470" title="Special:BookSources/0801803470" id="mwC4s"><bdi id="mwC4w">0801803470</bdi></a></cite>: "... the void, according to Descartes, is not only <i id="mwC5A">physically impossible</i>, it is essentially impossible. Void space –- if there were anything of the kind –- would be a <i lang="la" id="mwC5g">contradictio in adjecto</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" id="mwC5k" />, an existing nothing ... To speak of ten feet of void space separating two bodies is meaningless: if there were a void, there would be no separation, and bodies separated by <i id="mwC5w">nothing</i> would be in contact."</li>
<li id="cite_note-142" data-mw-footnote-number="138"><a href="#cite_ref-142" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwC54">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwC6A" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Citation &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Citation&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;author&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Descartes, R.&quot;},&quot;author-link&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;René Descartes&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1824–1826&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Les principes de la philosophie (1644)&quot;},&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;http://gallica.bnf.fr/document?O=N094260&quot;},&quot;editor&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Cousin, V.&quot;},&quot;journal&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Oeuvres de Descartes&quot;},&quot;volume&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;3&quot;},&quot;place&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Paris&quot;},&quot;publisher&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;F.-G. Levrault&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite id="CITEREFDescartes,_R.1824–1826" class="citation cs2"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Descartes" class="mw-selflink selflink" id="mwC6E">Descartes, R.</a> (1824–1826), Cousin, V. (ed.), <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/document?O=N094260" class="external text" id="mwC6I">"Les principes de la philosophie (1644)"</a>, <i id="mwC6M">Oeuvres de Descartes</i>, <b id="mwC6Q">3</b>, Paris: F.-G. Levrault</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-143" data-mw-footnote-number="139"><a href="#cite_ref-143" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwC6c">↑</a> Descartes, 1644; Zehe, 1980, pp. 65–70; Van Lunteren, p. 47</li>
<li id="cite_note-zehe-144" data-mw-footnote-number="140"><a href="#cite_ref-zehe_144-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwC6o">↑</a> Zehe (1980), Secondary sources</li>
<li id="cite_note-145" data-mw-footnote-number="141"><a href="#cite_ref-145" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwC60">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwC68" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Cite book &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_book&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;last&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Cao&quot;},&quot;first&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Tian Yu&quot;},&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://books.google.com/books?id=vaCsDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=descartes+magnetism+effluvia+rarefied&amp;pg=PA22&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Conceptual Development of 20th Century Field Theories&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2019-10-03&quot;},&quot;publisher&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Cambridge University Press&quot;},&quot;isbn&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;978-1-108-47607-2&quot;},&quot;language&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite id="CITEREFCao2019" class="citation book cs1">Cao, Tian Yu (3 October 2019). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vaCsDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=descartes+magnetism+effluvia+rarefied&amp;pg=PA22" class="external text" id="mwC7A"><i id="mwC7E">Conceptual Development of 20th Century Field Theories</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwC7I">ISBN</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-47607-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-47607-2" id="mwC7Q"><bdi id="mwC7U">978-1-108-47607-2</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-146" data-mw-footnote-number="142"><a href="#cite_ref-146" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwC7g">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwC7o" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Cite journal &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_journal&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;last&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Baldassarri&quot;},&quot;first&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Fabrizio&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2023&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;René Descartes's Natural Philosophy and Particular Bodies&quot;},&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-48663-0_4&quot;},&quot;journal&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Studies in History and Philosophy of Science&quot;},&quot;volume&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;60&quot;},&quot;language&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;en&quot;},&quot;pages&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;75–116&quot;},&quot;doi&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;10.1007/978-3-031-48663-0&quot;},&quot;isbn&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;978-3-031-48662-3&quot;},&quot;issn&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1871-7381&quot;},&quot;url-access&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;subscription&quot;},&quot;hdl&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;10278/5045066&quot;},&quot;hdl-access&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;free&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite id="mwC7s" class="citation journal cs1" data-x-id="CITEREFBaldassarri2023">Baldassarri, Fabrizio (2023). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-48663-0_4" class="external text" id="mwC70">"René Descartes's Natural Philosophy and Particular Bodies"</a>. <i id="mwC74">Studies in History and Philosophy of Science</i>. <b id="mwC78">60</b>: 75–116. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwC8E">doi</a>:<a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-031-48663-0" class="external text" id="mwC8I">10.1007/978-3-031-48663-0</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" title="Hdl (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwC8M">hdl</a>:<a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10278%2F5045066" class="external text" id="mwC8U">10278/5045066</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwC8Y">ISBN</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-48662-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-48662-3" id="mwC8g"><bdi id="mwC8k">978-3-031-48662-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" title="ISSN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwC8o">ISSN</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1871-7381" class="external text" id="mwC8w">1871-7381</a>.</cite><code class="cs1-code" id="mwC88">{{<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal" id="mwC9A">cite journal</a>}}</code>:  CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_periodical_has_ISBN" title="Category:CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN" id="mwC9E">link</a>)<link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:CS1_maint:_periodical_has_ISBN" id="mwC9I" /></li>
<li id="cite_note-147" data-mw-footnote-number="143"><a href="#cite_ref-147" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwC9Q">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwC9Y" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Citation &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Citation&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;last&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Richet&quot;},&quot;first&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Pascal&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;A History of Glass Science&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2021&quot;},&quot;encyclopedia&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Encyclopedia of Glass Science, Technology, History, and Culture&quot;},&quot;pages&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1413–1440&quot;},&quot;editor-last&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Richet&quot;},&quot;editor-first&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Pascal&quot;},&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118801017.ch10.11&quot;},&quot;access-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2025-03-27&quot;},&quot;edition&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1&quot;},&quot;publisher&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Wiley&quot;},&quot;language&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;en&quot;},&quot;doi&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;10.1002/9781118801017.ch10.11&quot;},&quot;isbn&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;978-1-118-79942-0&quot;},&quot;editor2-last&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Conradt&quot;},&quot;editor2-first&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Reinhard&quot;},&quot;editor3-last&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Takada&quot;},&quot;editor3-first&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Akira&quot;},&quot;editor4-last&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Dyon&quot;},&quot;editor4-first&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Joël&quot;},&quot;url-access&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;subscription&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite id="CITEREFRichet2021" class="citation cs2">Richet, Pascal (2021), <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118801017.ch10.11" class="external text" id="mwC9g">"A History of Glass Science"</a>, in Richet, Pascal; Conradt, Reinhard; Takada, Akira; Dyon, Joël (eds.), <i id="mwC9k">Encyclopedia of Glass Science, Technology, History, and Culture</i> (1 ed.), Wiley, pp. 1413–1440, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwC90">doi</a>:<a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118801017.ch10.11" class="external text" id="mwC94">10.1002/9781118801017.ch10.11</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwC98">ISBN</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-79942-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-79942-0" id="mwC-E"><bdi id="mwC-I">978-1-118-79942-0</bdi></a>, retrieved 27 March 2025</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-148" data-mw-footnote-number="144"><a href="#cite_ref-148" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwC-c">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwC-k" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cite book &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_book&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;last&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Tipler&quot;},&quot;first&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;P.A. and G. Mosca&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Physics For Scientists And Engineers&quot;},&quot;publisher&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;W.H. Freeman&quot;},&quot;year&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2004&quot;},&quot;isbn&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;978-0-7167-4389-7&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite id="CITEREFTipler2004" class="citation book cs1">Tipler, P.A. and G. Mosca (2004). <i id="mwC-o">Physics For Scientists And Engineers</i>. W.H. Freeman. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwC-s">ISBN</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-4389-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-4389-7" id="mwC-0"><bdi id="mwC-4">978-0-7167-4389-7</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-149" data-mw-footnote-number="145"><a href="#cite_ref-149" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwC_E">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwC_M" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cite encyclopedia &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_encyclopedia&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;year&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2008&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;René Descartes&quot;},&quot;encyclopedia&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Encarta&quot;},&quot;publisher&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Microsoft&quot;},&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761555262/Rene_Descartes.html#s3&quot;},&quot;access-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;15 August 2007&quot;},&quot;archive-url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20070907142158/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761555262/Rene_Descartes.html&quot;},&quot;archive-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;7 September 2007&quot;},&quot;url-status&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;dead&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1" id="mwC_Q"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070907142158/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761555262/Rene_Descartes.html" class="external text" id="mwC_U">"René Descartes"</a>. <i id="mwC_Y">Encarta</i>. Microsoft. 2008. Archived from <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761555262/Rene_Descartes.html#s3" class="external text" data-mw-original-href="http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761555262/Rene_Descartes.html#s3" id="mwC_c">the original</a> on 7 September 2007. Retrieved 15 August 2007.</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-:02-150" data-mw-footnote-number="146"><a href="#cite_ref-:02_150-0" id="mwC_w">1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_150-1" id="mwC_4">2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_150-2" id="mwDAA">3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_150-3" id="mwDAI">4</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwDAQ" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Cite book &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_book&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;last&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Frisinger&quot;},&quot;first&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;H. Howard&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;The history of meteorology to 1800&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1977&quot;},&quot;publisher&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Science History Publications&quot;},&quot;isbn&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;0-88202-036-6&quot;},&quot;location&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;New York&quot;},&quot;oclc&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1694190&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite id="CITEREFFrisinger1977" class="citation book cs1">Frisinger, H. Howard (1977). <i id="mwDAU">The history of meteorology to 1800</i>. New York: Science History Publications. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwDAY">ISBN</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88202-036-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-88202-036-6" id="mwDAg"><bdi id="mwDAk">0-88202-036-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" title="OCLC (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwDAo">OCLC</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1694190" class="external text" id="mwDAw">1694190</a>.</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-:12-151" data-mw-footnote-number="147"><a href="#cite_ref-:12_151-0" id="mwDA8">1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_151-1" id="mwDBE">2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_151-2" id="mwDBM">3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_151-3" id="mwDBU">4</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwDBc" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Cite book &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_book&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;last&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Martin&quot;},&quot;first&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Craig&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Renaissance meteorology : Pomponazzi to Descartes&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2011&quot;},&quot;publisher&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Johns Hopkins University Press&quot;},&quot;isbn&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;978-1-4214-0244-4&quot;},&quot;location&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Baltimore&quot;},&quot;oclc&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;794700393&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite id="CITEREFMartin2011" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Craig (2011). <i id="mwDBg">Renaissance meteorology : Pomponazzi to Descartes</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwDBo">ISBN</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0244-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0244-4" id="mwDBw"><bdi id="mwDB0">978-1-4214-0244-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" title="OCLC (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwDB4">OCLC</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/794700393" class="external text" id="mwDCA">794700393</a>.</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-Russell2004p516-152" data-mw-footnote-number="148"><a href="#cite_ref-Russell2004p516_152-0" id="mwDCM">1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russell2004p516_152-1" id="mwDCU">2</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwDCc" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cite book &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_book&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;first&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Bertrand&quot;},&quot;last&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Russell&quot;},&quot;author-link&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Bertrand Russell&quot;},&quot;year&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2004&quot;},&quot;orig-year&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1st Allen &amp; Unwin pub. 1945&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;[[History of Western Philosophy]]&quot;},&quot;publisher&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Psychology Press&quot;},&quot;pages&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;511, 516–17&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite id="CITEREFRussell2004" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell" id="mwDCg">Russell, Bertrand</a> (2004) [1st Allen &amp; Unwin pub. 1945]. <i id="mwDCk"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Western_Philosophy" title="History of Western Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" id="mwDCo">History of Western Philosophy</a></i>. Psychology Press. pp. 511, 516–17.</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-153" data-mw-footnote-number="149"><a href="#cite_ref-153" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwDC8">↑</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="#CITEREFHeidegger2002" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwDDE" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;harvnb&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Harvnb&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Heidegger&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2002&quot;},&quot;p&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;76&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}">Heidegger 2002</a>, p. 76: "Descartes ... that which he himself founded ... modern (and that means, at the same time, Western) metaphysics."</li>
<li id="cite_note-154" data-mw-footnote-number="150"><a href="#cite_ref-154" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwDDo">↑</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tad_Schmaltz" title="Tad Schmaltz" id="mwDDw">Schmaltz, Tad M.</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pIYcUBCOrNgC&amp;pg=PA27" class="external text" id="mwDD0"><i id="mwDD4">Radical Cartesianism: The French Reception of Descartes</i></a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816214240/https://books.google.com/books?id=pIYcUBCOrNgC&amp;pg=PA27" class="external text" id="mwDD8" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Webarchive&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Webarchive&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20210816214240/https://books.google.com/books?id=pIYcUBCOrNgC&amp;pg=PA27&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;16 August 2021&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}">Archived</a> 16 August 2021 at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" id="mwDEE">Wayback Machine</a><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" id="mwDEI" /> p. 27: "The Descartes most familiar to twentieth-century philosophers is the Descartes of the first two <i id="mwDEM">Meditations</i>, someone preoccupied with hyperbolic doubt of the material world and the certainty of knowledge of the self that emerges from the famous <i lang="la" id="mwDEU">cogito</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" id="mwDEY" /> argument".</li>
<li id="cite_note-155" data-mw-footnote-number="151"><a href="#cite_ref-155" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwDEg">↑</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Wood_Sellars" title="Roy Wood Sellars" id="mwDEo">Roy Wood Sellars</a> (1949) <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://archive.org/details/philosophyforfut00sell" class="external text" id="mwDEs"><i id="mwDEw">Philosophy for the future: the quest of modern materialism</i></a> "Husserl has taken Descartes very seriously in a historical as well as in a systematic sense [...] [in <i id="mwDE8">The Crisis of the European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology</i>, Husserl] finds in the first two Meditations of Descartes a depth which it is difficult to fathom, and which Descartes himself was so little able to appreciate that he let go 'the great discovery' he had in his hands."</li>
<li id="cite_note-156" data-mw-footnote-number="152"><a href="#cite_ref-156" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwDFE">↑</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="#CITEREFHeidegger2002" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwDFM" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;harvnb&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Harvnb&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Heidegger&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2002&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}">Heidegger 2002</a>: "For up to Descartes ... a particular <i lang="la" id="mwDFc">sub-iectum</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" id="mwDFg" /> ... lies at the foundation of its own fixed qualities and changing circumstances. The superiority of a <i lang="la" id="mwDFw">sub-iectum</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" id="mwDF0" /> ... arises out of the claim of man to a ... self-supported, unshakeable foundation of truth, in the sense of certainty. Why and how does this claim acquire its decisive authority? The claim originates in that emancipation of man in which he frees himself from obligation to Christian revelational truth and Church doctrine to a legislating for himself that takes its stand upon itself."</li>
<li id="cite_note-Ingraffia95p126-157" data-mw-footnote-number="153"><a href="#cite_ref-Ingraffia95p126_157-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwDGM">↑</a> Ingraffia, Brian D. (1995) <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LHjZYbOLG8cC&amp;pg=PA126" class="external text" id="mwDGU"><i id="mwDGY">Postmodern theory and biblical theology: vanquishing God's shadow</i></a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816214231/https://books.google.com/books?id=LHjZYbOLG8cC&amp;pg=PA126" class="external text" id="mwDGc" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Webarchive&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Webarchive&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20210816214231/https://books.google.com/books?id=LHjZYbOLG8cC&amp;pg=PA126&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;16 August 2021&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}">Archived</a> 16 August 2021 at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" id="mwDGk">Wayback Machine</a><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" id="mwDGo" /> p. 126</li>
<li id="cite_note-158" data-mw-footnote-number="154"><a href="#cite_ref-158" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwDGw">↑</a> Norman K. Swazo (2002) <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=INP_cy6Mu7EC&amp;pg=PA97" class="external text" id="mwDG4"><i id="mwDG8">Crisis theory and world order: Heideggerian reflections</i></a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816214249/https://books.google.com/books?id=INP_cy6Mu7EC&amp;pg=PA97" class="external text" id="mwDHA" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Webarchive&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Webarchive&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20210816214249/https://books.google.com/books?id=INP_cy6Mu7EC&amp;pg=PA97&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;16 August 2021&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}">Archived</a> 16 August 2021 at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" id="mwDHI">Wayback Machine</a><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" id="mwDHM" /> pp. 97–99</li>
<li id="cite_note-Lovitt77pxxv-159" data-mw-footnote-number="155"><a href="#cite_ref-Lovitt77pxxv_159-0" id="mwDHU">1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lovitt77pxxv_159-1" id="mwDHc">2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lovitt77pxxv_159-2" id="mwDHk">3</a> Lovitt, Tom (1977) introduction to <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger" id="mwDHs">Martin Heidegger</a>'s <i id="mwDHw">The question concerning technology, and other essays</i>, pp. xxv–xxvi</li>
<li id="cite_note-160" data-mw-footnote-number="156"><a href="#cite_ref-160" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwDH4">↑</a> Briton, Derek <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://archive.org/details/modernpracticeof0000brit/page/76" class="external text" id="mwDIA"><i id="mwDIE">The modern practice of adult education: a postmodern critique</i></a> p. 76</li>
<li id="cite_note-161" data-mw-footnote-number="157"><a href="#cite_ref-161" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwDIM">↑</a> Martin Heidegger <i id="mwDIU">The Word of Nietzsche: God is Dead</i> pp. 88–90</li>
<li id="cite_note-162" data-mw-footnote-number="158"><a href="#cite_ref-162" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwDIc">↑</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="#CITEREFHeidegger2002" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwDIk" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;harvnb&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Harvnb&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Heidegger&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2002&quot;},&quot;p&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;75&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}">Heidegger 2002</a>, p. 75: "With the interpretation of man as <i lang="la" id="mwDI4">subiectum</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" id="mwDI8" />, Descartes creates the metaphysical presupposition for future anthropology of every kind and tendency."</li>
<li id="cite_note-163" data-mw-footnote-number="159"><a href="#cite_ref-163" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwDJE">↑</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_I._Schwartz" title="Benjamin I. Schwartz" id="mwDJM">Schwartz, B. I.</a>, <i id="mwDJQ">China and Other Matters</i> (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996), <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wt4XDLEpjWYC&amp;pg=PA95" class="external text" id="mwDJU">p. 95</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816214238/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wt4XDLEpjWYC&amp;pg=PA95" class="external text" id="mwDJY" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Webarchive&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Webarchive&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20210816214238/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wt4XDLEpjWYC&amp;pg=PA95&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;16 August 2021&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}">Archived</a> 16 August 2021 at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" id="mwDJg">Wayback Machine</a><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" id="mwDJk" />: "... the kind of anthropocentric subjectivism which has emerged from the Cartesian revolution".</li>
<li id="cite_note-164" data-mw-footnote-number="160"><a href="#cite_ref-164" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwDJw">↑</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_B._Guignon" title="Charles B. Guignon" class="mw-redirect" id="mwDJ4">Charles B. Guignon</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5vFCfdWD5QEC&amp;pg=PA23" class="external text" id="mwDJ8"><i id="mwDKA">Heidegger and the problem of knowledge</i></a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816214243/https://books.google.com/books?id=5vFCfdWD5QEC&amp;pg=PA23" class="external text" id="mwDKE" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Webarchive&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Webarchive&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20210816214243/https://books.google.com/books?id=5vFCfdWD5QEC&amp;pg=PA23&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;16 August 2021&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}">Archived</a> 16 August 2021 at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" id="mwDKM">Wayback Machine</a><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" id="mwDKQ" /> p. 23</li>
<li id="cite_note-165" data-mw-footnote-number="161"><a href="#cite_ref-165" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwDKY">↑</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl" id="mwDKg">Husserl, Edmund</a> (1931) <i id="mwDKk"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_Meditations:_An_Introduction_to_Phenomenology" title="Cartesian Meditations: An Introduction to Phenomenology" class="mw-redirect" id="mwDKo">Cartesian Meditations: An Introduction to Phenomenology</a></i>: "When, with the beginning of modern times, religious belief was becoming more and more externalized as a lifeless convention, men of intellect were lifted by a new belief: their great belief in an autonomous philosophy and science. [...] in philosophy, the <i id="mwDK0">Meditations</i> were epoch-making in a quite unique sense, and precisely because of their going back to the pure <i lang="la" id="mwDK8">ego cogito</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" id="mwDLA" />. Descartes's work has been used, in fact to inaugurates an entirely new kind of philosophy. Changing its total style, philosophy takes a radical turn: from naïve objectivism to transcendental subjectivism."</li>
<li id="cite_note-166" data-mw-footnote-number="162"><a href="#cite_ref-166" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwDLI">↑</a> Maclean, I., introduction to Descartes, R., <i id="mwDLQ">A Discourse on the Method of Correctly Conducting One's Reason and Seeking Truth in the Sciences</i> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f9B3zzrPOY4C&amp;pg=PR43" class="external text" id="mwDLU">pp. xliii–xliv</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816214235/https://books.google.com/books?id=f9B3zzrPOY4C&amp;pg=PR43" class="external text" id="mwDLY" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Webarchive&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Webarchive&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20210816214235/https://books.google.com/books?id=f9B3zzrPOY4C&amp;pg=PR43&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;16 August 2021&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}">Archived</a> 16 August 2021 at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" id="mwDLg">Wayback Machine</a><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" id="mwDLk" />.</li>
<li id="cite_note-167" data-mw-footnote-number="163"><a href="#cite_ref-167" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwDLs">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwDL0" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cite book &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_book&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;last1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Cottingham&quot;},&quot;first1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;John&quot;},&quot;author-link&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;John Cottingham&quot;},&quot;first2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Dugald&quot;},&quot;last2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Murdoch&quot;},&quot;first3&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Robert&quot;},&quot;last3&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Stoothof&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;The Philosophical Writings of Descartes&quot;},&quot;chapter-url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://books.google.com/books?id=T5cSfRS4m5QC&amp;pg=PA293&quot;},&quot;chapter&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Comments on a Certain Broadsheet&quot;},&quot;publisher&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Cambridge University Press&quot;},&quot;year&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1984&quot;},&quot;page&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;293&quot;},&quot;isbn&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;978-0-521-28807-1&quot;},&quot;access-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;24 May 2020&quot;},&quot;archive-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1 August 2020&quot;},&quot;archive-url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20200801015720/https://books.google.com/books?id=T5cSfRS4m5QC&amp;pg=PA293&quot;},&quot;url-status&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;live&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite id="CITEREFCottinghamMurdochStoothof1984" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cottingham" title="John Cottingham" id="mwDL4">Cottingham, John</a>; Murdoch, Dugald; Stoothof, Robert (1984). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T5cSfRS4m5QC&amp;pg=PA293" class="external text" id="mwDL8">"Comments on a Certain Broadsheet"</a>. <i id="mwDMA">The Philosophical Writings of Descartes</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 293. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwDMI">ISBN</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-28807-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-28807-1" id="mwDMQ"><bdi id="mwDMU">978-0-521-28807-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801015720/https://books.google.com/books?id=T5cSfRS4m5QC&amp;pg=PA293" class="external text" id="mwDMY">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020.</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECottinghamWilliams199650-168" data-mw-footnote-number="164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECottinghamWilliams199650_168-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwDMs">↑</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="#CITEREFCottinghamWilliams1996" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwDM0">Cottingham &amp; Williams 1996</a>, p. 50.</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGottlieb201623-169" data-mw-footnote-number="165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGottlieb201623_169-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwDNE">↑</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="#CITEREFGottlieb2016" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwDNM">Gottlieb 2016</a>, p. 23.</li>
<li id="cite_note-170" data-mw-footnote-number="166"><a href="#cite_ref-170" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwDNY">↑</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_J._Cook" title="Harold J. Cook" id="mwDNg">Cook, H. J.</a>, in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Porter" title="Roy Porter" id="mwDNk">Porter, R.</a>, &amp; <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikuláš_Teich" title="Mikuláš Teich" id="mwDNo">Teich, M.</a>, eds., <i id="mwDNs">The Scientific Revolution in National Context</i> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l61fl6Z1sxQC&amp;pg=PA127" class="external text" id="mwDNw">pp. 127–29</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211216195812/https://books.google.com/books?id=l61fl6Z1sxQC&amp;pg=PA127" class="external text" id="mwDN0" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Webarchive&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Webarchive&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20211216195812/https://books.google.com/books?id=l61fl6Z1sxQC&amp;pg=PA127&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;16 December 2021&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}">Archived</a> 16 December 2021 at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" id="mwDN8">Wayback Machine</a><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" id="mwDOA" />.</li>
<li id="cite_note-171" data-mw-footnote-number="167"><a href="#cite_ref-171" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwDOI">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwDOQ" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cite book&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_book&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Descartes on Polyhedra: A Study of the \&quot;De solidorum elementis\&quot;&quot;},&quot;title-link&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Descartes on Polyhedra&quot;},&quot;first&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Pasquale Joseph&quot;},&quot;last&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Federico&quot;},&quot;author-link&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Pasquale Joseph Federico&quot;},&quot;series&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Sources in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences&quot;},&quot;volume&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;4&quot;},&quot;publisher&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Springer&quot;},&quot;year&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1982&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite id="CITEREFFederico1982" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasquale_Joseph_Federico" title="Pasquale Joseph Federico" id="mwDOU">Federico, Pasquale Joseph</a> (1982). <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descartes_on_Polyhedra" title="Descartes on Polyhedra" id="mwDOY"><i id="mwDOc">Descartes on Polyhedra: A Study of the "De solidorum elementis"</i></a>. Sources in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences. Vol. 4. Springer.</cite></li>
<li id="cite_note-172" data-mw-footnote-number="168"><a href="#cite_ref-172" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwDOs">↑</a> Cottingham, J., Murdoch, D., &amp; Stoothof, R., trans. and eds., <i id="mwDO0">The Philosophical Writings of Descartes</i>, Vol. 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1984), <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j9D3CwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT264" class="external text" id="mwDO4">pp. 264ff</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816214238/https://books.google.com/books?id=j9D3CwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT264" class="external text" id="mwDO8" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Webarchive&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Webarchive&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20210816214238/https://books.google.com/books?id=j9D3CwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT264&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;16 August 2021&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}">Archived</a> 16 August 2021 at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" id="mwDPE">Wayback Machine</a><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" id="mwDPI" />.</li>
<li id="cite_note-173" data-mw-footnote-number="169"><a href="#cite_ref-173" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwDPQ">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwDPY" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cite news &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_news&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;last&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Vlasblom&quot;},&quot;first&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Dirk&quot;},&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;http://www.nrc.nl/international/article2492445.ece/Unknown_letter_from_Descartes_found&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Unknown letter from Descartes found&quot;},&quot;newspaper&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;[[NRC.nl]]&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;25 February 2010&quot;},&quot;access-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;30 May 2012&quot;},&quot;archive-url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20161108023903/http://vorige.nrc.nl/international/article2492445.ece/Unknown_letter_from_Descartes_found&quot;},&quot;archive-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;8 November 2016&quot;},&quot;language&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;nl&quot;},&quot;url-status&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;dead&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite id="CITEREFVlasblom2010" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vlasblom, Dirk (25 February 2010). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161108023903/http://vorige.nrc.nl/international/article2492445.ece/Unknown_letter_from_Descartes_found" class="external text" id="mwDPc">"Unknown letter from Descartes found"</a>. <i id="mwDPg"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRC.nl" title="NRC.nl" class="mw-redirect" id="mwDPk">NRC.nl</a></i> (in Dutch). Archived from <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://www.nrc.nl/international/article2492445.ece/Unknown_letter_from_Descartes_found" class="external text" id="mwDPo">the original</a> on 8 November 2016. Retrieved 30 May 2012.</cite><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:CS1_Dutch-language_sources_(nl)" id="mwDP4" /></li>
<li id="cite_note-174" data-mw-footnote-number="170"><a href="#cite_ref-174" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwDQA">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwDQI" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cite news &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_news&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;language&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;nl&quot;},&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;http://www.nrc.nl/wetenschap/article2491995.ece/Hoe_Descartes_in_1641_op_andere_gedachten_kwam&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Hoe Descartes in 1641 op andere gedachten kwam&quot;},&quot;last&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Vlasblom&quot;},&quot;first&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Dirk&quot;},&quot;archive-url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20161027192606/http://vorige.nrc.nl/wetenschap/article2491995.ece/Hoe_Descartes_in_1641_op_andere_gedachten_kwam&quot;},&quot;archive-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;27 October 2016&quot;},&quot;newspaper&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;[[NRC.nl]]&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite id="CITEREFVlasblom" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vlasblom, Dirk. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161027192606/http://vorige.nrc.nl/wetenschap/article2491995.ece/Hoe_Descartes_in_1641_op_andere_gedachten_kwam" class="external text" id="mwDQM">"Hoe Descartes in 1641 op andere gedachten kwam"</a>. <i id="mwDQQ"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRC.nl" title="NRC.nl" class="mw-redirect" id="mwDQU">NRC.nl</a></i> (in Dutch). Archived from <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://www.nrc.nl/wetenschap/article2491995.ece/Hoe_Descartes_in_1641_op_andere_gedachten_kwam" class="external text" id="mwDQY">the original</a> on 27 October 2016.</cite><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:CS1_Dutch-language_sources_(nl)" id="mwDQg" /></li>
</ol></div>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="42" id="mwDQk" aria-labelledby="Sources"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&amp;action=edit&amp;section=42" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1365158831" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Refbegin/styles.css&quot;}}" /><div class="refbegin  refbegin-columns references-column-width&#10;" style="column-width: 30em" id="mwDQs">
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><cite id="CITEREFBruno1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_C._Bruno" title="Leonard C. Bruno">Bruno, Leonard C.</a> (1999). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://archive.org/details/mathmathematicia00brun" class="external text">"René Descartes"</a>. In Baker, Lawrence W. (ed.). <i>Math and Mathematicians: The History of Math Discoveries Around the World</i>. Vol. 1. Detroit, Michigan: U X L. pp. 99–105. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect">ISBN</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-3813-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-3813-9"><bdi>978-0-7876-3813-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" title="OCLC (identifier)" class="mw-redirect">OCLC</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41497065" class="external text">41497065</a>. Retrieved 28 August 2026 – via Archive.org.</cite></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><cite id="CITEREFClarke2006" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Clarke" title="Desmond Clarke">Clarke, Desmond</a> (2006). <i>Descartes: A Biography</i>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect">ISBN</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82301-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82301-2"><bdi>978-0-521-82301-2</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><cite id="CITEREFCottingham1992" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cottingham" title="John Cottingham">Cottingham, John</a>, ed. (1992). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://archive.org/details/the-cambridge-companion-to-descartes-john-cottingham/" class="external text"><i>The Cambridge Companion to Descartes</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect">ISBN</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36696-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36696-0"><bdi>978-0-521-36696-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 August 2026 – via Archive.org.</cite></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><cite id="CITEREFCottinghamWilliams1996" class="citation book cs1">Cottingham, John; Williams, B., eds. (1996). "Sixth Meditation: The existence of material things, and the real distinction between mind and body". <i>Descartes: Meditations on First Philosophy: With Selections from the Objections and Replies</i>. Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 50–62. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)" class="mw-redirect">doi</a>:<a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511805028.012" class="external text">10.1017/CBO9780511805028.012</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect">ISBN</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521558181" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521558181"><bdi>978-0521558181</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><cite id="CITEREFCunning2014" class="citation book cs1">Cunning, David (2014). <i>The Cambridge Companion to Descartes' Meditations</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect">ISBN</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-72914-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-72914-8"><bdi>978-1-107-72914-8</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><cite id="CITEREFDicker2013" class="citation book cs1">Dicker, Georges (2013). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://archive.org/details/georges-dicker-descartes-an-analytical-and-historical-introduction/" class="external text"><i>Descartes: An Analytic and Historical Introduction</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect">ISBN</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538032-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538032-3"><bdi>978-0-19-538032-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 August 2026 – via Archive.org.</cite></li>
<li>Farrell, John. "Demons of Descartes and Hobbes." <i>Paranoia and Modernity: Cervantes to Rousseau</i> (Cornell UP, 2006), chapter 7.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><cite id="CITEREFGaukroger1995" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Gaukroger" title="Stephen Gaukroger">Gaukroger, Stephen</a> (1995). <i>Descartes: An Intellectual Biography</i>. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect">ISBN</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823994-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823994-9"><bdi>978-0-19-823994-9</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li>Gillespie, A. (2006). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100618050955/http://stir.academia.edu/documents/0011/0112/Gillespie_Descartes_demon_a_dialogical_analysis_of_meditations_on_first_philosophy.pdf" class="external text">Descartes' Demon: A Dialogical Analysis of 'Meditations on First Philosophy.'</a> <i>Theory &amp; Psychology</i>, 16, 761–781.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><cite id="CITEREFGottlieb2016" class="citation book cs1">Gottlieb, Anthony (2016). <i>The Dream of Enlightenment: The Rise of Modern Philosophy</i>. Allen Lane. p. 301. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect">ISBN</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0871404435" title="Special:BookSources/978-0871404435"><bdi>978-0871404435</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._C._Grayling" title="A. C. Grayling">Grayling, A. C.</a> (2005). <i>Descartes: The Life of René Descartes and Its Place in His Times</i>, The Free Press, London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect">ISBN</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-74323-147-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-74323-147-3"><bdi>978-0-74323-147-3</bdi></a>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><cite id="CITEREFHeidegger2002" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger, Martin</a> (2002) [Originally published 1938, in German]. "<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age_of_the_World_Picture" title="The Age of the World Picture">The Age of the World Picture</a>". <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201121122353/https://books.google.com/books?id=QImd2ARqQPMC&amp;pg=PA66" class="external text"><i>Off the Beaten Track</i></a>. Translated by Young, Julian; Haynes, Kenneth. Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–85. Archived from <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QImd2ARqQPMC&amp;pg=PA66" class="external text">the original</a> on 21 November 2020.</cite> Essay originally published as "Die Zeit des Weltbildes<link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" />" in the collection <i lang="de">Holzwege</i><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" />.</li>
<li>Monnoyeur, Françoise (November 2017), <i>Matière et espace dans le système cartésien</i>, Paris, Harmattan, 266 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect">ISBN</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-343-13394-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-343-13394-2"><bdi>978-2-343-13394-2</bdi></a>.</li>
<li>Moreno Romo, Juan Carlos, <i>Vindicación del cartesianismo radical</i>, Anthropos, Barcelona, 2010.</li>
<li>Moreno Romo, Juan Carlos (Coord.), <i>Descartes vivo. Ejercicios de hermenéutica cartesiana</i>, Anthropos, Barcelona, 2007.</li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri, Antonio</a> (2007) <i>The Political Descartes</i>, Verso.</li>
<li>Sasaki Chikara (2003). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H1H1CAAAQBAJ" class="external text"><i>Descartes's Mathematical Thought</i></a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210305045904/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=H1H1CAAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0" class="external text">Archived</a> 5 March 2021 at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" />. (Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, 237.) xiv + 496 pp., bibl., indexes. Dordrecht/Boston/London: Kluwer Academic Publishers.</li>
<li>Serfati, Michel, 2005, "Géometrie" in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivor_Grattan-Guinness" title="Ivor Grattan-Guinness">Ivor Grattan-Guinness</a>, ed., <i>Landmark Writings in Western Mathematics</i>. Elsevier: 1–22.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><cite id="CITEREFWatson2002" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Watson_(philosopher)" title="Richard Watson (philosopher)">Watson, Richard</a> (2002). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781567921847" class="external text"><i>Cogito, Ergo Sum: The Life of René Descartes</i></a>. Boston: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_R._Godine,_Publisher" title="David R. Godine, Publisher" class="mw-redirect">David R. Godine</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect">ISBN</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56792-184-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-56792-184-1"><bdi>1-56792-184-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 August 2026 – via Archive.org.</cite> Was chosen by the New York Public library as one of "25 Books to Remember from 2002".</li>
<li>Frisinger, H. Howard. "Chapter 3 ." The History of Meteorology: To 1800, American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA, 1983, pp. 37–40. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect">ISBN</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0882020365" title="Special:BookSources/978-0882020365"><bdi>978-0882020365</bdi></a></li>
<li>Martin, Craig. "Chapter 6." Renaissance Meteorology: Pomponazzi to Descartes, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect">ISBN</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1421401874" title="Special:BookSources/978-1421401874"><bdi>978-1421401874</bdi></a></li></ul></div>
</section></section><section data-mw-section-id="43" id="mwDQw" aria-labelledby="External_links"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&amp;action=edit&amp;section=43" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div>
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<b>René Descartes</b>  at Wikipedia's <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div>
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition" class="mw-redirect">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<a rel="mw:WikiLink/Interwiki" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911%20Encyclopædia%20Britannica/Descartes,%20René" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Descartes, René" class="extiw">Descartes, René</a>".</div></div>
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<section data-mw-section-id="44" id="mwDRE" aria-labelledby="Digital_collections"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_collections">Digital collections</h3>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&amp;action=edit&amp;section=44" title="Edit section: Digital collections">edit</a>]</div>
<ul id="mwDRI"><li id="mwDRM"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/rene-descartes" class="external text" id="mwDRQ" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;StandardEbooks&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:StandardEbooks&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;Standard Ebooks URL&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/rene-descartes&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}">Works by René Descartes in eBook form</a> at <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks" id="mwDRU">Standard Ebooks</a></li>
<li id="mwDRY"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/44" class="external text" id="mwDRc" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Gutenberg author &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Gutenberg_author&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;44&quot;},&quot;name&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;René Descartes&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}">Works by René Descartes</a> at <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>
</li><li id="mwDRk"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Descartes%2C%20René%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22René%20Descartes%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Descartes%2C%20René%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22René%20Descartes%22%20OR%20title%3A%22René%20Descartes%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Descartes%2C%20René%22%20OR%20description%3A%22René%20Descartes%22%20OR%20%22Descartes%2C%20Rene%22%20OR%20%22Rene%20Descartes%22%29%20OR%20%28%221596-1650%22%20AND%20Descartes%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29" class="external text" id="mwDRo" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Internet Archive author &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Internet_Archive_author&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;sname&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;René Descartes&quot;},&quot;sopt&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;t&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}">Works by or about René Descartes</a> at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>
</li><li id="mwDRw"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://librivox.org/author/4158" class="external text" id="mwDR0" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Librivox author &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Librivox_author&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;4158&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}">Works by René Descartes</a> at <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img src="https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/20px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail" srcset="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/40px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x" alt="" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" data-file-type="drawing" height="15" width="15" class="mw-file-element" /></li><li id="mwDR8"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://www.earlymoderntexts.com" class="external text" id="mwDSA">EarlyModernTexts.com</a> — A site containing Descartes's main works, including correspondence, slightly modified for easier reading</li></ul></section><section data-mw-section-id="45" id="mwDSI" aria-labelledby="Physical_collections"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_collections">Physical collections</h3>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&amp;action=edit&amp;section=45" title="Edit section: Physical collections">edit</a>]</div>
<ul id="mwDSM"><li id="mwDSQ"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://emlo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/blog/?catalogue=rene-descartes" class="external text" id="mwDSU">The Correspondence of René Descartes</a> in <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://emlo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/home" class="external text" id="mwDSY">Early Modern Letters Online</a></li></ul></section><section data-mw-section-id="46" id="mwDSc" aria-labelledby="Biographical_links"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biographical_links">Biographical links</h3>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&amp;action=edit&amp;section=46" title="Edit section: Biographical links">edit</a>]</div>
<ul id="mwDSg"><li id="mwDSk"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Descartes.html" class="external text" id="mwDSo">Detailed biography of Descartes</a> at MacTutor</li>
<li id="mwDSs"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" id="mwDSw" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cite CE1913 &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_CE1913&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;wstitle&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;René Descartes&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" /><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" class="external text">"René Descartes" </a>. <i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite>
</li><li id="mwDS4"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/modlangfrench/20/" class="external text" id="mwDS8">René Descartes (1596–1650)</a> Published in <i id="mwDTA">Encyclopedia of Rhetoric and Composition</i> (1996)</li>
<li id="mwDTE"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=125358" class="external text" id="mwDTI" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;MathGenealogy &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:MathGenealogy&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;125358&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}">René Descartes</a> at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics_Genealogy_Project" title="Mathematics Genealogy Project" id="mwDTM">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></li></ul></section><section data-mw-section-id="47" id="mwDTQ" aria-labelledby="Bibliographies_and_works"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliographies_and_works">Bibliographies and works</h3>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&amp;action=edit&amp;section=47" title="Edit section: Bibliographies and works">edit</a>]</div>
<ul id="mwDTU"><li id="mwDTY"><i>Bibliografia cartesiana/Bibliographie cartésienne on-line (1997–2012)</i><sup>[<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ATODAY" title="Wikipedia:ATODAY" class="mw-redirect">link removed</a>]</sup></li><li id="mwDTk"><a rel="mw:WikiLink/Interwiki" href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Category:Descartes,%20René" title="scores:Category:Descartes, René" class="extiw" id="mwDTo" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;IMSLP &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:IMSLP&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Descartes, René&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}">Free scores by René Descartes</a> at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a> (IMSLP)<link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Composers_with_IMSLP_links" /></li></ul></section><section data-mw-section-id="48" id="mwDTw" aria-labelledby="Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy"><i id="mwDT0">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i></h3>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&amp;action=edit&amp;section=48" title="Edit section: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">edit</a>]</div>
<ul id="mwDT4"><li id="mwDT8"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes/" class="external text" id="mwDUA">Descartes</a></li>
<li id="mwDUE"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-works/" class="external text" id="mwDUI">Life and works</a></li>
<li id="mwDUM"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-epistemology/" class="external text" id="mwDUQ">Epistemology</a></li>
<li id="mwDUU"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-mathematics/" class="external text" id="mwDUY">Mathematics</a></li>
<li id="mwDUc"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-physics/" class="external text" id="mwDUg">Physics</a></li>
<li id="mwDUk"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-ethics/" class="external text" id="mwDUo">Ethics</a></li>
<li id="mwDUs"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/emotions-17th18th/LD2Descartes.html" class="external text" id="mwDUw">Emotions (Passions)</a></li>
<li id="mwDU0"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-method/" class="external text" id="mwDU4">Method</a></li>
<li id="mwDU8"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-modal/" class="external text" id="mwDVA">Modal Metaphysics</a></li>
<li id="mwDVE"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-ontological/" class="external text" id="mwDVI">Ontological Argument</a></li>
<li id="mwDVM"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-ideas/" class="external text" id="mwDVQ">Theory of Ideas</a></li>
<li id="mwDVU"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pineal-gland/" class="external text" id="mwDVY">Pineal Gland</a></li>
<li id="mwDVc"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-works/history.html" class="external text" id="mwDVg">Law Thesis</a></li></ul></section><section data-mw-section-id="49" id="mwDVk" aria-labelledby="Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy"><i id="mwDVo">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i></h3>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&amp;action=edit&amp;section=49" title="Edit section: Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">edit</a>]</div>
<ul id="mwDVs"><li id="mwDVw"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/descarte/" class="external text" id="mwDV0">Descartes</a></li>
<li id="mwDV4"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/desc-eth/" class="external text" id="mwDV8">Descartes: Ethics</a></li>
<li id="mwDWA"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/descmind/" class="external text" id="mwDWE">Descartes: Mind-Body Distinction</a></li>
<li id="mwDWI"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/desc-sci/" class="external text" id="mwDWM">Descartes: Scientific Method</a></li></ul></section><section data-mw-section-id="50" id="mwDWQ" aria-labelledby="Other"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Descartes&amp;action=edit&amp;section=50" title="Edit section: Other">edit</a>]</div>
<ul id="mwDWU"><li id="mwDWY">Video: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Magee" title="Bryan Magee" id="mwDWc">Bryan Magee</a> interviewing <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Williams" title="Bernard Williams" id="mwDWg">Bernard Williams</a> about Descartes on <i id="mwDWk"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_of_Ideas" title="Men of Ideas" id="mwDWo">Men of Ideas</a></i>: <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=44h9QuWcJYk" class="external text" id="mwDWs">Section 1</a>, <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tyddgzJF3-M" class="external text" id="mwDWw">Section 2</a></li></ul><div class="navbox-styles" id="mwDW0" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Navboxes\n&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Navboxes&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Articles related to René Descartes&quot;},&quot;list&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;{{Age of Enlightenment}}\n{{Metaphysics}}\n{{Mind–body dualism}}\n{{Epistemology}}\n{{Philosophical skepticism}}\n{{Philosophy of mind}}\n{{Philosophy of religion}}\n{{Consciousness}}\n{{Catholic philosophy footer}}\n{{History of Catholic theology}}&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1377086236" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Navbox/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" scoped="scoped"></style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_René_Descartes97" style="padding:3px" id="mwDW4"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="color:inherit;"><div id="Articles_related_to_René_Descartes97" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to René Descartes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px">
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<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li>
<li><i lang="la"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapere_aude" title="Sapere aude">Sapere aude</a></i>
</li><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_in_the_Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Science in the Age of Enlightenment" class="mw-redirect">Science</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_American_Enlightenment" title="Spanish American Enlightenment">Spanish America</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universality_(philosophy)" title="Universality (philosophy)" class="mw-redirect">Universality</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopianism" title="Utopianism" class="mw-redirect">Utopianism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Thinkers10165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Thinkers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Enlightenment" title="Austrian Enlightenment">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_von_Sonnenfels" title="Joseph von Sonnenfels">Sonnenfels</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_von_Zinzendorf" title="Karl von Zinzendorf">Zinzendorf</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_van_Swieten" title="Gerard van Swieten">Swieten</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Enlightenment" title="English Enlightenment" class="mw-redirect">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Addison" title="Joseph Addison">Addison</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury">Ashley-Cooper</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Bacon</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Collins_(philosopher)" title="Anthony Collins (philosopher)">Collins</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Gibbon</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Harrington_(author)" title="James Harrington (author)">Harrington</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Hooke</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Pope</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Price" title="Richard Price">Price</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds" title="Joshua Reynolds">Reynolds</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algernon_Sidney" title="Algernon Sidney">Sidney</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Tindal" title="Matthew Tindal">Tindal</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Enlightenment" title="French Enlightenment">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_le_Rond_d'Alembert" title="Jean le Rond d'Alembert" class="mw-redirect">d'Alembert</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Louis_de_Voyer_de_Paulmy_d'Argenson" title="René Louis de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson" class="mw-redirect">d'Argenson</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Bayle" title="Pierre Bayle">Bayle</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais" class="mw-redirect">Beaumarchais</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Chamfort" title="Nicolas Chamfort">Chamfort</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Émilie_du_Châtelet" title="Émilie du Châtelet">Châtelet</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Étienne_Bonnot_de_Condillac" title="Étienne Bonnot de Condillac">Condillac</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Descartes" class="mw-selflink selflink">Descartes</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Diderot</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Le_Bovier_de_Fontenelle" title="Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle">Fontenelle</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympe_de_Gouges" title="Olympe de Gouges">Gouges</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helvétius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_d'Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">d'Holbach</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Jaucourt" title="Louis de Jaucourt">Jaucourt</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julien_Offray_de_La_Mettrie" title="Julien Offray de La Mettrie">La Mettrie</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Lavoisier</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon">Leclerc</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably" title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably">Mably</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvain_Maréchal" title="Sylvain Maréchal">Maréchal</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Meslier</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Étienne-Gabriel_Morelly" title="Étienne-Gabriel Morelly">Morelly</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Pascal</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/François_Quesnay" title="François Quesnay">Quesnay</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Thomas_François_Raynal" title="Guillaume Thomas François Raynal">Raynal</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geneva</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmin_Abauzit" title="Firmin Abauzit">Abauzit</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bonnet" title="Charles Bonnet">Bonnet</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Burlamaqui" title="Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui">Burlamaqui</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Prévost_(physicist)" title="Pierre Prévost (physicist)" class="mw-redirect">Prévost</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Bénédict_de_Saussure" title="Horace Bénédict de Saussure">Saussure</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Enlightenment" title="German Enlightenment">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Lessing</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Christoph_Lichtenberg" title="Georg Christoph Lichtenberg">Lichtenberg</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Mendelssohn" title="Moses Mendelssohn">Mendelssohn</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Thomasius" title="Christian Thomasius">Thomasius</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Weishaupt" title="Adam Weishaupt">Weishaupt</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Martin_Wieland" title="Christoph Martin Wieland">Wieland</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(philosopher)" title="Christian Wolff (philosopher)">Wolff</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Greek_Enlightenment" title="Modern Greek Enlightenment">Greece</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoklitos_Farmakidis" title="Theoklitos Farmakidis">Farmakidis</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigas_Feraios" title="Rigas Feraios">Feraios</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophilos_Kairis" title="Theophilos Kairis">Kairis</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Korais</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_American_Enlightenment" title="Spanish American Enlightenment">Hispanic America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_Gervasio_Artigas" title="José Gervasio Artigas">Artigas</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_Baquíjano_y_Carrillo,_Count_of_Vistaflorida" title="José Baquíjano y Carrillo, Count of Vistaflorida">Baquíjano y Carrillo</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Belgrano" title="Manuel Belgrano">Belgrano</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrés_Bello" title="Andrés Bello">Bello</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simón_Bolívar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Javier_Clavijero" title="Francisco Javier Clavijero">Clavijero</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenio_Espejo" title="Eugenio Espejo">Espejo</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Hidalgo_y_Costilla" title="Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla">Hidalgo</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Miranda" title="Francisco de Miranda">Miranda</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Moreno" title="Mariano Moreno">Moreno</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardo_de_Monteagudo" title="Bernardo de Monteagudo">Monteagudo</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_Gaspar_Rodríguez_de_Francia" title="José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia">Rodríguez de Francia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ireland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">Berkeley</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Boyle</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Swift</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Toland" title="John Toland">Toland</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Enlightenment" title="Italian Enlightenment">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinando_Galiani" title="Ferdinando Galiani">Galiani</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Galvani" title="Luigi Galvani">Galvani</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Genovesi" title="Antonio Genovesi">Genovesi</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Mario_Pagano" title="Francesco Mario Pagano">Pagano</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Verri" title="Pietro Verri">Verri</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Volta</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Enlightenment" title="Dutch Enlightenment" class="mw-redirect">Netherlands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balthasar_Bekker" title="Balthasar Bekker">Bekker</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_de_la_Court" title="Pieter de la Court">de la Court</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Huygens</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriaan_Koerbagh" title="Adriaan Koerbagh">Koerbagh</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek" title="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek">Leeuwenhoek</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Mandeville" title="Bernard Mandeville">Mandeville</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodewijk_Meyer" title="Lodewijk Meyer">Meyer</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Nieuwentyt" title="Bernard Nieuwentyt">Nieuwentyt</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam">Swammerdam</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Enlightenment" title="Polish Enlightenment">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Kołłątaj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanisław_Konarski" title="Stanisław Konarski">Konarski</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignacy_Krasicki" title="Ignacy Krasicki">Krasicki</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Ursyn_Niemcewicz" title="Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz">Niemcewicz</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanisław_August_Poniatowski" title="Stanisław August Poniatowski">Poniatowski</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jędrzej_Śniadecki" title="Jędrzej Śniadecki">Śniadecki</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanisław_Staszic" title="Stanisław Staszic">Staszic</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Józef_Wybicki" title="Józef Wybicki">Wybicki</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Enlightenment" title="Portuguese Enlightenment" class="mw-redirect">Portugal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastião_José_de_Carvalho_e_Melo,_1st_Marquis_of_Pombal" title="Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal">Marquis of Pombal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Enlightenment" title="Romanian Enlightenment" class="mw-redirect">Romania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Budai-Deleanu" title="Ion Budai-Deleanu">Budai-Deleanu</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrie_Cantemir" title="Dimitrie Cantemir">Cantemir</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinicu_Golescu" title="Dinicu Golescu">Golescu</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petru_Maior" title="Petru Maior">Maior</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuil_Micu-Klein" title="Samuil Micu-Klein">Micu-Klein</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Pann" title="Anton Pann">Pann</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gheorghe_Șincai" title="Gheorghe Șincai">Șincai</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ienăchiță_Văcărescu" title="Ienăchiță Văcărescu">Văcărescu</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Enlightenment" title="Russian Enlightenment">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine II</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Fonvizin" title="Denis Fonvizin">Fonvizin</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochus_Kantemir" title="Antiochus Kantemir">Kantemir</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Kheraskov" title="Mikhail Kheraskov">Kheraskov</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Lomonosov" title="Mikhail Lomonosov">Lomonosov</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Novikov" title="Nikolay Novikov">Novikov</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Radishchev" title="Alexander Radishchev">Radishchev</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yekaterina_Vorontsova-Dashkova" title="Yekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova">Vorontsova-Dashkova</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Enlightenment" title="Scottish Enlightenment">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Beattie_(poet)" title="James Beattie (poet)">Beattie</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Black" title="Joseph Black">Black</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Blair" title="Hugh Blair">Blair</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Boswell" title="James Boswell">Boswell</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Burnett,_Lord_Monboddo" title="James Burnett, Lord Monboddo">Burnett</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Burns</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cullen" title="William Cullen">Cullen</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Ferguson" title="Adam Ferguson">Ferguson</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Hutcheson</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hutton" title="James Hutton">Hutton</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mill" title="James Mill">Mill</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Playfair" title="John Playfair">Playfair</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Reid" title="Thomas Reid">Reid</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugald_Stewart" title="Dugald Stewart">Stewart</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dositej_Obradović" title="Dositej Obradović">Obradović</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avram_Mrazović" title="Avram Mrazović">Mrazović</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Enlightenment" title="Spanish Enlightenment">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Abarca_de_Bolea,_10th_Count_of_Aranda" title="Pedro Pablo Abarca de Bolea, 10th Count of Aranda">Aranda</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_Cadalso" title="José Cadalso">Cadalso</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Jerónimo_Feijóo_y_Montenegro" title="Benito Jerónimo Feijóo y Montenegro">Feijóo y Montenegro</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leandro_Fernández_de_Moratín" title="Leandro Fernández de Moratín">Moratín</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspar_Melchor_de_Jovellanos" title="Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos">Jovellanos</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_de_Torres_Villarroel" title="Diego de Torres Villarroel">Villarroel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Mason" title="George Mason">Mason</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:relative;">
<div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><b><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Romanticism" title="Template:Romanticism">Romanticism</a> →</b></div>
<ul><li><img src="https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail" srcset="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/40px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x" alt="" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" data-file-type="drawing" height="16" width="16" class="mw-file-element" /><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Category:Age of Enlightenment">Category</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1374427404" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1377086236" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Navbox/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metaphysics5873" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1374427404" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Navbar/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Metaphysics" title="Template:Metaphysics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Metaphysics" title="Template talk:Metaphysics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Metaphysics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Metaphysics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metaphysics5873" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_object_theory" title="Abstract object theory">Abstract object theory</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_theory_(philosophy)" title="Action theory (philosophy)">Action theory</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-realism" title="Anti-realism">Anti-realism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dualism" title="Dualism">Dualism</a>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind–body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Mind–body dualism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enactivism" title="Enactivism">Enactivism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essentialism" title="Essentialism">Essentialism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)" title="Libertarianism (metaphysics)">Libertarianism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" title="Meaning of life">Meaning of life</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenalism" title="Phenomenalism">Phenomenalism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_pluralism" title="Philosophical pluralism">Pluralism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_realism" title="Scientific realism">Scientific realism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solipsism" title="Solipsism">Solipsism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritualism_(philosophy)" title="Spiritualism (philosophy)">Spiritualism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjectivism" title="Subjectivism">Subjectivism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_theory" title="Substance theory">Substance theory</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_forms" title="Theory of forms">Theory of forms</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truthmaker_theory" title="Truthmaker theory">Truthmaker theory</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_theory" title="Type theory">Type theory</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_and_concrete" title="Abstract and concrete">Abstract object</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anima_mundi" title="Anima mundi">Anima mundi</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_of_being" title="Category of being" class="mw-redirect">Category of being</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">Causality</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal_closure" title="Causal closure">Causal closure</a></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogito,_ergo_sum" title="Cogito, ergo sum">Cogito, ergo sum</a></i></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">Concept</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmos" title="Cosmos">Cosmos</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embodied_cognition" title="Embodied cognition">Embodied cognition</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entity" title="Entity">Entity</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">Essence</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">Existence</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience" title="Experience">Experience</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypostatic_abstraction" title="Hypostatic abstraction">Hypostatic abstraction</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idea" title="Idea">Idea</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_(philosophy)" title="Identity (philosophy)">Identity</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Importance" title="Importance">Importance</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information" title="Information">Information</a>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data" title="data">Data</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insight" title="Insight">Insight</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intention" title="Intention">Intention</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_modality" title="Linguistic modality" class="mw-redirect">Linguistic modality</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_matter" title="Philosophy of matter">Matter</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_(existential)" title="Meaning (existential)">Meaning</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_representation" title="Mental representation">Mental representation</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">Mind</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion" title="Motion">Motion</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)" title="Nature (philosophy)">Nature</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysical_necessity" title="Metaphysical necessity">Necessity</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject_and_object_(philosophy)" title="Subject and object (philosophy)">Object</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern" title="Pattern">Pattern</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_object" title="Physical object">Physical object</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle" title="Principle">Principle</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_(philosophy)" title="Property (philosophy)">Property</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_(philosophy)" title="Quality (philosophy)">Quality</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">Reality</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relations_(philosophy)" title="Relations (philosophy)" class="mw-redirect">Relation</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self" title="Self">Self</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject_and_object_(philosophy)" title="Subject and object (philosophy)">Subject</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantial_form" title="Substantial form">Substantial form</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thought" title="Thought">Thought</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time" title="time">Time</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">Truth</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type–token_distinction" title="Type–token distinction">Type–token distinction</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_(metaphysics)" title="Universal (metaphysics)">Universal</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unobservable" title="Unobservable">Unobservable</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_(ethics)" title="Value (ethics)">Value</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_metaphysicians" title="List of metaphysicians">Metaphysicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Malet_Armstrong" title="David Malet Armstrong">Armstrong</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Bergson</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">Berkeley</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Bolzano" title="Bernard Bolzano">Bolzano</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap" title="Rudolf Carnap">Carnap</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Davidson_(philosopher)" title="Donald Davidson (philosopher)">Davidson</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Descartes" class="mw-selflink selflink">Descartes</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dummett" title="Michael Dummett">Dummett</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Søren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi">Al-Kindi</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke">Kripke</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lewis_(philosopher)" title="David Lewis (philosopher)">Lewis</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Lotze" title="Hermann Lotze">Lotze</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Malebranche</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexius_Meinong" title="Alexius Meinong">Meinong</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">Moore</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Parfit" title="Derek Parfit">Parfit</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Peirce</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Plantinga</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclus" title="Proclus">Proclus</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Putnam</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">Quine</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Reid" title="Thomas Reid">Reid</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Ryle</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Scotus</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._F._Strawson" title="P. F. Strawson">Strawson</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Suárez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Whitehead</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Wittgenstein</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(philosopher)" title="Christian Wolff (philosopher)">Wolff</a></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_metaphysicians" title="List of metaphysicians">more ...</a></i></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophist_(dialogue)" title="Sophist (dialogue)">Sophist</a></i> (c. 350 BC)</li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)">Timaeus</a></i> (c. 350 BC)</li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyāya_Sūtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></i> (c. 200 BC)</li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_rerum_natura" title="De rerum natura">De rerum natura</a></i> (c. 80 BC)</li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysics_(Aristotle)" title="Metaphysics (Aristotle)">Metaphysics</a></i> (c. 50)</li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enneads" title="Enneads">Enneads</a></i> (c. 270)</li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daneshnameh-ye_Alai" title="Daneshnameh-ye Alai" class="mw-redirect">Daneshnameh-ye Alai</a></i> and <i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nijat" title="Al-Nijat">Al-Nijat</a></i> (c. 1000)</li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meditations_on_First_Philosophy" title="Meditations on First Philosophy">Meditations on First Philosophy</a></i> (1641)</li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics_(Spinoza_book)" title="Ethics (Spinoza book)" class="mw-redirect">Ethics</a></i> (1677)</li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Treatise_Concerning_the_Principles_of_Human_Knowledge" title="A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge">A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge</a></i> (1710)</li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monadology" title="Monadology">Monadology</a></i> (1714)</li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critique_of_Pure_Reason" title="Critique of Pure Reason">Critique of Pure Reason</a></i> (1781)</li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolegomena_to_Any_Future_Metaphysics" title="Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics">Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics</a></i> (1783)</li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Phenomenology_of_Spirit" title="The Phenomenology of Spirit">The Phenomenology of Spirit</a></i> (1807)</li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_as_Will_and_Representation" title="The World as Will and Representation">The World as Will and Representation</a></i> (1818)</li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concluding_Unscientific_Postscript_to_Philosophical_Fragments" title="Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments">Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments</a></i> (1846)</li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Being_and_Time" title="Being and Time">Being and Time</a></i> (1927)</li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Being_and_Nothingness" title="Being and Nothingness">Being and Nothingness</a></i> (1943)</li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulacra_and_Simulation" title="Simulacra and Simulation">Simulacra and Simulation</a></i> (1981)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiology" title="Axiology" class="mw-redirect">Axiology</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">Cosmology</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_metaphysics" title="Feminist metaphysics">Feminist metaphysics</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics" title="Interpretations of quantum mechanics">Interpretations of quantum mechanics</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mereology" title="Mereology">Mereology</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_(prefix)" title="Meta (prefix)">Meta-</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Philosophy of mind</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology" title="Philosophy of psychology">Philosophy of psychology</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_self" title="Philosophy of self">Philosophy of self</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Philosophy of space and time</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleology" title="Teleology">Teleology</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><img src="https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail" srcset="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/40px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x" alt="" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" data-file-type="drawing" height="16" width="16" class="mw-file-element" /><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Metaphysics" title="Category:Metaphysics">Category</a></li>
<li><img src="https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/20px-Socrates.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail" srcset="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/40px-Socrates.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x" alt="" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" data-file-type="bitmap" height="28" width="18" class="mw-file-element" /><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophyportal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1374427404" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1377086236" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Navbox/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mind–body_dualism1346" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1374427404" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Navbar/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Mind–body_dualism" title="Template:Mind–body dualism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Mind–body_dualism" title="Template talk:Mind–body dualism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mind–body_dualism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mind–body dualism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mind–body_dualism1346" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind–body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Mind–body dualism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_dualism" title="Cartesian dualism" class="mw-redirect">Cartesian dualism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergent_dualism" title="Emergent dualism" class="mw-redirect">Emergent dualism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Cartesian_dualism" title="Non-Cartesian dualism" class="mw-redirect">Non-Cartesian dualism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predicate_dualism" title="Predicate dualism" class="mw-redirect">Predicate dualism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_dualism" title="Property dualism">Property dualism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_dualism" title="Substance dualism" class="mw-redirect">Substance dualism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomistic_dualism" title="Thomistic dualism" class="mw-redirect">Thomistic dualism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dualists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Almeder" title="Robert F. Almeder">Robert F. Almeder</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Beauregard" title="Mario Beauregard">Mario Beauregard</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_B._Dilley" title="Frank B. Dilley">Frank B. Dilley</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Beloff" title="John Beloff">John Beloff</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Descartes" class="mw-selflink selflink">René Descartes</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Egnor" title="Michael Egnor">Michael Egnor</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Stephen_Evans" title="C. Stephen Evans">C. Stephen Evans</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Feser" title="Edward Feser">Edward Feser</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Fumerton" title="Richard Fumerton">Richard Fumerton</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brie_Gertler" title="Brie Gertler">Brie Gertler</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Goetz" title="Stewart Goetz">Stewart Goetz</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._D._Hart" title="W. D. Hart">W. D. Hart</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hasker" title="William Hasker">William Hasker</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Huemer" title="Michael Huemer">Michael Huemer</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Francis_Kelly" title="Edward Francis Kelly">Edward Francis Kelly</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Landesman" title="Charles Landesman">Charles Landesman</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._J._Lowe_(philosopher)" title="E. J. Lowe (philosopher)">E. J. Lowe</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_H._Lund" title="David H. Lund">David H. Lund</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Madell" title="Geoffrey Madell">Geoffrey Madell</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._P._Moreland" title="J. P. Moreland">J. P. Moreland</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denyse_O'Leary" title="Denyse O'Leary">Denyse O'Leary</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martine_Nida-Rümelin" title="Martine Nida-Rümelin">Martine Nida-Rümelin</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_B._Rae" title="Scott B. Rae">Scott B. Rae</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_N._Robinson" title="Daniel N. Robinson">Daniel N. Robinson</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_D._Roelofs" title="Howard D. Roelofs">Howard D. Roelofs</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Robinson" title="Howard Robinson">Howard Robinson</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_M._Schwartz" title="Jeffrey M. Schwartz">Jeffrey M. Schwartz</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Swinburne" title="Richard Swinburne">Richard Swinburne</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Taliaferro" title="Charles Taliaferro">Charles Taliaferro</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Homan_Thorpe" title="William Homan Thorpe">William Homan Thorpe</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Unger" title="Peter Unger">Peter Unger</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Yandell" title="Keith Yandell">Keith Yandell</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Zimmerman_(philosopher)" title="Dean Zimmerman (philosopher)">Dean Zimmerman</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dualism_(Indian_philosophy)" title="Dualism (Indian philosophy)">Dualism (Indian philosophy)</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactionism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Interactionism (philosophy of mind)">Interactionism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><b><img src="https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail" srcset="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/40px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x" alt="" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" data-file-type="drawing" height="16" width="16" class="mw-file-element" /><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Dualism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Category:Dualism (philosophy of mind)">Category</a></b></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commons page"><img src="https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail" srcset="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x" alt="" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" data-file-type="drawing" height="16" width="12" class="mw-file-element" /></a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink/Interwiki" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dualism" title="commons:Category:Dualism" class="extiw">Commons</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1374427404" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1377086236" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Navbox/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Epistemology3469" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1374427404" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Navbar/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Epistemology" title="Template:Epistemology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Epistemology" title="Template talk:Epistemology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Epistemology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Epistemology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Epistemology3469" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_epistemologists" title="List of epistemologists">Epistemologists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Alston" title="William Alston">William Alston</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Audi" title="Robert Audi">Robert Audi</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._Ayer" title="A. J. Ayer">A. J. Ayer</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">George Berkeley</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Circle" title="Berlin Circle">Berlin Circle</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_BonJour" title="Laurence BonJour">Laurence BonJour</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Gilles Deleuze</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_DeRose" title="Keith DeRose">Keith DeRose</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Descartes" class="mw-selflink selflink">René Descartes</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Dretske" title="Fred Dretske">Fred Dretske</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Gettier" title="Edmund Gettier">Edmund Gettier</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Goldman" title="Alvin Goldman">Alvin Goldman</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Goodman" title="Nelson Goodman">Nelson Goodman</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Grice" title="Paul Grice">Paul Grice</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anil_Gupta_(philosopher)" title="Anil Gupta (philosopher)">Anil Gupta</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Haack" title="Susan Haack">Susan Haack</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Søren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_D._Klein" title="Peter D. Klein">Peter Klein</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke">Saul Kripke</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Kornblith" title="Hilary Kornblith">Hilary Kornblith</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lewis_(philosopher)" title="David Lewis (philosopher)">David Lewis</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">G. E. Moore</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McDowell" title="John McDowell">John McDowell</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Robert Nozick</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_Pritchard" title="Duncan Pritchard">Duncan Pritchard</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Pryor" title="James Pryor">James Pryor</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Hilary Putnam</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">W. V. O. Quine</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Reid" title="Thomas Reid">Thomas Reid</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Gilbert Ryle</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfrid_Sellars" title="Wilfrid Sellars">Wilfrid Sellars</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanna_Siegel" title="Susanna Siegel">Susanna Siegel</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Sosa" title="Ernest Sosa">Ernest Sosa</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._F._Strawson" title="P. F. Strawson">P. F. Strawson</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Williamson" title="Timothy Williamson">Timothy Williamson</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Wolterstorff" title="Nicholas Wolterstorff">Nicholas Wolterstorff</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Circle" title="Vienna Circle">Vienna Circle</a></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_epistemologists" title="List of epistemologists">more...</a></i></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Epistemological_theories" title="Category:Epistemological theories">Theories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coherentism" title="Coherentism">Coherentism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructivist_epistemology" title="Constructivist epistemology" class="mw-redirect">Constructivism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contextualism" title="Contextualism">Contextualism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_epistemology" title="Evolutionary epistemology">Evolutionary epistemology</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallibilism" title="Fallibilism">Fallibilism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_epistemology" title="Feminist epistemology">Feminist epistemology</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauntology" title="Hauntology">Hauntology</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_holism" title="Semantic holism">Holism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinitism" title="Infinitism">Infinitism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innatism" title="Innatism">Innatism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naïve_realism" title="Naïve realism">Naïve realism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalized_epistemology" title="Naturalized epistemology">Naturalized epistemology</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenalism" title="Phenomenalism">Phenomenalism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliabilism" title="Reliabilism">Reliabilism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_and_indirect_realism" title="Direct and indirect realism">Representational realism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism" title="Philosophical skepticism">Skepticism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendental_idealism" title="Transcendental idealism">Transcendental idealism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Concepts_in_epistemology" title="Category:Concepts in epistemology">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori"><i>A priori</i> knowledge</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori"><i>A posteriori</i> knowledge</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_analysis" title="Philosophical analysis">Analysis</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic–synthetic_distinction" title="Analytic–synthetic distinction">Analytic–synthetic distinction</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">Belief</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certainty" title="Certainty">Certainty</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_sense" title="Common sense">Common sense</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descriptive_knowledge" title="Descriptive knowledge" class="mw-redirect">Descriptive knowledge</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploratory_thought" title="Exploratory thought">Exploratory thought</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemic_injustice" title="Epistemic injustice">Epistemic injustice</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemic_virtue" title="Epistemic virtue">Epistemic virtue</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gettier_problem" title="Gettier problem">Gettier problem</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_reasoning" title="Inductive reasoning">Induction</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internalism_and_externalism" title="Internalism and externalism">Internalism and externalism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justification_(epistemology)" title="Justification (epistemology)">Justification</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">Knowledge</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_(prefix)" title="Meta (prefix)">Meta</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" title="Objectivity (philosophy)" class="mw-redirect">Objectivity</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privileged_access" title="Privileged access" class="mw-redirect">Privileged access</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_of_induction" title="Problem of induction">Problem of induction</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_of_other_minds" title="Problem of other minds">Problem of other minds</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procedural_knowledge" title="Procedural knowledge">Procedural knowledge</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposition" title="Proposition">Proposition</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regress_argument" title="Regress argument" class="mw-redirect">Regress argument</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplicity" title="Simplicity">Simplicity</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">Truth</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertainty" title="Uncertainty">Uncertainty</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
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<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_epistemology" title="Formal epistemology">Formal epistemology</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaepistemology" title="Metaepistemology">Metaepistemology</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_perception" title="Philosophy of perception">Philosophy of perception</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Philosophy of science</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_epistemology" title="Social epistemology">Social epistemology</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtue_epistemology" title="Virtue epistemology">Virtue epistemology</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemology_of_Wikipedia" title="Epistemology of Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><img src="https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail" srcset="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/40px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x" alt="" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" data-file-type="drawing" height="16" width="16" class="mw-file-element" /><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Epistemology" title="Category:Epistemology">Category</a></li>
<li><img src="https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/20px-Global_thinking.svg.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail" srcset="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/40px-Global_thinking.svg.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x" alt="" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" data-file-type="drawing" height="16" width="10" class="mw-file-element" /><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_epistemology" title="Outline of epistemology">Outline</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img src="https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail" srcset="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x" alt="" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" data-file-type="drawing" height="16" width="16" class="mw-file-element" /></a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Portal</a></li>
<li><img src="https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/20px-People_icon.svg.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail" srcset="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/40px-People_icon.svg.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x" alt="" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" data-file-type="drawing" height="16" width="16" class="mw-file-element" /><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Philosophy/Epistemology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Philosophy/Epistemology">WikiProject</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Philosophy_stubs" title="Category:Philosophy stubs">Stubs</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Philosophy" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Philosophy">Discussion</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1374427404" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1377086236" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Navbox/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philosophical_skepticism4452" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1374427404" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Navbar/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Philosophical_skepticism" title="Template:Philosophical skepticism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophical_skepticism" title="Template talk:Philosophical skepticism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophical_skepticism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophical skepticism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philosophical_skepticism4452" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism" title="Philosophical skepticism">Philosophical skepticism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_skepticism" title="Local skepticism">Local</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_skepticism" title="Moral skepticism">Moral</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoskepticism" title="Pseudoskepticism">Pseudoskepticism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_skepticism" title="Radical skepticism">Radical</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_skepticism" title="Religious skepticism">Religious</a>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_skeptics" title="Jewish skeptics">Jewish skeptics</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">Scientific</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solipsism" title="Solipsism">Solipsism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjaya_Belatthiputta" title="Sanjaya Belatthiputta">Sanjaya Belatthiputta</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayarāśi_Bhaṭṭa" title="Jayarāśi Bhaṭṭa">Jayarāśi Bhaṭṭa</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajñana" title="Ajñana">Ajñana</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Socratic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophanes" title="Xenophanes">Xenophanes</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeniades" title="Xeniades">Xeniades</a></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Atomist75" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Atomist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrodorus_of_Chios" title="Metrodorus of Chios">Metrodorus of Chios</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaxarchus" title="Anaxarchus">Anaxarchus</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nausiphanes" title="Nausiphanes">Nausiphanes</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_skepticism" title="Academic skepticism">Academic skeptics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcesilaus" title="Arcesilaus">Arcesilaus</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocles_of_Cnidus" title="Diocles of Cnidus">Diocles of Cnidus</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacydes_of_Cyrene" title="Lacydes of Cyrene">Lacydes</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecles" title="Telecles">Telecles</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evander_(philosopher)" title="Evander (philosopher)">Evander</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegesinus_of_Pergamon" title="Hegesinus of Pergamon">Hegesinus</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carneades" title="Carneades">Carneades</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagnon_of_Tarsus" title="Hagnon of Tarsus">Hagnon of Tarsus</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrodorus_of_Stratonicea" title="Metrodorus of Stratonicea">Metrodorus of Stratonicea</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristanax" title="Aristanax">Aristanax</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitomachus_(philosopher)" title="Clitomachus (philosopher)">Clitomachus</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmadas" title="Charmadas">Charmadas</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeschines_of_Neapolis" title="Aeschines of Neapolis">Aeschines of Neapolis</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philo_of_Larissa" title="Philo of Larissa">Philo of Larissa</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Aurelius_Cotta" title="Gaius Aurelius Cotta">Gaius Aurelius Cotta</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dio_of_Alexandria" title="Dio of Alexandria">Dio of Alexandria</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Foucher" title="Simon Foucher">Simon Foucher</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism" title="Pyrrhonism">Pyrrhonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrho" title="Pyrrho">Pyrrho of Elis</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timon_of_Phlius" title="Timon of Phlius">Timon</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrippa_the_Skeptic" title="Agrippa the Skeptic">Agrippa</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sextus_Empiricus" title="Sextus Empiricus">Sextus Empiricus</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aenesidemus" title="Aenesidemus">Aenesidemus</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favorinus" title="Favorinus">Favorinus</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Chillingworth" title="William Chillingworth">William Chillingworth</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Popkin" title="Richard Popkin">Richard Popkin</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fogelin" title="Robert Fogelin">Robert Fogelin</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benson_Mates" title="Benson Mates">Benson Mates</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholasticism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_of_Autrecourt" title="Nicholas of Autrecourt">Nicholas of Autrecourt</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_skepticism" title="Renaissance skepticism" class="mw-redirect">Renaissance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charron" title="Pierre Charron">Pierre Charron</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Sanches" title="Francisco Sanches">Francisco Sanches</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uriel_da_Costa" title="Uriel da Costa">Uriel da Costa</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Bayle" title="Pierre Bayle">Pierre Bayle</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humeanism" title="Humeanism">Humean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottlob_Ernst_Schulze" title="Gottlob Ernst Schulze">Gottlob Ernst Schulze</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Drummond_of_Logiealmond" title="William Drummond of Logiealmond">William Drummond</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Unger" title="Peter Unger">Peter Unger</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acatalepsy" title="Acatalepsy">Acatalepsy</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aporia" title="Aporia">Aporia</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_doubt" title="Cartesian doubt">Cartesian doubt</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoché" title="Epoché">Epoché</a> / <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_of_judgment" title="Suspension of judgment">Suspension of judgment</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignoramus_et_ignorabimus" title="Ignoramus et ignorabimus">Ignoramus et ignorabimus</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Skeptical scenarios</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_in_a_vat" title="Brain in a vat">Brain in a vat</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_argument" title="Dream argument">Dream argument</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_demon" title="Evil demon">Evil demon</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-minute_hypothesis" title="Five-minute hypothesis" class="mw-redirect">Five-minute hypothesis</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Münchhausen_trilemma" title="Münchhausen trilemma">Münchhausen trilemma</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_of_the_criterion" title="Problem of the criterion">Problem of the criterion</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_of_induction" title="Problem of induction">Problem of induction</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regress_argument_(epistemology)" title="Regress argument (epistemology)">Regress argument</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulation_hypothesis" title="Simulation hypothesis">Simulation hypothesis</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wax_argument" title="Wax argument">Wax argument</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Responses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogito,_ergo_sum" title="Cogito, ergo sum">Cogito, ergo sum</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here_is_one_hand" title="Here is one hand">Here is one hand</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_externalism" title="Semantic externalism">Semantic externalism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliabilism" title="Reliabilism">Process reliabilism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemic_closure" title="Epistemic closure">Epistemic closure</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contextualism" title="Contextualism">Contextualism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barhaspatya_sutras" title="Barhaspatya sutras">Barhaspatya sutras</a></i></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academica_(Cicero)" title="Academica (Cicero)">Academica</a></i> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>)</li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outlines_of_Pyrrhonism" title="Outlines of Pyrrhonism" class="mw-redirect">Outlines of Pyrrhonism</a></i></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Against_the_Dogmatists" title="Against the Dogmatists" class="mw-redirect">Against the Dogmatists</a></i></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Against_the_Mathematicians" title="Against the Mathematicians" class="mw-redirect">Against the Mathematicians</a></i></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essays_(Montaigne)" title="Essays (Montaigne)">Essays</a></i> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a>)</li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discourse_on_the_Method" title="Discourse on the Method">Discourse on the Method</a></i></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Treatise_of_Human_Nature" title="A Treatise of Human Nature">A Treatise of Human Nature</a></i></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aenesidemus_(book)" title="Aenesidemus (book)">Aenesidemus</a></i></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1374427404" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1377086236" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Navbox/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philosophy_of_mind3327" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1374427404" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Navbar/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Philosophy_of_mind" title="Template:Philosophy of mind"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_of_mind" title="Template talk:Philosophy of mind"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy_of_mind" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy of mind"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philosophy_of_mind3327" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Philosophy of mind</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_mind" title="Category:Philosophers of mind">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">G. E. M. Anscombe</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Malet_Armstrong" title="David Malet Armstrong">Armstrong</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._L._Austin" title="J. L. Austin">J. L. Austin</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Bain_(philosopher)" title="Alexander Bain (philosopher)">Alexander Bain</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">George Berkeley</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned_Block" title="Ned Block">Ned Block</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano">Franz Brentano</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._D._Broad" title="C. D. Broad">C. D. Broad</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Burge" title="Tyler Burge">Tyler Burge</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Chalmers" title="David Chalmers">David Chalmers</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Churchland" title="Patricia Churchland">Patricia Churchland</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Churchland" title="Paul Churchland">Paul Churchland</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Clark" title="Andy Clark">Andy Clark</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharmakirti" title="Dharmakirti">Dharmakirti</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Davidson_(philosopher)" title="Donald Davidson (philosopher)">Donald Davidson</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Descartes" class="mw-selflink selflink">René Descartes</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Dretske" title="Fred Dretske">Fred Dretske</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Fodor" title="Jerry Fodor">Fodor</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Goldman" title="Alvin Goldman">Goldman</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Cameron_Jackson" title="Frank Cameron Jackson">Frank Cameron Jackson</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lewis_(philosopher)" title="David Lewis (philosopher)">David Lewis (philosopher)</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Maurice Merleau-Ponty</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Minsky" title="Marvin Minsky">Marvin Minsky</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Nagel" title="Thomas Nagel">Thomas Nagel</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alva_Noë" title="Alva Noë">Alva Noë</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Parfit" title="Derek Parfit">Derek Parfit</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Hilary Putnam</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Rorty" title="Richard Rorty">Richard Rorty</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Gilbert Ryle</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Searle_(American_philosopher)" title="John Searle (American philosopher)" class="mw-redirect">John Searle</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfrid_Sellars" title="Wilfrid Sellars">Wilfrid Sellars</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Tye_(philosopher)" title="Michael Tye (philosopher)">Michael Tye</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Yablo" title="Stephen Yablo">Stephen Yablo</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhuang_Zhou" title="Zhuang Zhou">Zhuangzi</a></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_philosophers_of_mind" title="List of philosophers of mind">more...</a></i></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">Behaviorism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_naturalism" title="Biological naturalism">Biological naturalism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind–body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Dualism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliminative_materialism" title="Eliminative materialism">Eliminative materialism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergent_materialism" title="Emergent materialism">Emergent materialism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphenomenalism" title="Epiphenomenalism">Epiphenomenalism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Functionalism (philosophy of mind)">Functionalism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactionism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Interactionism (philosophy of mind)">Interactionism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naïve_realism" title="Naïve realism">Naïve realism</a>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurophenomenology" title="Neurophenomenology">Neurophenomenology</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_monism" title="Neutral monism">Neutral monism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_mysterianism" title="New mysterianism">New mysterianism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nondualism" title="Nondualism">Nondualism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occasionalism" title="Occasionalism">Occasionalism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panpsychism" title="Panpsychism">Panpsychism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychophysical_parallelism" title="Psychophysical parallelism">Parallelism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenalism" title="Phenomenalism">Phenomenalism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_physicalism" title="Type physicalism">Type physicalism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_dualism" title="Property dualism">Property dualism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_representation" title="Mental representation">Representational</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solipsism" title="Solipsism">Solipsism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_dualism" title="Substance dualism" class="mw-redirect">Substance dualism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_and_concrete" title="Abstract and concrete">Abstract object</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_machine" title="Animal machine">Animal machine</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_room" title="Chinese room">Chinese room</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">Creativity</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">Cognition</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_closure_(philosophy)" title="Cognitive closure (philosophy)">Cognitive closure</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">Concept</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_problem_of_consciousness" title="Hard problem of consciousness">Hard problem of consciousness</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypostatic_abstraction" title="Hypostatic abstraction">Hypostatic abstraction</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idea" title="Idea">Idea</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_(philosophy)" title="Identity (philosophy)">Identity</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_intelligence" title="Human intelligence">Human</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentionality" title="Intentionality">Intentionality</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introspection" title="Introspection">Introspection</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intuition" title="Intuition">Intuition</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_of_thought_hypothesis" title="Language of thought hypothesis">Language of thought</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_event" title="Mental event">Mental event</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_image" title="Mental image">Mental image</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Mental_processes" title="Template:Mental processes">Mental process</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_state" title="Mental state">Mental property</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_representation" title="Mental representation">Mental representation</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">Mind</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind–body_problem" title="Mind–body problem">Mind–body problem</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_(philosophy)" title="Pain (philosophy)">Pain</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_of_other_minds" title="Problem of other minds">Problem of other minds</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propositional_attitude" title="Propositional attitude">Propositional attitude</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabula_rasa" title="Tabula rasa">Tabula rasa</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Understanding" title="Understanding">Understanding</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_zombie" title="Philosophical zombie">Zombie</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">Philosophy of artificial intelligence</a> /<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_information" title="Philosophy of information">information</a> /<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_perception" title="Philosophy of perception">perception</a> /<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_self" title="Philosophy of self">self</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_mind" title="Category:Philosophy of mind">Category</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_mind" title="Category:Philosophers of mind">Philosophers category</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Philosophy" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Philosophy">Project</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Philosophy/Mind" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Philosophy/Mind">Task Force</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1374427404" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1377086236" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Navbox/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philosophy_of_religion9519" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1374427404" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Navbar/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Template:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Template talk:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philosophy_of_religion9519" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief">Religious belief</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Religious scripture</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_(animating_force)" title="Spirit (animating force)">Spirit</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theological_veto" title="Theological veto">Theological veto</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_about_religion" title="Theories about religion">Theories of religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acosmism" title="Acosmism">Acosmism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">Creationism</a>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command theory</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheistic_existentialism" title="Atheistic existentialism">Atheistic</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_existentialism" title="Religious existentialism" class="mw-redirect">Religious</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_humanism" title="Religious humanism">Religious</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclusivism" title="Inclusivism">Inclusivism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" title="Metaphysical naturalism">Metaphysical</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_naturalism" title="Religious naturalism">Religious</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanistic_naturalism" title="Humanistic naturalism" class="mw-redirect">Humanistic</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nondualism" title="Nondualism">Nondualism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">Perennialism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possibilianism" title="Possibilianism">Possibilianism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_skepticism" title="Religious skepticism">Religious skepticism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">Spiritualism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misotheism" title="Misotheism">Misotheism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Vitalism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataphatic_theology" title="Cataphatic theology">Cataphatism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">Conceptions of God</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethical_egoism" title="Ethical egoism">Ethical egoism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal god</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence<br />of God</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">For</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_from_beauty" title="Argument from beauty">Beauty</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christological_argument" title="Christological argument">Christological</a>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis'_trilemma" title="Lewis' trilemma" class="mw-redirect">Trilemma</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_from_consciousness" title="Argument from consciousness">Consciousness</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmological_argument" title="Cosmological argument">Cosmological</a>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalam_cosmological_argument" title="Kalam cosmological argument">Kalam cosmological</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmological_argument#Aquinas's_argument_from_contingency" title="Cosmological argument">Contingency</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmological_argument#Duns_Scotus's_metaphysical_argument" title="Cosmological argument">Metaphysical</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_from_degree" title="Argument from degree">Degree</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_from_desire" title="Argument from desire">Desire</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_from_religious_experience" title="Argument from religious experience">Experience</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leap_of_faith" title="Leap of faith">Existential choice</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine-tuned_universe" title="Fine-tuned universe">Fine-tuned universe</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontological_argument#Baruch_Spinoza" title="Ontological argument">Knowledge</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_from_love" title="Argument from love">Love</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics_and_God" title="Mathematics and God">Mathematics</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_from_miracles" title="Argument from miracles">Miracles</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_from_morality" title="Argument from morality">Morality</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Berkeley#Theology" title="George Berkeley">Mystical idealism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural-law_argument" title="Natural-law argument" class="mw-redirect">Natural-law</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_of_the_Truthful" title="Proof of the Truthful">Necessary existent</a>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seddiqin_argument" title="Seddiqin argument" class="mw-redirect">Seddiqin</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyayakusumanjali" title="Nyayakusumanjali">Nyayakusumanjali</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological</a>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proslogion" title="Proslogion">Anselm</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gödel's_ontological_proof" title="Gödel's ontological proof">Gödel</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meinongian_argument" title="Meinongian argument">Meinongian</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontological_argument#Modal_versions_of_the_ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Modal</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendent_theosophy" title="Transcendent theosophy">Mulla Sadra</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal's_wager" title="Pascal's wager">Pascal's wager</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_from_reason" title="Argument from reason">Reason</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Proper basis and Reformed epistemology</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_responses_to_the_problem_of_evil" title="Religious responses to the problem of evil">Responses to the problem of evil</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleological_argument" title="Teleological argument">Teleological</a>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural-law_argument" title="Natural-law argument" class="mw-redirect">Natural law</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchmaker_analogy" title="Watchmaker analogy">Watchmaker</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existence_of_God#Arguments_from_witnesses'_testimony" title="Existence of God">Testimony</a>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existence_of_God#Arguments_from_historical_events" title="Existence of God">Historical events</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existence_of_God#Arguments_from_the_authority_of_historical_personages" title="Existence of God">Historical personages</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark_argument" title="Trademark argument">Trademark</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendental_argument_for_the_existence_of_God" title="Transcendental argument for the existence of God">Transcendental</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Against</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Boeing_747_gambit" title="Ultimate Boeing 747 gambit">747 gambit</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheist's_Wager" title="Atheist's Wager" class="mw-redirect">Atheist's Wager</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Evil</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_from_free_will" title="Argument from free will">Free will</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_of_Hell" title="Problem of Hell">Hell</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_from_inconsistent_revelations" title="Argument from inconsistent revelations" class="mw-redirect">Inconsistent revelations</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_from_nonbelief" title="Argument from nonbelief">Nonbelief</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Noncognitivism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam's_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnipotence_paradox" title="Omnipotence paradox">Omnipotence</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_from_poor_design" title="Argument from poor design">Poor design</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell's_teapot" title="Russell's teapot">Russell's teapot</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_religion" title="Category:Philosophers of religion">Philosophers<br />of religion</a></div><br />(by date active)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><link data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;section&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;begin&quot;:&quot;Philosophers&quot;,&quot;of&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;religion&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy">Ancient</a> and<br /><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaunilo_of_Marmoutiers" title="Gaunilo of Marmoutiers">Gaunilo of Marmoutiers</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Pico della Mirandola</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">King James VI and I</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope" title="Marcion of Sinope">Marcion of Sinope</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_modern_philosophy" title="Early modern philosophy">Early modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Calmet" title="Antoine Augustin Calmet">Augustin Calmet</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Descartes" class="mw-selflink selflink">René Descartes</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Desiderius Erasmus</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried W Leibniz</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wollaston" title="William Wollaston">William Wollaston</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Chubb" title="Thomas Chubb">Thomas Chubb</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_d'Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">Baron d'Holbach</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann G Herder</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">18th and 19th<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Christian_Friedrich_Krause" title="Karl Christian Friedrich Krause">Karl C F Krause</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg W F Hegel</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Whewell" title="William Whewell">William Whewell</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Feuerbach" title="Ludwig Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Søren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_Ritschl" title="Albrecht Ritschl">Albrecht Ritschl</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikan_Spir" title="Afrikan Spir">Afrikan Spir</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Kingdon_Clifford" title="William Kingdon Clifford">W K Clifford</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Høffding" title="Harald Høffding">Harald Høffding</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Troeltsch" title="Ernst Troeltsch">Ernst Troeltsch</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Otto" title="Rudolf Otto">Rudolf Otto</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Shestov" title="Lev Shestov">Lev Shestov</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Bulgakov" title="Sergei Bulgakov">Sergei Bulgakov</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Florensky" title="Pavel Florensky">Pavel Florensky</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Ernst Cassirer</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Maréchal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meher_Baba" title="Meher Baba">Meher Baba</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_philosophy" title="Contemporary philosophy">Contemporary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">George Santayana</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Guénon" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Brunner" title="Emil Brunner">Emil Brunner</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann" title="Rudolf Bultmann">Rudolf Bultmann</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Reinhold Niebuhr</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hartshorne" title="Charles Hartshorne">Charles Hartshorne</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frithjof_Schuon" title="Frithjof Schuon">Frithjof Schuon</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._L._Mackie" title="J. L. Mackie">J L Mackie</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Kaufmann_(philosopher)" title="Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)">Walter Kaufmann</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Lings" title="Martin Lings">Martin Lings</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach">Peter Geach</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_I._Mavrodes" title="George I. Mavrodes">George I Mavrodes</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Alston" title="William Alston">William Alston</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_Flew" title="Antony Flew">Antony Flew</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_L._Rowe" title="William L. Rowe">William L Rowe</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewi_Zephaniah_Phillips" title="Dewi Zephaniah Phillips">Dewi Z Phillips</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Kenny" title="Anthony Kenny">Anthony Kenny</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Wolterstorff" title="Nicholas Wolterstorff">Nicholas Wolterstorff</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Swinburne" title="Richard Swinburne">Richard Swinburne</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Merrihew_Adams" title="Robert Merrihew Adams">Robert Merrihew Adams</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravi_Zacharias" title="Ravi Zacharias">Ravi Zacharias</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_van_Inwagen" title="Peter van Inwagen">Peter van Inwagen</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyal_Rue" title="Loyal Rue">Loyal Rue</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig">William Lane Craig</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Rashad" title="Ali Akbar Rashad">Ali Akbar Rashad</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Pruss" title="Alexander Pruss">Alexander Pruss</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
<link data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;section&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;end&quot;:&quot;Philosophers&quot;,&quot;of&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;religion&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism of religion</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desacralization_of_knowledge" title="Desacralization of knowledge">Desacralization of knowledge</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Ethics in religion</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">Exegesis</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" title="Faith and rationality">Faith and rationality</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History of religion</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_of_religious_language" title="Problem of religious language">Problem of religious language</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_philosophy" title="Religious philosophy">Religious philosophy</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science" class="mw-redirect">Relationship between religion and science</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><img src="https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail" srcset="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/40px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x" alt="" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" data-file-type="drawing" height="16" width="16" class="mw-file-element" /> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Category:Philosophy of religion">Category</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img src="https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail" srcset="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x" alt="" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" data-file-type="drawing" height="16" width="16" class="mw-file-element" /></a>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1374427404" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1377086236" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Navbox/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Consciousness7508" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1374427404" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Navbar/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Consciousness" title="Template:Consciousness"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Consciousness" title="Template talk:Consciousness"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Consciousness" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Consciousness"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Consciousness7508" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Alfred North Whitehead</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_O'Shaughnessy_(philosopher)" title="Brian O'Shaughnessy (philosopher)">Brian O'Shaughnessy</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Augustus_Strong" title="Charles Augustus Strong">Charles Augustus Strong</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Peacocke" title="Christopher Peacocke">Christopher Peacocke</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_McGinn" title="Colin McGinn">Colin McGinn</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Chalmers" title="David Chalmers">David Chalmers</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Papineau" title="David Papineau">David Papineau</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Pearce_(philosopher)" title="David Pearce (philosopher)">David Pearce</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Davidson_(philosopher)" title="Donald Davidson (philosopher)">Donald Davidson</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Hofstadter" title="Douglas Hofstadter">Douglas Hofstadter</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Cameron_Jackson" title="Frank Cameron Jackson">Frank Jackson</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Dretske" title="Fred Dretske">Fred Dretske</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galen_Strawson" title="Galen Strawson">Galen Strawson</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">George Berkeley</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Henry_Lewes" title="George Henry Lewes">George Henry Lewes</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Rey" title="Georges Rey">Georges Rey</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Leibniz</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Eccles_(neurophysiologist)" title="John Eccles (neurophysiologist)">John Eccles</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Polkinghorne" title="John Polkinghorne">John Polkinghorne</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Searle_(American_philosopher)" title="John Searle (American philosopher)" class="mw-redirect">John Searle</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Levine_(philosopher)" title="Joseph Levine (philosopher)">Joseph Levine</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Frankish" title="Keith Frankish">Keith Frankish</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_M._Sayre" title="Kenneth M. Sayre">Kenneth M. Sayre</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Maurice Merleau-Ponty</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Velmans" title="Max Velmans">Max Velmans</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Tye_(philosopher)" title="Michael Tye (philosopher)">Michael Tye</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned_Block" title="Ned Block">Ned Block</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Churchland" title="Patricia Churchland">Patricia Churchland</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Churchland" title="Paul Churchland">Paul Churchland</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Goff_(philosopher)" title="Philip Goff (philosopher)">Philip Goff</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Descartes" class="mw-selflink selflink">René Descartes</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Metzinger" title="Thomas Metzinger">Thomas Metzinger</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Nagel" title="Thomas Nagel">Thomas Nagel</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Kingdon_Clifford" title="William Kingdon Clifford">William Kingdon Clifford</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lycan" title="William Lycan">William Lycan</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Seager_(philosopher)" title="William Seager (philosopher)">William Seager</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Gustav Jung</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_D._Hoffman" title="Donald D. Hoffman">Donald D. Hoffman</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano">Franz Brentano</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Fechner" title="Gustav Fechner">Gustav Fechner</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Jaynes" title="Julian Jaynes">Julian Jaynes</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Koffka" title="Kurt Koffka">Kurt Koffka</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Wertheimer" title="Max Wertheimer">Max Wertheimer</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Wundt" title="Wilhelm Wundt">Wilhelm Wundt</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Köhler" title="Wolfgang Köhler">Wolfgang Köhler</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neuroscience</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anil_Seth" title="Anil Seth">Anil Seth</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Damasio" title="Antonio Damasio">Antonio Damasio</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Libet" title="Benjamin Libet">Benjamin Libet</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Baars" title="Bernard Baars">Bernard Baars</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christof_Koch" title="Christof Koch">Christof Koch</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Varela" title="Francisco Varela">Francisco Varela</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Edelman" title="Gerald Edelman">Gerald Edelman</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giulio_Tononi" title="Giulio Tononi">Giulio Tononi</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_H._Pribram" title="Karl H. Pribram">Karl Pribram</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Weiskrantz" title="Lawrence Weiskrantz">Lawrence Weiskrantz</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Gazzaniga" title="Michael Gazzaniga">Michael Gazzaniga</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Graziano" title="Michael Graziano">Michael Graziano</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Wilken" title="Patrick Wilken">Patrick Wilken</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Wolcott_Sperry" title="Roger Wolcott Sperry">Roger Sperry</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislas_Dehaene" title="Stanislas Dehaene">Stanislas Dehaene</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Laureys" title="Steven Laureys">Steven Laureys</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Hameroff" title="Stuart Hameroff">Stuart Hameroff</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Singer" title="Wolf Singer">Wolf Singer</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annaka_Harris" title="Annaka Harris">Annaka Harris</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bohm" title="David Bohm">David Bohm</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Eugene Wigner</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Schrödinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Erwin Schrödinger</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Minsky" title="Marvin Minsky">Marvin Minsky</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Roger Penrose</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Blackmore" title="Susan Blackmore">Susan Blackmore</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_J._Stenger" title="Victor J. Stenger">Victor J. Stenger</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Wolfgang Pauli</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Philosophy <br />of mind</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomalous_monism" title="Anomalous monism">Anomalous monism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_theory_of_mind" title="Computational theory of mind">Computationalism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-aspect_theory" title="Double-aspect theory">Double-aspect theory</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliminative_materialism" title="Eliminative materialism">Eliminative materialism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergentism" title="Emergentism">Emergentism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphenomenalism" title="Epiphenomenalism">Epiphenomenalism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Functionalism (philosophy of mind)">Functionalism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactionism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Interactionism (philosophy of mind)">Interactionism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind–body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Mind–body dualism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_monism" title="Neutral monism">Neutral monism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_mysterianism" title="New mysterianism">New mysterianism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nondualism" title="Nondualism">Nondualism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panpsychism" title="Panpsychism">Panpsychism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychophysical_parallelism" title="Psychophysical parallelism">Parallelism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_dualism" title="Property dualism">Property dualism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflexive_monism" title="Reflexive monism">Reflexive monism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revisionary_materialism" title="Revisionary materialism" class="mw-redirect">Revisionary materialism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solipsism" title="Solipsism">Solipsism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_physicalism" title="Type physicalism">Type physicalism (reductive materialism, identity theory)</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_schema_theory" title="Attention schema theory">Attention schema theory</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness_causes_collapse" title="Consciousness causes collapse">Consciousness causes collapse</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Universe_of_Consciousness#The_Dynamic_Core_Hypothesis" title="A Universe of Consciousness">Dynamic core hypothesis</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damasio's_theory_of_consciousness" title="Damasio's theory of consciousness">Damasio's theory of consciousness</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_theories_of_consciousness" title="Electromagnetic theories of consciousness">Electromagnetic theories of consciousness</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_workspace_theory" title="Global workspace theory">Global workspace theory</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher-order_theories_of_consciousness" title="Higher-order theories of consciousness">Higher-order theories of consciousness</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holonomic_brain_theory" title="Holonomic brain theory">Holonomic brain theory</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_information_theory" title="Integrated information theory">Integrated information theory</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_masking#Lamme's_recurrent_feedback_hypothesis_of_visual_awareness_and_masking" title="Visual masking">Lamme's recurrent feedback hypothesis</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_drafts_model" title="Multiple drafts model">Multiple drafts model</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestrated_objective_reduction" title="Orchestrated objective reduction">Orchestrated objective reduction</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnosia" title="Agnosia">Agnosia</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altered_state_of_consciousness" title="Altered state of consciousness">Altered state of consciousness</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_consciousness" title="Animal consciousness">Animal consciousness</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_consciousness" title="Artificial consciousness">Artificial consciousness</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">Attention</a>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attentional_control" title="Attentional control">Attentional control</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awareness" title="Awareness">Awareness</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binding_problem" title="Binding problem">Binding problem</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binocular_rivalry" title="Binocular rivalry">Binocular rivalry</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blindsight" title="Blindsight">Blindsight</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">Brain</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_theater" title="Cartesian theater">Cartesian theater</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness_after_death" title="Consciousness after death" class="mw-redirect">Consciousness after death</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disorders_of_consciousness" title="Disorders of consciousness" class="mw-redirect">Disorders of consciousness</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divided_consciousness" title="Divided consciousness" class="mw-redirect">Divided consciousness</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_consciousness" title="Dual consciousness">Dual consciousness (split-brain)</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience" title="Experience">Experience</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explanatory_gap" title="Explanatory gap">Explanatory gap</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_suppression" title="Flash suppression">Flash suppression</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallucination" title="Hallucination">Hallucination</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_problem_of_consciousness" title="Hard problem of consciousness">Hard problem of consciousness</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterophenomenology" title="Heterophenomenology">Heterophenomenology</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_consciousness" title="Higher consciousness">Higher consciousness</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illusion" title="Illusion">Illusion</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introspection_illusion" title="Introspection illusion">Introspection illusion</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_argument" title="Knowledge argument">Knowledge argument</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locked-in_syndrome" title="Locked-in syndrome">Locked-in syndrome</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">Mind</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind–body_problem" title="Mind–body problem">Mind–body problem</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimally_conscious_state" title="Minimally conscious state">Minimally conscious state</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_correlates_of_consciousness" title="Neural correlates of consciousness">Neural correlates of consciousness</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurophenomenology" title="Neurophenomenology">Neurophenomenology</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_zombie" title="Philosophical zombie">Philosophical zombie</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Philosophy of mind</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_consciousness" title="Primary consciousness">Primary consciousness</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_of_other_minds" title="Problem of other minds">Problem of other minds</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind" title="Quantum mind">Quantum mind</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reentry_(neural_circuitry)" title="Reentry (neural circuitry)">Reentry</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakshi_(witness)" title="Sakshi (witness)">Sakshi</a>
<ul><li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_consciousness" title="Secondary consciousness">Secondary consciousness</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentience" title="Sentience">Sentience</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentientism" title="Sentientism">Sentientism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_human_consciousness" title="Sociology of human consciousness">Sociology of human consciousness</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_of_consciousness_(psychology)" title="Stream of consciousness (psychology)">Stream of consciousness</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subconscious" title="Subconscious">Subconscious</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_character_of_experience" title="Subjective character of experience">Subjective character of experience</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjectivity_and_objectivity_(philosophy)" title="Subjectivity and objectivity (philosophy)">Subjectivity and objectivity</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconscious_mind" title="Unconscious mind">Unconscious mind</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconsciousness" title="Unconsciousness">Unconsciousness</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_masking" title="Visual masking">Visual masking</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness_causes_collapse" title="Consciousness causes collapse">Consciousness causes collapse</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Universe_of_Consciousness" title="A Universe of Consciousness">A Universe of Consciousness</a></i></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_the_Scientific_Study_of_Consciousness" title="Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness">Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness</a></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness_and_Cognition" title="Consciousness and Cognition">Consciousness and Cognition</a></i></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness_Explained" title="Consciousness Explained">Consciousness Explained</a></i></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness" title="Cosmic Consciousness">Cosmic Consciousness</a></i></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_the_Self_Controls_Its_Brain" title="How the Self Controls Its Brain">How the Self Controls Its Brain</a></i></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Consciousness_Studies" title="Journal of Consciousness Studies">Journal of Consciousness Studies</a></i></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Consciousness_Conference" title="Online Consciousness Conference">Online Consciousness Conference</a></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psyche_(consciousness_journal)" title="Psyche (consciousness journal)">Psyche</a></i></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Astonishing_Hypothesis" title="The Astonishing Hypothesis">The Astonishing Hypothesis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Conscious_Mind" title="The Conscious Mind">The Conscious Mind</a></i></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Emperor's_New_Mind" title="The Emperor's New Mind">The Emperor's New Mind</a></i></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Science_of_Consciousness" title="The Science of Consciousness">The Science of Consciousness</a></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Understanding_Consciousness" title="Understanding Consciousness">Understanding Consciousness</a></i></li>
<li>"<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Is_It_Like_to_Be_a_Bat%3F" title="What Is It Like to Be a Bat?">What Is It Like to Be a Bat?</a>"</li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wider_than_the_Sky" title="Wider than the Sky">Wider than the Sky</a></i></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><img src="https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail" srcset="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/40px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x" alt="" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" data-file-type="drawing" height="16" width="16" class="mw-file-element" /><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Consciousness" title="Category:Consciousness">Category</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commons page"><img src="https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail" srcset="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x" alt="" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" data-file-type="drawing" height="16" width="12" class="mw-file-element" /></a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink/Interwiki" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Consciousness" title="commons:Category:Consciousness" class="extiw">Commons</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1374427404" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1377086236" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Navbox/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catholic_philosophy5108" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1374427404" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Navbar/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Catholic_philosophy_footer" title="Template:Catholic philosophy footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_philosophy_footer" title="Template talk:Catholic philosophy footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_philosophy_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic philosophy footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Catholic_philosophy5108" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Catholic philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Ethics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal virtues</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_price" title="Just price">Just price</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_war_theory#Catholic_doctrine" title="Just war theory">Just war</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_probabilism" title="Catholic probabilism">Probabilism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_law#Catholic_natural_law_jurisprudence" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_personalism" title="Catholic personalism" class="mw-redirect">Personalism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_virtues" title="Seven virtues">Seven virtues</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Option_for_the_poor" title="Option for the poor">Option for the poor</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_mortgage" title="Social mortgage">Social mortgage</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theological_virtues" title="Theological virtues">Theological virtues</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li></ul></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img src="https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg/120px-Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail" srcset="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg/250px-Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x" alt="" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="963" data-file-type="bitmap" height="89" width="70" class="mw-file-element" /><br /><img src="https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg/120px-JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail" srcset="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg/250px-JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x" alt="" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="479" data-file-type="bitmap" height="107" width="70" class="mw-file-element" /><br /><img src="https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/120px-William_of_Ockham.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail" srcset="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/250px-William_of_Ockham.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x" alt="" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="361" data-file-type="bitmap" height="93" width="70" class="mw-file-element" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occamism" title="Occamism">Occamism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">Salamanca</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_Thomism" title="Analytical Thomism">Analytical Thomism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_of_universals" title="Problem of universals">Universals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platonic_realism" title="Platonic realism" class="mw-redirect">Augustinian realism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">Conceptualism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderate_realism" title="Moderate realism">Moderate realism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotistic_realism" title="Scotistic realism">Scotistic realism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectualism" title="Intellectualism">Theological intellectualism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntarism_(philosophy)" title="Voluntarism (philosophy)">Theological voluntarism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortimer_J._Adler" title="Mortimer J. Adler">Adler</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Bacon</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/François-René_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Cusa</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Descartes" class="mw-selflink selflink">Descartes</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">Eriugena</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Ficino</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Gassendi" title="Pierre Gassendi">Gassendi</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignacy_Krasicki" title="Ignacy Krasicki">Krasicki</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Llull</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Lombard</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Malebranche" title="Nicholas Malebranche" class="mw-redirect">Malebranche</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Occam</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Pascal</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Pico</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Rahner</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Ratzinger</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Scheler" title="Max Scheler">Scheler</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Scotus</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Stein</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Suárez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Wojtyła</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actus_essendi" title="Actus essendi">Actus Essendi</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actus_primus" title="Actus primus">Actus primus</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actus_purus" title="Actus purus">Actus purus</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aevum" title="Aevum">Aevum</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinian values</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal virtues</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind–body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Cartesian dualism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogito,_ergo_sum" title="Cogito, ergo sum">Cogito, ergo sum</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehellenization_of_Christianity" title="Dehellenization of Christianity">Dehellenization</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differentia" title="Differentia">Differentia</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disputation" title="Disputation">Disputation</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_illumination" title="Divine illumination">Divine illumination</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_truth" title="Double truth">Double truth</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_demon" title="Evil demon">Evil demon</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_distinction" title="Formal distinction">Formal distinction</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardian_angel" title="Guardian angel">Guardian angel</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haecceity" title="Haecceity">Haecceity</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_many_angels_can_dance_on_the_head_of_a_pin%3F" title="How many angels can dance on the head of a pin?">Head of a pin</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_unius_libri" title="Homo unius libri">Homo unius libri</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infused_righteousness" title="Infused righteousness">Infused righteousness</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memento_mori#In_Europe_from_the_Medieval_era_to_the_Victorian_era" title="Memento mori">Memento mori</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam's_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological argument</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal's_wager" title="Pascal's wager">Pascal's wager</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripatetic_axiom" title="Peripatetic axiom">Peripatetic axiom</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_double_effect" title="Principle of double effect">Principle of double effect</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiddity" title="Quiddity">Quiddity</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Quinque viae</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rota_Fortunae" title="Rota Fortunae" class="mw-redirect">Rota Fortunae</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">Seven deadly sins</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustinian_theodicy" title="Augustinian theodicy">Augustinian</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irenaean_theodicy" title="Irenaean theodicy">Irenaean</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark_argument" title="Trademark argument">Trademark argument</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univocity_of_being" title="Univocity of being">Univocity</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic theology</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophy</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctor of the Church</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/20px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail" srcset="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/40px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x" alt="icon" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" data-file-type="bitmap" height="13" width="17" class="mw-file-element" /></a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" title="Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect">Catholicismportal</a></li>
<li><img src="https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/20px-Socrates.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail" alt="" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" data-file-type="bitmap" height="15" width="10" class="mw-file-element" /><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophyportal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1374427404" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1377086236" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Navbox/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Catholic_theology6629" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1374427404" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="denied:mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Navbar/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:History_of_Catholic_theology" title="Template:History of Catholic theology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Catholic_theology" title="Template talk:History of Catholic theology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Catholic_theology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Catholic theology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Catholic_theology6629" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Catholic_theology" title="History of Catholic theology">History of Catholic theology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><div><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Key figures</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon" class="mw-redirect">Biblical canon</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of Christian theology</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">First Epistle of Clement</a></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></i></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a></i></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shepherd_of_Hermas" title="The Shepherd of Hermas">The Shepherd of Hermas</a></i></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristides_of_Athens" title="Aristides of Athens">Aristides of Athens</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistle_to_Diognetus" title="Epistle to Diognetus">Epistle to Diognetus</a></i></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novatian" title="Novatian">Novatian</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a> to<br /><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">John Cassian</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Pope Leo I</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">John Climacus</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecthesis" title="Ecthesis">Ecthesis</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">Transubstantiation dispute</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination disputes</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulinus_II_of_Aquileia" title="Paulinus II of Aquileia">Paulinus II of Aquileia</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_of_Aniane" title="Benedict of Aniane">Benedict of Aniane</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict of Nursia</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabanus_Maurus" title="Rabanus Maurus">Rabanus Maurus</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paschasius_Radbertus" title="Paschasius Radbertus">Paschasius Radbertus</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">John Scotus Eriugena</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscellinus" title="Roscellinus">Roscellinus</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berengar_of_Tours" title="Berengar of Tours">Berengar of Tours</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_of_Fiore" title="Joachim of Fiore">Joachim of Fiore</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decretum_Gratiani" title="Decretum Gratiani">Decretum Gratiani</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Peter Lombard</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_of_Laon" title="Anselm of Laon">Anselm of Laon</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor" title="Hugh of Saint Victor">Hugh of Saint Victor</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic" class="mw-redirect">Dominic de Guzmán</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Robert Grosseteste</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_of_Nazareth" title="Beatrice of Nazareth">Beatrice of Nazareth</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boetius_of_Dacia" title="Boetius of Dacia">Boetius of Dacia</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_of_Ghent" title="Henry of Ghent">Henry of Ghent</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siger_of_Brabant" title="Siger of Brabant">Siger of Brabant</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a> and reforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Ramon Llull</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Rolle" title="Richard Rolle">Richard Rolle</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_van_Ruysbroeck" title="John van Ruysbroeck" class="mw-redirect">John of Ruusbroec</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridget_of_Sweden" title="Bridget of Sweden">Bridget of Sweden</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Meister Eckhart</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Tauler" title="Johannes Tauler">Johannes Tauler</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Hilton" title="Walter Hilton">Walter Hilton</a></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cloud_of_Unknowing" title="The Cloud of Unknowing">The Cloud of Unknowing</a></i></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Suso" title="Henry Suso">Heinrich Seuse</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geert_Groote" title="Geert Groote">Geert Groote</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devotio_Moderna" title="Devotio Moderna">Devotio Moderna</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_of_Norwich" title="Julian of Norwich">Julian of Norwich</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_à_Kempis" title="Thomas à Kempis">Thomas à Kempis</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Nicholas of Cusa</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Giovanni Pico della Mirandola</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a><br /><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cajetan" title="Thomas Cajetan">Thomas Cajetan</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Eck" title="Johann Eck">Johann Eck</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria">Francisco de Vitoria</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_of_Villanova" title="Thomas of Villanova">Thomas of Villanova</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Osuna" title="Francisco de Osuna">Francisco de Osuna</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Ávila" title="John of Ávila">John of Ávila</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_of_Ávila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_de_León" title="Luis de León">Luis de León</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_de_Molina" title="Luis de Molina">Luis de Molina</a> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a>)</li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Suárez" title="Francisco Suárez">Francisco Suárez</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to<br /><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Tommaso Campanella</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_de_Bérulle" title="Pierre de Bérulle">Pierre de Bérulle</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Gassendi" title="Pierre Gassendi">Pierre Gassendi</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Descartes" class="mw-selflink selflink">René Descartes</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_of_Jesus_of_Ágreda" title="Mary of Jesus of Ágreda">Mary of Jesus of Ágreda</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/António_Vieira" title="António Vieira">António Vieira</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Olier" title="Jean-Jacques Olier">Jean-Jacques Olier</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Thomassin" title="Louis Thomassin">Louis Thomassin</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques-Bénigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/François_Fénelon" title="François Fénelon">François Fénelon</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Jansen" title="Cornelius Jansen">Cornelius Jansen</a> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a>)</li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Giambattista Vico</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Montfort" title="Louis de Montfort">Louis de Montfort</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Gaetana_Agnesi" title="Maria Gaetana Agnesi">Maria Gaetana Agnesi</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_Muzzarelli" title="Alfonso Muzzarelli">Alfonso Muzzarelli</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Michael_Sailer" title="Johann Michael Sailer">Johann Michael Sailer</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_Mary_Hofbauer" title="Clement Mary Hofbauer">Clement Mary Hofbauer</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Lanteri" title="Bruno Lanteri">Bruno Lanteri</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Görres" title="Joseph Görres">Joseph Görres</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Félicité_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Félicité de La Mennais</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Taparelli" title="Luigi Taparelli">Luigi Taparelli</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Rosmini" title="Antonio Rosmini">Antonio Rosmini</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignaz_von_Döllinger" title="Ignaz von Döllinger">Ignaz von Döllinger</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Henri_Lacordaire" title="Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire">Henri Lacordaire</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Balmes" title="Jaime Balmes">Jaime Balmes</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaetano_Sanseverino" title="Gaetano Sanseverino">Gaetano Sanseverino</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Maria_Cornoldi" title="Giovanni Maria Cornoldi">Giovanni Maria Cornoldi</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Emmanuel_von_Ketteler" title="Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler">Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherr von Ketteler</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Pecci" title="Giuseppe Pecci">Giuseppe Pecci</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Hergenröther" title="Joseph Hergenröther">Joseph Hergenröther</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommaso_Maria_Zigliara" title="Tommaso Maria Zigliara">Tommaso Maria Zigliara</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Joseph_Scheeben" title="Matthias Joseph Scheeben">Matthias Joseph Scheeben</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Émile_Boutroux" title="Émile Boutroux">Émile Boutroux</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Léon_Bloy" title="Léon Bloy">Léon Bloy</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Désiré-Joseph_Mercier" title="Désiré-Joseph Mercier">Désiré-Joseph Mercier</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_von_Hügel" title="Friedrich von Hügel">Friedrich von Hügel</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Joseph_Lagrange" title="Marie-Joseph Lagrange">Marie-Joseph Lagrange</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Tyrrell" title="George Tyrrell">George Tyrrell</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Blondel" title="Maurice Blondel">Maurice Blondel</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thérèse_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Réginald_Garrigou-Lagrange" title="Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange">Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Maréchal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin">Pierre Teilhard de Chardin</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Jacques Maritain</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Étienne_Gilson" title="Étienne Gilson">Étienne Gilson</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Knox" title="Ronald Knox">Ronald Knox</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bernanos" title="Georges Bernanos">Georges Bernanos</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" title="Dietrich von Hildebrand">Dietrich von Hildebrand</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Dominique_Chenu" title="Marie-Dominique Chenu">Marie-Dominique Chenu</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romano_Guardini" title="Romano Guardini">Romano Guardini</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Edith Stein</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulton_J._Sheen" title="Fulton J. Sheen">Fulton Sheen</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_de_Lubac" title="Henri de Lubac">Henri de Lubac</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Daniel-Rops" title="Henri Daniel-Rops">Henri Daniel-Rops</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Guitton" title="Jean Guitton">Jean Guitton</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josemaría_Escrivá" title="Josemaría Escrivá">Josemaría Escrivá</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouvelle_théologie" title="Nouvelle théologie">Nouvelle théologie</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Karl Rahner</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Congar" title="Yves Congar">Yves Congar</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Lonergan" title="Bernard Lonergan">Bernard Lonergan</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Mounier" title="Emmanuel Mounier">Emmanuel Mounier</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Daniélou" title="Jean Daniélou">Jean Daniélou</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Hans Urs von Balthasar</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Lefebvre" title="Marcel Lefebvre">Marcel Lefebvre</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Frederick Copleston</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Delp" title="Alfred Delp">Alfred Delp</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Schillebeeckx" title="Edward Schillebeeckx">Edward Schillebeeckx</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Merton" title="Thomas Merton">Thomas Merton</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Girard" title="René Girard">René Girard</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Küng" title="Hans Küng">Hans Küng</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Metz" title="Johann Baptist Metz">Johann Baptist Metz</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Vanier" title="Jean Vanier">Jean Vanier</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Nouwen" title="Henri Nouwen">Henri Nouwen</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_von_Hildebrand" title="Alice von Hildebrand">Alice von Hildebrand</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Maria_Martini" title="Carlo Maria Martini">Carlo Maria Martini</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavo_Gutiérrez" title="Gustavo Gutiérrez">Gustavo Gutiérrez</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">Alasdair MacIntyre</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Kasper" title="Walter Kasper">Walter Kasper</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raniero_Cantalamessa" title="Raniero Cantalamessa">Raniero Cantalamessa</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michał_Heller" title="Michał Heller">Michał Heller</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Peter Kreeft</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomáš_Halík" title="Tomáš Halík">Tomáš Halík</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aidan_Nichols" title="Aidan Nichols">Aidan Nichols</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Hahn" title="Scott Hahn">Scott Hahn</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><div>
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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9191#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata5995" style="padding:3px" id="mwDXI"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9191#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata5995" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9191#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img src="https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail" alt="Edit this at Wikidata" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" data-file-type="drawing" height="10" width="10" class="mw-file-element" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121296144" class="external text">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/41838958" class="external text">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118524844" class="external text">GND</a></li><li><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/36818" class="external text">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJm4PF6Xqwc8m39hM8khpP" class="external text">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li>Descartes, René, 1596-1650&lt;/span&gt;"}]]}'&gt;<a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79061201" class="external text">United States</a></li><li><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11899775j" class="external text">France</a></li><li><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11899775j" class="external text">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00437738" class="external text">Japan</a></li><li>Descartes, René&lt;/span&gt;"}]]}'&gt;<a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV009080" class="external text">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=jn19990001725&amp;CON_LNG=ENG" class="external text">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX990358" class="external text">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://aleph.bibnat.ro:8991/F/?func=direct&amp;local_base=NLR10&amp;doc_number=000063723" class="external text">Romania</a></li><li><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/15120" class="external text">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068457170" class="external text">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90060650" class="external text">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&amp;local_base=lnc10&amp;doc_number=000032223&amp;P_CON_LNG=ENG" class="external text">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&amp;local_base=red10&amp;doc_number=000035290" class="external text">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=62574" class="external text">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&amp;local_base=BNA10&amp;doc_number=000038895" class="external text">Argentina</a><ul><li><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&amp;local_base=BNA10&amp;doc_number=000023749" class="external text">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199606962" class="external text">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://libris.kb.se/nl02209622nvnn9" class="external text">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810587895905606" class="external text">Poland</a></li><li>Descartes, René, 1596-1650&lt;/span&gt;"}]]}'&gt;<a rel="mw:ExtLink" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&amp;url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&amp;id=495/11871" class="external text">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007260305505171" class="external text">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000078239" class="external text">Finland</a></li><li><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058520134806706" class="external text">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14112390" class="external text">Belgium</a></li><li><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://bukinet-mreza.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/authfulldisplay?&amp;context=L&amp;vid=385BUKINET_NETWORK:VU1_UNION&amp;lang=en&amp;docid=981005684934209366" class="external text">Croatia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00162931?l=en" class="external text">CiNii</a></li><li><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=125358" class="external text">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></li><li><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:descartes.rene" class="external text">zbMATH</a></li><li><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/57025" class="external text">MathSciNet</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&amp;role=&amp;nation=&amp;subjectid=500223252" class="external text">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/05099e0b-bbb1-4aca-97b8-7eca9fbae68a" class="external text">MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/435090" class="external text">RKD Artists</a></li><li><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_118524844" class="external text">FID</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/59351556" class="external text">Netherlands</a><ul><li><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/03291202" class="external text">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://bmlo.de/d0162" class="external text">BMLO</a></li><li><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/807491" class="external text">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.librarything.com/author/descartesrene" class="external text">LibraryThing</a></li><li><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118524844.html?language=en" class="external text">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118524844" class="external text">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.idref.fr/027287165" class="external text">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL116826A?mode=all" class="external text">Open Library</a></li><li><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6mc943m" class="external text">SNAC</a></li><li>Descartes, René (1596-1650)&lt;/span&gt;"}]]}'&gt;<a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://rism.online/people/8285" class="external text">RISM</a></li><li><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/person/cc38f736-bab0-49e2-8e21-da029f7e8990" class="external text">Yale LUX</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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<div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=René_Descartes&amp;oldid=1378442186">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=René_Descartes&amp;oldid=1378442186</a>"</div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes#Emancipation_from_Church_doctrine</link>
      <guid>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes#Emancipation_from_Church_doctrine</guid>
      <pubDate>Sat, 10 Oct 2026 05:35:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[American vs French healthcare - which would you prefer?]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>Been talking to my mom who is a republican and one of her longtime political stances (decades) has been that the American healthcare system is clearly superior to anywhere else in the world. She was, for her cohort, a highly powerful and successful corporate climber, she traveled internationally often and met lots of foreign people, and spent a <em>lot</em> of time as a personal acquaintance of some French generational wealth/1% types (her company is French owned).</p> <p>Very plainly she argues that <strong>most</strong> French people would readily agree the the American healthcare system is superior to the French. The source for this claim seems obvious to me but I don't know any French people IRL.</p> <p>I assume with little evidence that she is incorrect. I lived in Ireland for a year and would confidently say the average Irish person I met would not prefer the American healthcare system, and spoke to a few Europeans from other countries (Norway in particular) who also did not agree.</p> <p>Can y'all prove me wrong, or give me some evidence to show her to the contrary?</p> </div><!-- SC_ON -->   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/ShowsTeeth"> /u/ShowsTeeth </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/"> r/france </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x24ucf/american_vs_french_healthcare_which_would_you/">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x24ucf/american_vs_french_healthcare_which_would_you/">[comments]</a></span><br/><hr/><br/><p>You've been blocked by network security.</p><div class="text-16 text-neutral-content-weak"><div class="pt-md">To continue, log in to your Reddit account or use your developer token<p>If you think you've been blocked by mistake, file a ticket below and we'll look into it.</p><p><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-primary" href="https://www.reddit.com/login/">Log in </a><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-secondary" href="https://support.reddithelp.com/hc/en-us/requests/new?ticket_form_id=21879292693140">File a ticket</a></p></div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x24ucf/american_vs_french_healthcare_which_would_you/</link>
      <guid>https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x24ucf/american_vs_french_healthcare_which_would_you/</guid>
      <pubDate>Sat, 10 Oct 2026 05:22:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[(Hated trope)an important character is mysteriously absent in the sequel with no explanation]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/TopCharacterTropes/comments/1x248lj/hated_tropean_important_character_is_mysteriously/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/qh77qb2c0kuh1.jpg?width=140&amp;height=140&amp;crop=1:1,smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=a344d7115b8d52786dc79e1d842814d342e39408" alt="(Hated trope)an important character is mysteriously absent in the sequel with no explanation" title="(Hated trope)an important character is mysteriously absent in the sequel with no explanation"> </a> </td><td> <!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>Angie(Diary of a Wimpy Kid)-When Greg and Rowley hide from physical education they meet Angie,a girl who was also hiding from class,despite Greg trying to stay away from her(because he is Greg Heffley)she becomes friends with both of them,it seems in the sequel she is going to be the girl member of the trio.</p> <p>But then in the sequel she is just gone,no mention,nothing,instead she is replaced by Holly who also becomes Greg love interest,now i get that they probably couldn't get Chloe Grace Moretz back because this was around the time her career took off,but couldn't they at least say she transfered or somenthing?</p> <p>Reze and Kishibe(Chainsaw Man)-Oh boy this one still enfuriates me</p> <p>So Reze was the femme fatale girl who became Denji first real love and was incredibly popular with fans,as for Kishibe he was the strongest devil hunter and an important ally/teacher to Denji</p> <p>Now despite part 2 having several moments where they definetly should show up,they just don't show up for some reason</p> <p>I've seen some people trying to defend Reze not appearing because the point of her is that she is supposed to be a tragic character from a love story and when she "dies" her character arc is finished.Here's the thing,i 100% agree,that was her story and while it was sad it was well written...But then Fujimoto reveals she is still alive and then stablishes that the hybrids were fred from Makima mind control and they remember fighting Denji,so why the hell is Reze not looking for Denji?</p> <p>And Kishibe is even worse because he is supposed to be a big deal in that universe and he should be looking after Denji and specially Nayuta so she wouldn't turn into another Makima,but nope,he is not even mentioned.</p> </div><!-- SC_ON -->   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Morr4Seiya"> /u/Morr4Seiya </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/TopCharacterTropes/"> r/TopCharacterTropes </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/gallery/1x248lj">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/TopCharacterTropes/comments/1x248lj/hated_tropean_important_character_is_mysteriously/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><p>You've been blocked by network security.</p><div class="text-16 text-neutral-content-weak"><div class="pt-md">To continue, log in to your Reddit account or use your developer token<p>If you think you've been blocked by mistake, file a ticket below and we'll look into it.</p><p><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-primary" href="https://www.reddit.com/login/">Log in </a><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-secondary" href="https://support.reddithelp.com/hc/en-us/requests/new?ticket_form_id=21879292693140">File a ticket</a></p></div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.reddit.com/gallery/1x248lj</link>
      <guid>https://www.reddit.com/gallery/1x248lj</guid>
      <pubDate>Sat, 10 Oct 2026 04:49:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Trump Warns Norway He Won’t Forget Nobel Peace Prize Snub]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/worldnews/comments/1x23vyi/trump_warns_norway_he_wont_forget_nobel_peace/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/JdbhBwvnvlfJ9h16TchllVmvJJ6Yuk3DbEenM1hAKHo.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=a7713fd08bc308062c354540341cccd6289620bb" alt="Trump Warns Norway He Won’t Forget Nobel Peace Prize Snub" title="Trump Warns Norway He Won’t Forget Nobel Peace Prize Snub"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/dfivetf"> /u/dfivetf </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/worldnews/"> r/worldnews </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-10-10/trump-warns-norway-he-won-t-forget-nobel-peace-prize-snub?srnd=homepage-americas">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/worldnews/comments/1x23vyi/trump_warns_norway_he_wont_forget_nobel_peace/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-10-10/trump-warns-norway-he-won-t-forget-nobel-peace-prize-snub?srnd=homepage-americas</link>
      <guid>https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-10-10/trump-warns-norway-he-won-t-forget-nobel-peace-prize-snub?srnd=homepage-americas</guid>
      <pubDate>Sat, 10 Oct 2026 04:30:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[STB d'avoir repris mon gâteau à la fin d'un dîner chez des amis ?]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>Samedi dernier, dîner à six chez un couple d'amis. Quand on s'est réparti qui amenait quoi, ils m'ont demandé mon gâteau au citron. Je le fais souvent, ils l'aiment bien. J'ai donc passé une partie de l'après-midi à le préparer.</p> <p>Au dessert, mon pote sort une boîte de six pâtisseries. Il avait craqué en faisant les courses. Il laisse mon gâteau sur le plan de travail et dit qu'ils le garderont pour le lendemain. Je propose qu'on coupe quelques petites parts, quitte à avoir des restes des deux. Sa copine répond qu'on a déjà beaucoup mangé et que les pâtisseries, ça se garde moins bien.</p> <p>J'ai rien dit de plus pendant le repas. Au moment de partir, j'ai remis le couvercle sur mon moule et pris le gâteau avec moi. Mon pote m'a demandé si je le récupérais vraiment. J'ai répondu oui, que je l'avais apporté pour qu'on le partage et que j'avais aussi envie d'en manger.</p> <p>Il l'a mal pris. Pour lui, ce qu'on apporte chez les gens est un cadeau. Il m'a dit que repartir avec parce qu'on n'avait pas eu les compliments attendus, c'était mesquin. Il comptait le manger avec sa copine le lendemain, donc il aurait pas été perdu.</p> <p>Ma copine trouve aussi que j'ai rendu la fin de soirée gênante pour pas grand-chose. Elle aurait préféré qu'on leur laisse et qu'on en parle après. Je reconnais que je l'ai repris en partie parce que j'étais vexé. Et pour être clair, ils avaient de quoi le transvaser, récupérer mon moule était pas une excuse. Ça m'a juste contrarié qu'on me demande de préparer le dessert puis qu'on décide de le manger sans moi.</p> </div><!-- SC_ON -->   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Worricycle"> /u/Worricycle </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/suisjeletroudeballe/"> r/suisjeletroudeballe </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/suisjeletroudeballe/comments/1x22lx4/stb_davoir_repris_mon_g%C3%A2teau_%C3%A0_la_fin_dun_d%C3%AEner/">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/suisjeletroudeballe/comments/1x22lx4/stb_davoir_repris_mon_g%C3%A2teau_%C3%A0_la_fin_dun_d%C3%AEner/">[comments]</a></span><br/><hr/><br/><p>You've been blocked by network security.</p><div class="text-16 text-neutral-content-weak"><div class="pt-md">To continue, log in to your Reddit account or use your developer token<p>If you think you've been blocked by mistake, file a ticket below and we'll look into it.</p><p><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-primary" href="https://www.reddit.com/login/">Log in </a><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-secondary" href="https://support.reddithelp.com/hc/en-us/requests/new?ticket_form_id=21879292693140">File a ticket</a></p></div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.reddit.com/r/suisjeletroudeballe/comments/1x22lx4/stb_davoir_repris_mon_g%C3%A2teau_%C3%A0_la_fin_dun_d%C3%AEner/</link>
      <guid>https://www.reddit.com/r/suisjeletroudeballe/comments/1x22lx4/stb_davoir_repris_mon_g%C3%A2teau_%C3%A0_la_fin_dun_d%C3%AEner/</guid>
      <pubDate>Sat, 10 Oct 2026 03:24:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[« Je me roule en boule en attendant que ça s’arrête » : le choc de Laetitia et Achille, deux profs de philo frappés par des policiers à Beauvais]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x206zp/je_me_roule_en_boule_en_attendant_que_%C3%A7a_sarr%C3%AAte/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/TgkGuSDLlCIpsSo3-mElazJf3hFOV-jL2NEObDgTeWs.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=a2a5a74f18f2cfd148333363ad48f1a2ebdfe978" alt="« Je me roule en boule en attendant que ça s’arrête » : le choc de Laetitia et Achille, deux profs de philo frappés par des policiers à Beauvais" title="« Je me roule en boule en attendant que ça s’arrête » : le choc de Laetitia et Achille, deux profs de philo frappés par des policiers à Beauvais"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Folivao"> /u/Folivao </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/"> r/france </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.leparisien.fr/oise-60/je-me-roule-en-boule-en-attendant-que-ca-sarrete-le-choc-de-deux-profs-de-philo-frappes-par-des-policiers-a-beauvais-09-10-2026-CKT5WGY5GRAG3OVTZIEBCZSPKE.php?at_variant=photo">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x206zp/je_me_roule_en_boule_en_attendant_que_%C3%A7a_sarr%C3%AAte/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div class="share-toolsv2-container body-spacing"><p><a class="lp-button lp-button--outline lp-button--size-36 lp-button--icon-left" href="https://profile.google.com/@leparisien" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow" data-lp-click="{&quot;event&quot;:&quot;clicArticle&quot;,&quot;Chapter1-clic&quot;:&quot;articles&quot;,&quot;Chapter2-clic&quot;:&quot;google&quot;,&quot;Chapter3-clic&quot;:null}" data-lp-click-raw="">Suivre Le Parisien sur Google</a></p></div><div class="body-spacing width_full flex article-section margin_bottom_article"><section class="content"><p class="lp-f-subtitle-01">Des vidéos prises le 5 octobre, lors de la manifestation des élèves du lycée Paul-Langevin, à Beauvais (Oise), montrent des policiers prendre violemment à partie deux professeurs. Ses derniers ont déposé plainte, tandis que la préfecture assure que des sommations ont été faites.</p></section><div><section class="content"><p class="">Si la douleur physique est passée, le choc, lui, est encore là. Deux jours après leur confrontation violente avec des policiers pendant la <a href="https://podcasts.leparisien.fr/le-parisien-code-source/202610071537-lycees-bloques-manifestations-violences-comment-la-mobilisat" target="_self" rel="">manifestation</a> du lycée Paul-Langevin, à <a href="https://www.leparisien.fr/oise-60/beauvais-60000/" target="_self" rel="">Beauvais</a> (Oise), Laetitia et Achille, professeurs de philosophie, ne comprennent toujours pas ce qui leur est arrivé.</p></section></div><div class="paywall-article-section"><section class="content paywall-abo"><p class="">« Je revois le moment, et je ressens de nouveau le choc et la peur. Le moment où le sol se dérobe sous mes pieds et où je me dis qu’est-ce qui se passe ? », se rappelle Achille, encore sonné.</p></section></div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.leparisien.fr/oise-60/je-me-roule-en-boule-en-attendant-que-ca-sarrete-le-choc-de-deux-profs-de-philo-frappes-par-des-policiers-a-beauvais-09-10-2026-CKT5WGY5GRAG3OVTZIEBCZSPKE.php?at_variant=photo</link>
      <guid>https://www.leparisien.fr/oise-60/je-me-roule-en-boule-en-attendant-que-ca-sarrete-le-choc-de-deux-profs-de-philo-frappes-par-des-policiers-a-beauvais-09-10-2026-CKT5WGY5GRAG3OVTZIEBCZSPKE.php?at_variant=photo</guid>
      <pubDate>Sat, 10 Oct 2026 01:26:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[« C’est dommage de salir un monument » : la Colonne de Juillet à Bastille recouverte de centaines de tags]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/paris/comments/1x201fo/cest_dommage_de_salir_un_monument_la_colonne_de/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/pl3DKciokHuF9Gt7HIyOfDaXyiTuTs-hWz2Y2tvBhCc.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=34b57da3a214636fa59c8b3561eb16e151055334" alt="« C’est dommage de salir un monument » : la Colonne de Juillet à Bastille recouverte de centaines de tags" title="« C’est dommage de salir un monument » : la Colonne de Juillet à Bastille recouverte de centaines de tags"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/matthieuC"> /u/matthieuC </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/paris/"> r/paris </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.leparisien.fr/paris-75/cest-dommage-de-salir-un-monument-la-colonne-de-juillet-a-bastille-recouverte-de-centaines-de-tags-09-10-2026-WIWW4BOPG5HBLCM5CCGQGH6BRQ.php">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/paris/comments/1x201fo/cest_dommage_de_salir_un_monument_la_colonne_de/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div class="share-toolsv2-container body-spacing"><p><a class="lp-button lp-button--outline lp-button--size-36 lp-button--icon-left" href="https://profile.google.com/@leparisien" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow" data-lp-click="{&quot;event&quot;:&quot;clicArticle&quot;,&quot;Chapter1-clic&quot;:&quot;articles&quot;,&quot;Chapter2-clic&quot;:&quot;google&quot;,&quot;Chapter3-clic&quot;:null}" data-lp-click-raw="">Suivre Le Parisien sur Google</a></p></div><div class="body-spacing width_full flex article-section margin_bottom_article"><section class="content"><p class="lp-f-subtitle-01">Après les tensions entre lycéens et police place de la Bastille, le 8 octobre, la Colonne de Juillet se retrouve entièrement taguée. Le Centre des monuments nationaux doit engager une remise en état dès lundi.</p></section><div><section class="content"><p class="">Margareth et ses deux amies enfilent leur capuche à l’arrivée de la bruine. Ce vendredi 9 octobre, au matin, les trois copines américaines d’une quarantaine d’années - en voyage dans la capitale pour le concert de <a href="https://www.leparisien.fr/culture-loisirs/musique/celine-dion/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Céline Dion</a> - viennent de quitter leur location qu’elles occupent depuis le milieu de semaine, dans le quartier de Bastille. « Hier, on a été surprise par la foule et les <a href="https://www.leparisien.fr/paris-75/mobilisation-lyceenne-a-paris-enquete-administrative-ouverte-contre-un-policier-filme-en-train-dassener-un-coup-de-genou-au-visage-dun-manifestant-08-10-2026-423SEPVVBVA7RBHKHZB2R4NDGY.php" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">tensions sur la place avec la police</a> », raconte la première.</p></section></div><div class="paywall-article-section"><section class="content paywall-abo"><p class="">Le calme est retombé et la place, lieu symbolique de la Révolution française, présente quelques stigmates de la mobilisation lycéenne de la veille : un kiosque a été dégradé, les vitres de la terrasse d’un restaurant ont été brisées. Et, pièce centrale de la place, la <a href="https://www.leparisien.fr/paris-75/paris-pour-redecouvrir-le-siecle-des-revolutions-rendez-vous-a-la-necropole-de-la-colonne-de-juillet-23-10-2021-7LMM7CMOS5GLNI3CPOM643S4IY.php" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Colonne de Juillet</a> est largement taguée. Les inscriptions se comptent par centaines. Et les badauds s’arrêtent prendre des photos des quelques inscriptions en soutien aux étudiants au milieu de nombreux messages anti police et anti-Macron.</p></section></div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.leparisien.fr/paris-75/cest-dommage-de-salir-un-monument-la-colonne-de-juillet-a-bastille-recouverte-de-centaines-de-tags-09-10-2026-WIWW4BOPG5HBLCM5CCGQGH6BRQ.php</link>
      <guid>https://www.leparisien.fr/paris-75/cest-dommage-de-salir-un-monument-la-colonne-de-juillet-a-bastille-recouverte-de-centaines-de-tags-09-10-2026-WIWW4BOPG5HBLCM5CCGQGH6BRQ.php</guid>
      <pubDate>Sat, 10 Oct 2026 01:19:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Reputation in one war]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/HistoryMemes/comments/1x1z0gw/reputation_in_one_war/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/sa77151gqiuh1.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=2aeff793a790cbfaf3f0c0496f1227234d585cfe" alt="Reputation in one war" title="Reputation in one war"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/-Batman-01"> /u/-Batman-01 </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/HistoryMemes/"> r/HistoryMemes </a> <br> <span><a href="https://i.redd.it/sa77151gqiuh1.jpeg">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/HistoryMemes/comments/1x1z0gw/reputation_in_one_war/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><p><img src="https://i.redd.it/sa77151gqiuh1.jpeg"></p></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://i.redd.it/sa77151gqiuh1.jpeg</link>
      <guid>https://i.redd.it/sa77151gqiuh1.jpeg</guid>
      <pubDate>Sat, 10 Oct 2026 00:32:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[What once popular Hollywood film has aged so terribly it's been rendered virtually unwatchable?]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[  submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Early_Direction2312"> /u/Early_Direction2312 </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/AskReddit/"> r/AskReddit </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/AskReddit/comments/1x1yqws/what_once_popular_hollywood_film_has_aged_so/">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/AskReddit/comments/1x1yqws/what_once_popular_hollywood_film_has_aged_so/">[comments]</a></span><br/><hr/><br/><p>You've been blocked by network security.</p><div class="text-16 text-neutral-content-weak"><div class="pt-md">To continue, log in to your Reddit account or use your developer token<p>If you think you've been blocked by mistake, file a ticket below and we'll look into it.</p><p><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-primary" href="https://www.reddit.com/login/">Log in </a><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-secondary" href="https://support.reddithelp.com/hc/en-us/requests/new?ticket_form_id=21879292693140">File a ticket</a></p></div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.reddit.com/r/AskReddit/comments/1x1yqws/what_once_popular_hollywood_film_has_aged_so/</link>
      <guid>https://www.reddit.com/r/AskReddit/comments/1x1yqws/what_once_popular_hollywood_film_has_aged_so/</guid>
      <pubDate>Sat, 10 Oct 2026 00:20:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Quel est donc cette diablerie ?]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/mauvaisesreponses/comments/1x1yiyr/quel_est_donc_cette_diablerie/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/reb64m4lmiuh1.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=e60ad7757a73e9a78240304f9c987b3a7d044c3b" alt="Quel est donc cette diablerie ?" title="Quel est donc cette diablerie ?"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/idinarouill"> /u/idinarouill </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/mauvaisesreponses/"> r/mauvaisesreponses </a> <br> <span><a href="https://i.redd.it/reb64m4lmiuh1.jpeg">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/mauvaisesreponses/comments/1x1yiyr/quel_est_donc_cette_diablerie/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><p><img src="https://i.redd.it/reb64m4lmiuh1.jpeg"></p></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://i.redd.it/reb64m4lmiuh1.jpeg</link>
      <guid>https://i.redd.it/reb64m4lmiuh1.jpeg</guid>
      <pubDate>Sat, 10 Oct 2026 00:10:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Expressing multiple emotions at one time]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/pics/comments/1x1xbpb/expressing_multiple_emotions_at_one_time/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/fiezfyscdiuh1.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=9ad46b4f2ab46eb50c005210779c9e311bb55d19" alt="Expressing multiple emotions at one time" title="Expressing multiple emotions at one time"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/mbatt2"> /u/mbatt2 </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/pics/"> r/pics </a> <br> <span><a href="https://i.redd.it/fiezfyscdiuh1.jpeg">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/pics/comments/1x1xbpb/expressing_multiple_emotions_at_one_time/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><p><img src="https://i.redd.it/fiezfyscdiuh1.jpeg"></p></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://i.redd.it/fiezfyscdiuh1.jpeg</link>
      <guid>https://i.redd.it/fiezfyscdiuh1.jpeg</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 23:18:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Le Kremlin confirme l’accord entre Donald Trump et Vladimir Poutine sur des livraisons massives de diesel russe]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x1wr59/le_kremlin_confirme_laccord_entre_donald_trump_et/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/q4HLypxCUkijcrTqsCJebGsBizho2l4sQvXzncEAtDA.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=1f0fb78e14d9f9d148a1ebb922275f1bed395bab" alt="Le Kremlin confirme l’accord entre Donald Trump et Vladimir Poutine sur des livraisons massives de diesel russe" title="Le Kremlin confirme l’accord entre Donald Trump et Vladimir Poutine sur des livraisons massives de diesel russe"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/slasher-fun"> /u/slasher-fun </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/"> r/france </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.lemonde.fr/international/live/2026/10/09/en-direct-guerre-en-ukraine-le-kremlin-confirme-l-accord-entre-donald-trump-et-vladimir-poutine-sur-des-livraisons-massives-de-diesel-russe_6787996_3210.html">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x1wr59/le_kremlin_confirme_laccord_entre_donald_trump_et/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><img class="logo" src="https://www.lemonde.fr/bucket/resources/front/static/img/logos/pwa-256.png" alt="Le Monde" /><p>Si vous êtes partenaire autorisé, abonné au Monde, ou si vous souhaitez obtenir une autorisation d’accès à ce contenu, merci de contacter : licensing[@]groupelemonde.fr en joignant une copie de cette page d’erreur, incluant votre adresse IP et votre identifiant de requête (RID).</p><p>English version</p><p>Your traffic has been identified as automated (bot activity).</p><p>If you are an authorized partner, a Le Monde subscriber, or if you would like to request permission to access this content, please contact: licensing[@]groupelemonde.fr and include a copy of this error page showing your IP address and request ID (RID).</p><p class="ip">IP: 185.189.159.122<br />RID: c3ea3d56698c4a4ea68d000000000001</p>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.lemonde.fr/international/live/2026/10/09/en-direct-guerre-en-ukraine-le-kremlin-confirme-l-accord-entre-donald-trump-et-vladimir-poutine-sur-des-livraisons-massives-de-diesel-russe_6787996_3210.html</link>
      <guid>https://www.lemonde.fr/international/live/2026/10/09/en-direct-guerre-en-ukraine-le-kremlin-confirme-l-accord-entre-donald-trump-et-vladimir-poutine-sur-des-livraisons-massives-de-diesel-russe_6787996_3210.html</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 22:55:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Partir en week-end solo quand on est jeune c’est « ringard »?]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>Bonsoir,</p> <p>J’ai (25M) décidé de m’organiser un week-end à Lyon car je voulais visiter la ville et assister au festival Lumière. N’ayant personne pour m’y accompagner je comptais donc m’y rendre seul.</p> <p>Mais voilà, j’en ai parlé à des proches avec qui je dînais ce soir pour prévenir que je ne serais pas dispo le week-end et ils trouvent ça bizarre lol ??</p> <p>J’ai carrément mon daron qui m’a dit que ce n’était pas normal qu’un jeune de mon âge soit solitaire.<br> D’autres proches trouvent mon solo trip ridicule ou dangereux car je serais « seul ».</p> <p>J’avoue ne pas trop comprendre les réactions dans mon entourage car j’ai l’impression d’avoir annoncé que j’allais visiter la ligne de front en Ukraine mdr</p> <p>C’est si mal vu de faire des activités seul ? Ou bien c’est mon entourage qui est étrange mdr</p> </div><!-- SC_ON -->   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Piwokii"> /u/Piwokii </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/AskFrance/"> r/AskFrance </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/AskFrance/comments/1x1velm/partir_en_weekend_solo_quand_on_est_jeune_cest/">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/AskFrance/comments/1x1velm/partir_en_weekend_solo_quand_on_est_jeune_cest/">[comments]</a></span><br/><hr/><br/><p>You've been blocked by network security.</p><div class="text-16 text-neutral-content-weak"><div class="pt-md">To continue, log in to your Reddit account or use your developer token<p>If you think you've been blocked by mistake, file a ticket below and we'll look into it.</p><p><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-primary" href="https://www.reddit.com/login/">Log in </a><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-secondary" href="https://support.reddithelp.com/hc/en-us/requests/new?ticket_form_id=21879292693140">File a ticket</a></p></div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.reddit.com/r/AskFrance/comments/1x1velm/partir_en_weekend_solo_quand_on_est_jeune_cest/</link>
      <guid>https://www.reddit.com/r/AskFrance/comments/1x1velm/partir_en_weekend_solo_quand_on_est_jeune_cest/</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 22:00:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Les gilis: bien ou pas bien?]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>Ce soir je me tapais des barres de rire avec ma fille de 4 ans, et je lui faisais des gilis de temps en temps histoire d'accentuer le jeu en mode torture de rires. Ma femme, quelque peu fatiguée par sa semaine et exaspérée de nous voir PTDR encore une fois, me dit d'un ton réprobateur que "Selon les experts, les gilis c'est pas bien pour le développement des enfants".</p> <p>J'ai explosé de rire et elle est allée se coucher en mode fâchée </p> <p>Est-ce que des experts ici peuvent m'expliquer pourquoi on dit que les gilis c'est pas bien pour les enfants ?</p> <p>C'est une violation de l'intimité des enfants ? Ou est-ce que c'est un comportement patriarcal gravé dans ma subconscience? peut-être les deux?</p> <p>Merci pour vos éclaircissements et gros bisous!</p> </div><!-- SC_ON -->   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/GeorgesMyGueule"> /u/GeorgesMyGueule </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/ParentingFR/"> r/ParentingFR </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/ParentingFR/comments/1x1uzek/les_gilis_bien_ou_pas_bien/">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/ParentingFR/comments/1x1uzek/les_gilis_bien_ou_pas_bien/">[comments]</a></span><br/><hr/><br/><p>You've been blocked by network security.</p><div class="text-16 text-neutral-content-weak"><div class="pt-md">To continue, log in to your Reddit account or use your developer token<p>If you think you've been blocked by mistake, file a ticket below and we'll look into it.</p><p><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-primary" href="https://www.reddit.com/login/">Log in </a><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-secondary" href="https://support.reddithelp.com/hc/en-us/requests/new?ticket_form_id=21879292693140">File a ticket</a></p></div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.reddit.com/r/ParentingFR/comments/1x1uzek/les_gilis_bien_ou_pas_bien/</link>
      <guid>https://www.reddit.com/r/ParentingFR/comments/1x1uzek/les_gilis_bien_ou_pas_bien/</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 21:44:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Petahhhh?]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/PeterExplainsTheJoke/comments/1x1uogr/petahhhh/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/n069vu5euhuh1.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=bdd2acf89bd9e92a7a1ae2dc11edfd92c0346e43" alt="Petahhhh?" title="Petahhhh?"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Pale_Extension"> /u/Pale_Extension </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/PeterExplainsTheJoke/"> r/PeterExplainsTheJoke </a> <br> <span><a href="https://i.redd.it/n069vu5euhuh1.jpeg">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/PeterExplainsTheJoke/comments/1x1uogr/petahhhh/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><p><img src="https://i.redd.it/n069vu5euhuh1.jpeg"></p></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://i.redd.it/n069vu5euhuh1.jpeg</link>
      <guid>https://i.redd.it/n069vu5euhuh1.jpeg</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 21:32:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Trump says Russia agreed to supply millions of tons of diesel to US, global markets]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/worldnews/comments/1x1tsb8/trump_says_russia_agreed_to_supply_millions_of/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/bCI2PIslpjyzqO7Bdlo89Gbf3tL3rcmTs_qgSlsHeOM.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=c970362979e3030df1667e8d0f2def2a37f3caeb" alt="Trump says Russia agreed to supply millions of tons of diesel to US, global markets" title="Trump says Russia agreed to supply millions of tons of diesel to US, global markets"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/KI_official"> /u/KI_official </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/worldnews/"> r/worldnews </a> <br> <span><a href="https://kyivindependent.com/trump-says-russia-agreed-to-supply-millions-of-tons-of-diesel-to-us-global-markets/">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/worldnews/comments/1x1tsb8/trump_says_russia_agreed_to_supply_millions_of/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><p>U.S. President Donald Trump said on Oct. 9 that Russia had agreed to supply millions of tons of diesel fuel to the U.S. and global markets following a call with Russian President Vladimir Putin.</p><p>"Russia will immediately supply over 300,000 Tons of Diesel Fuel to the American and Global Marketplace, another 500,000 Tons during the month of November, and 1,000,000 Tons immediately thereafter," Trump <a href="https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/117412435306815143" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">wrote</a> on Truth Social.</p><p>"Between our TOTAL CONTROL of the Strait of Hormuz, and this great announcement on Russian Energy, Diesel Prices for Americans and, indeed, the World, will be COMING DOWN, IN RECORD NUMBERS, AND FAST!" he added.</p><p>The U.S. Treasury Department <a href="https://x.com/USTreasury/status/2108630834169385310?s=20" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">said</a> that, following Trump’s direction, "the Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) is immediately issuing a temporary general license to allow the supply of Russian diesel to the global market."</p><p>Democratic Senators Jeanne Shaheen, Chuck Schumer, and Elizabeth Warren condemned the six-month authorization for global purchases of Russian diesel, <a href="https://x.com/SFRCdems/status/2108684650449162582?s=20" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">calling</a> it "a total betrayal of Ukraine, our European allies and American national security."</p><p>In a joint statement, they accused Trump of funding Russia’s war effort to offset fuel price increases caused by the U.S. war with Iran. They also said the decision undermined bipartisan legislation passed weeks earlier to curb Russian energy revenues.</p><p>"Putin only responds to strength, which means cracking down on Russia and the enablers of its war against Ukraine," they said.</p><p>President Volodymyr Zelensky also <a href="https://t.me/V_Zelenskiy_official/21297" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">criticized the decision</a>, saying it would provide Russia with additional revenue to finance its war against Ukraine.</p><section class="opinion_snippet c10"><div class="opinion_snippet_text c8"><p>Send it to <a href="mailto:letters@kyivindependent.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="c5">letters@kyivindependent.com</a><br />and it may appear in our Letters section.</p><a class="opinion_snippet_link submit-an-opinion__btn c7" href="https://kyivindependent.com/writing-op-ed-for-kyiv-independent/">SUBMIT AN OPINION</a></div><img class="opinion_snippet--img c9" src="https://assets.kyivindependent.com/content/images/2026/06/mailimage_20260611-142654.png" alt="Mail box" /></section><p>"This only fuels Putin and enables him to wage more war," Zelensky said. "And at the very moment when we are talking about peace, America is allowing Russia to export diesel."</p><p>Zelensky said Ukraine’s negotiating team is currently in Florida for two days of talks with U.S. officials on ending the war, or at least securing a ceasefire that could begin with a halt to attacks on energy infrastructure.</p><p>"I believe our team is simply being used as a smokescreen. This is certainly not honest, and it is certainly not how partners should act," he told reporters, calling the move "a weak decision by our strong partners."</p><p>Zelensky added that Ukraine was ready to reciprocate any Russian steps toward de-escalation, a position already known to U.S. negotiators. He said Ukraine would halt strikes on Russian refineries and other oil facilities if Moscow stopped attacking Ukrainian energy infrastructure, describing Ukraine’s strikes as a response to years of Russian attacks on its power system. Kyiv has proposed such an agreement to Washington, he added, and believes the U.S. has enough influence to secure it.</p><p>A European diplomat questioned whether the deal would lower diesel prices, telling the Kyiv Independent: "This is very unlikely to have a real impact on prices but the symbolism will have a real impact."</p><p>The Kremlin said Russia had confirmed its willingness to supply oil and petroleum products to U.S. and global markets during the call.</p><p>The move comes as Russia is seeking relief from U.S. sanctions in talks over a potential halt to attacks on energy infrastructure in its war with Ukraine, the Kyiv Independent <a href="https://kyivindependent.com/putin-puts-a-price-on-trumps-ukraine-energy-truce/">reported</a> on Oct. 9, citing American and Ukrainian officials with knowledge of the negotiations. Moscow also wants to link the proposed energy truce to ceasefire arrangements in the Black Sea.</p><p>Those talks follow intensified Russian strikes on Ukraine’s energy facilities. A senior Ukrainian defense official told reporters that Moscow aims to strengthen its negotiating position by causing as much damage as possible to the country’s power system.</p><p>Russia may also seek the release of frozen Russian assets, a European diplomat familiar with the discussions told the Kyiv Independent.</p><p>Russia’s government on Sept. 30 extended a ban on diesel exports by fuel producers through Oct. 31 amid problems in the domestic fuel market. Deputy Prime Minister Alexander Novak said on Oct. 2 that domestic diesel supplies were sufficient and that Moscow could partially reopen exports if production exceeded demand, according to state media.</p><p>Putin said on Oct. 1 that Russia had enough diesel but that sanctions prevented it from supplying global markets. Speaking at the Valdai Discussion Club, he dismissed as "absurd" a proposal to halt Russian strikes on Ukrainian ships in exchange for Ukraine stopping attacks on Russian oil refineries, arguing that sanctions would still prevent additional Russian diesel from reaching international buyers.</p>]]></description>
      <link>https://kyivindependent.com/trump-says-russia-agreed-to-supply-millions-of-tons-of-diesel-to-us-global-markets/</link>
      <guid>https://kyivindependent.com/trump-says-russia-agreed-to-supply-millions-of-tons-of-diesel-to-us-global-markets/</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 20:58:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Descendez-vous chercher vos commandes Uber Eats / Deliveroo ou attendez-vous que le livreur monte ?]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>Ce soir, j’ai commandé à manger et je suis descendue devant mon immeuble pour récupérer ma commande.</p> <p>Le livreur avait l’air surpris de me voir. Il m’a fait un grand sourire et m’a remerciée d’être descendue. Il m’a expliqué que c’était assez rare le soir, et qu’il devait souvent entrer dans les immeubles et monter jusqu’aux appartements, ce qui le mettait parfois mal à l’aise par peur de se faire voler ses affaires ou les commandes.</p> <p>Je pensais que c’était assez normal de descendre chercher sa commande, donc sa réaction m’a étonnée !</p> </div><!-- SC_ON -->   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/ngc6543_"> /u/ngc6543_ </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/paris/"> r/paris </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/paris/comments/1x1t9ax/descendezvous_chercher_vos_commandes_uber_eats/">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/paris/comments/1x1t9ax/descendezvous_chercher_vos_commandes_uber_eats/">[comments]</a></span><br/><hr/><br/><p>You've been blocked by network security.</p><div class="text-16 text-neutral-content-weak"><div class="pt-md">To continue, log in to your Reddit account or use your developer token<p>If you think you've been blocked by mistake, file a ticket below and we'll look into it.</p><p><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-primary" href="https://www.reddit.com/login/">Log in </a><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-secondary" href="https://support.reddithelp.com/hc/en-us/requests/new?ticket_form_id=21879292693140">File a ticket</a></p></div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.reddit.com/r/paris/comments/1x1t9ax/descendezvous_chercher_vos_commandes_uber_eats/</link>
      <guid>https://www.reddit.com/r/paris/comments/1x1t9ax/descendezvous_chercher_vos_commandes_uber_eats/</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 20:37:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Banalisons le racisme c'est parti...]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/IaCaca/comments/1x1sswa/banalisons_le_racisme_cest_parti/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/zeunfjyfhhuh1.png?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=c9b677ea47d365346cdcf061acc708b57783268b" alt="Banalisons le racisme c'est parti..." title="Banalisons le racisme c'est parti..."> </a> </td><td> <!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>Trouvé sur Instagram.</p> <p>Il y a écrit" Danse de la pluie "pour ceux qui n'auraient pas réussi à lire. </p> </div><!-- SC_ON -->   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Possible-Statement12"> /u/Possible-Statement12 </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/IaCaca/"> r/IaCaca </a> <br> <span><a href="https://i.redd.it/zeunfjyfhhuh1.png">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/IaCaca/comments/1x1sswa/banalisons_le_racisme_cest_parti/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><p><img src="https://i.redd.it/zeunfjyfhhuh1.png"></p></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://i.redd.it/zeunfjyfhhuh1.png</link>
      <guid>https://i.redd.it/zeunfjyfhhuh1.png</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 20:20:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[3000 professeurs sortis du chapeau : la troublante mobilisation express de remplaçants pour calmer la colère lycéenne]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x1rqaj/3000_professeurs_sortis_du_chapeau_la_troublante/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/VamD151L7hlMfnD5uzaj9nKW7Rm5-jGie9g_6uLSzeA.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=79347c470a16e2fc81b6d523d55ba49d5c3ba10a" alt="3000 professeurs sortis du chapeau : la troublante mobilisation express de remplaçants pour calmer la colère lycéenne" title="3000 professeurs sortis du chapeau : la troublante mobilisation express de remplaçants pour calmer la colère lycéenne"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Moffload"> /u/Moffload </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/"> r/france </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/3000-professeurs-sortis-du-chapeau-la-troublante-mobilisation-express-de-remplacants-pour-calmer-la-colere-lyceenne-20261009">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x1rqaj/3000_professeurs_sortis_du_chapeau_la_troublante/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><p>À lire aussi</p><article class="fig-ranking-profile-container fig-ranking-profile-small-picture fig-ranking-profile--suggested" data-content-name="newsflash"><a href="https://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/une-atteinte-grave-a-un-lieu-de-culte-en-vendee-des-jeunes-diffusent-une-musique-faisant-l-apologie-du-terrorisme-dans-une-eglise-20261007" class="fig-ranking-profile-link" data-fig-domain="LEFIGARO">
</a><div class="fig-ranking-profile-main-media-video"><figure class="fig-ranking-profile-media-small-picture"><div class="fig-placeholder fig-placeholder--16-9 fig-lazy"><img srcset="https://i.f1g.fr/media/cms/128x72_cropupscale/2026/10/07/ef16a761a68a115ecb4fedd4468281ecb36a7142ffa1fb1bc4948517db55fcc9.JPG 128w, https://i.f1g.fr/media/cms/224x126_cropupscale/2026/10/07/ef16a761a68a115ecb4fedd4468281ecb36a7142ffa1fb1bc4948517db55fcc9.JPG 224w, https://i.f1g.fr/media/cms/288x162_cropupscale/2026/10/07/ef16a761a68a115ecb4fedd4468281ecb36a7142ffa1fb1bc4948517db55fcc9.JPG 288w" sizes="(min-width: 64em) 224px, (min-width: 48em) 282px, 120px" class="fig-img--complete fig-img fig-ranking-profile-media-small-picture__photo" alt="Des jeunes diffusent une musique faisant l'apologie du terrorisme dans une église de Vendée, le diocèse dénonce une «atteinte grave»" height="2000" width="3000" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" /></div>
</figure></div><p class="fig-ranking-profile-standfirst">Une vidéo, massivement relayée sur les réseaux sociaux mardi, montre plusieurs jeunes dans l’église Saint-Hilaire de Soullans, où ils ont diffusé de la musique faisant l’apologie du terrorisme. Le diocèse de Luçon a fermé l’édifice et annonce une messe de réparation.</p></article><article class="fig-ranking-profile-container fig-ranking-profile-small-picture fig-ranking-profile--premium fig-ranking-profile--suggested" data-content-name="article"><a href="https://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/les-flammes-ne-lisent-pas-le-code-de-l-environnement-ecologistes-contre-forestiers-la-bataille-ideologique-du-debroussaillement-20260727" class="fig-ranking-profile-link" aria-label="«Les flammes ne lisent pas le code de l’environnement» : écologistes contre forestiers, la bataille idéologique du débroussaillement (article Premium)" title="«Les flammes ne lisent pas le code de l’environnement» : écologistes contre forestiers, la bataille idéologique du débroussaillement (article Premium)" data-fig-domain="LEFIGARO">
</a><figure class="fig-ranking-profile-media-small-picture"><div class="fig-placeholder fig-placeholder--16-9 fig-lazy"><img srcset="https://i.f1g.fr/media/cms/128x72_cropupscale/2026/07/27/49b7e7f1073fdf2a5b9342436535f944ee07809d3ec75c6d47f6c14246b36e2f.jpg 128w, https://i.f1g.fr/media/cms/224x126_cropupscale/2026/07/27/49b7e7f1073fdf2a5b9342436535f944ee07809d3ec75c6d47f6c14246b36e2f.jpg 224w, https://i.f1g.fr/media/cms/288x162_cropupscale/2026/07/27/49b7e7f1073fdf2a5b9342436535f944ee07809d3ec75c6d47f6c14246b36e2f.jpg 288w" sizes="(min-width: 64em) 224px, (min-width: 48em) 282px, 120px" class="fig-img--complete fig-img fig-ranking-profile-media-small-picture__photo" alt="L’obligation légale de débroussaillement (OLD), qui s’applique dans certains territoires, impose de nettoyer les terrains situés à moins de 200 mètres des bois et forêts, dans un rayon de 50 mètres." height="1687" width="3000" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" /></div>
</figure><p class="fig-ranking-profile-standfirst"><strong>DÉCRYPTAGE -</strong> Directives européennes, superpositions de normes, arrêtés préfectoraux… Les exploitants forestiers sont très remontés contre cette « réglementation qui paralyse ».</p></article><article class="fig-ranking-profile-container fig-ranking-profile-small-picture fig-ranking-profile--premium fig-ranking-profile--suggested" data-content-name="article"><a href="https://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/qui-est-elwan-le-jeune-lyceen-au-verbe-fleuri-qui-embrasse-jean-luc-melenchon-sur-la-joue-20261007" class="fig-ranking-profile-link" aria-label="Qui est Elwan, le jeune lycéen au verbe fleuri qui embrasse Jean-Luc Mélenchon sur la joue ? (article Premium)" title="Qui est Elwan, le jeune lycéen au verbe fleuri qui embrasse Jean-Luc Mélenchon sur la joue ? (article Premium)" data-fig-domain="LEFIGARO">
</a><figure class="fig-ranking-profile-media-small-picture"><div class="fig-placeholder fig-placeholder--16-9 fig-lazy"><img srcset="https://i.f1g.fr/media/cms/128x72_cropupscale/2026/10/07/366b9fa7ce805a541307d17aa8fa3317c0a5851852a3f5bbd4bbc3122217674b.png 128w, https://i.f1g.fr/media/cms/224x126_cropupscale/2026/10/07/366b9fa7ce805a541307d17aa8fa3317c0a5851852a3f5bbd4bbc3122217674b.png 224w, https://i.f1g.fr/media/cms/288x162_cropupscale/2026/10/07/366b9fa7ce805a541307d17aa8fa3317c0a5851852a3f5bbd4bbc3122217674b.png 288w" sizes="(min-width: 64em) 224px, (min-width: 48em) 282px, 120px" class="fig-img--complete fig-img fig-ranking-profile-media-small-picture__photo" alt="Elwan B. étudie au lycée public Jacques Decour, à Paris." height="1124" width="1999" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" /></div>
</figure><p class="fig-ranking-profile-standfirst">Remarqué pour sa verve hors du commun et son plaidoyer convaincu pour «une gauche de rupture», l’élève d’un lycée public du 9e arrondissement de Paris a été adoubé par Jean-Luc Mélenchon.</p></article>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/3000-professeurs-sortis-du-chapeau-la-troublante-mobilisation-express-de-remplacants-pour-calmer-la-colere-lyceenne-20261009</link>
      <guid>https://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/3000-professeurs-sortis-du-chapeau-la-troublante-mobilisation-express-de-remplacants-pour-calmer-la-colere-lyceenne-20261009</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 19:38:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Une poubelle qui brûle est une atteinte profonde à notre démocratie.]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/memeElitiste/comments/1x1q8c1/une_poubelle_qui_br%C3%BBle_est_une_atteinte_profonde/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/tc0yi16qzguh1.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=298857d36315a5dda9221a80c3cf010cdc1f5d1c" alt="Une poubelle qui brûle est une atteinte profonde à notre démocratie." title="Une poubelle qui brûle est une atteinte profonde à notre démocratie."> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Cranatic05"> /u/Cranatic05 </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/memeElitiste/"> r/memeElitiste </a> <br> <span><a href="https://i.redd.it/tc0yi16qzguh1.jpeg">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/memeElitiste/comments/1x1q8c1/une_poubelle_qui_br%C3%BBle_est_une_atteinte_profonde/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><p><img src="https://i.redd.it/tc0yi16qzguh1.jpeg"></p></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://i.redd.it/tc0yi16qzguh1.jpeg</link>
      <guid>https://i.redd.it/tc0yi16qzguh1.jpeg</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 18:40:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Pourquoi le fait d’être végé/vegan énerve autant certaines personnes ?]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>Petit besoin de râler parce que ce qui m’est arrivé ce midi m’a un peu ”choqué“. </p> <p>Ce midi, je suis allée manger avec des collègues de ma nouvelle promo dans une brasserie un peu paumée qu’ils avaient réservée. Ils avaient pas pensé au fait qu’un de mes potes est vegan et que je suis végé (on se connaît pas encore très bien) mais bon, ça arrive, aucun soucis. On leur a donc dit qu’on allait aller demander au bar s’ils avaient des options pour nous avant qu’on s’installe. </p> <p>Sauf qu’une table de mecs derrière nous a entendu et on commencé à faire des commentaires super agréables du genre "pfff.. vegan, végétarien gngn n'importe quoi.... bah ils ont qu'à leur servir des poignées de cailloux à bouffer, j’ai la pierre de mon briquet si ça leur va, hahaha" et ils bavaient allègrement sur nos tronches. </p> <p>Et franchement, je suis resté un peu sur le c*l. On leur avait rien demandé, on était même pas en train de parler avec eux. On a juste dit à nos collègues qu’on allait demander s’il y avait des trucs qu’on pouvait manger, et ça a suffi pour qu’ils se sentent obligés de se foutre de notre gueule.</p> <p>Je sais pas, je trouve ça tellement gratuit comme réaction. On était pas en train de faire la morale à qui que ce soit, de critiquer les gens qui mangent de la viande, de critiquer la brasserie ou de lancer un débat sur le véganisme. On voulait juste manger ??</p> <p>Je sais bien que les blagues sur les vegans, c’est pas nouveau, mais je comprends vraiment pas pourquoi ça provoque autant de réactions chez certaines personnes ? Pourquoi le fait que quelqu’un d’autre ne mange pas de viande/produits animaux vous met dans un tel état ? Le fait que des gens puissent être aussi virulents pour un truc qui ne les concerne absolument pas me laisse vraiment perplexe. On parle juste de ce qu’on met dans notre assiette, c’est quoi le problème au juste ?</p> <p>Bref, j’avais besoin de râler parce que ça m’a vraiment soulé et que je comprends toujours pas ce qui peut pousser des gens à réagir comme ça. Est-ce que ça vous est déjà arrivé aussi pour les concernés ? Je suis curieux de savoir ce qui se passe dans la tête des gens qui ont ce genre de réactions..</p> </div><!-- SC_ON -->   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/CranberryNo3585"> /u/CranberryNo3585 </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/besoinderaler/"> r/besoinderaler </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/besoinderaler/comments/1x1q7up/pourquoi_le_fait_d%C3%AAtre_v%C3%A9g%C3%A9vegan_%C3%A9nerve_autant/">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/besoinderaler/comments/1x1q7up/pourquoi_le_fait_d%C3%AAtre_v%C3%A9g%C3%A9vegan_%C3%A9nerve_autant/">[comments]</a></span><br/><hr/><br/><p>You've been blocked by network security.</p><div class="text-16 text-neutral-content-weak"><div class="pt-md">To continue, log in to your Reddit account or use your developer token<p>If you think you've been blocked by mistake, file a ticket below and we'll look into it.</p><p><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-primary" href="https://www.reddit.com/login/">Log in </a><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-secondary" href="https://support.reddithelp.com/hc/en-us/requests/new?ticket_form_id=21879292693140">File a ticket</a></p></div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.reddit.com/r/besoinderaler/comments/1x1q7up/pourquoi_le_fait_d%C3%AAtre_v%C3%A9g%C3%A9vegan_%C3%A9nerve_autant/</link>
      <guid>https://www.reddit.com/r/besoinderaler/comments/1x1q7up/pourquoi_le_fait_d%C3%AAtre_v%C3%A9g%C3%A9vegan_%C3%A9nerve_autant/</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 18:40:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[85% of French adults say their economy is bad, the highest share among 18 high-income countries]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/dataisbeautiful/comments/1x1pmc3/85_of_french_adults_say_their_economy_is_bad_the/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/oR3JIK2H8lY-sOi8A_YoV9BVm5qst3bskVo_2NjI0L0.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=61aaec80d57119a51c2fb40edbac713b9defe412" alt="85% of French adults say their economy is bad, the highest share among 18 high-income countries" title="85% of French adults say their economy is bad, the highest share among 18 high-income countries"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/rhiever"> /u/rhiever </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/dataisbeautiful/"> r/dataisbeautiful </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2026/10/09/french-adults-stand-out-for-their-economic-pessimism/">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/dataisbeautiful/comments/1x1pmc3/85_of_french_adults_say_their_economy_is_bad_the/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><figure class="wp-block-image size-640-wide"><img data-dominant-color="2d3c68" data-has-transparency="false" srcset="https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2026/10/SR_26.10.09_france_featured.jpg?resize=480,270 480w, https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2026/10/SR_26.10.09_france_featured.jpg?resize=782,440 782w, https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2026/10/SR_26.10.09_france_featured.jpg?resize=960,540 960w, https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2026/10/SR_26.10.09_france_featured.jpg?resize=1200,675 1200w, https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2026/10/SR_26.10.09_france_featured.jpg?resize=1280,720 1280w" sizes="(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px" height="360" width="640" src="https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2026/10/SR_26.10.09_france_featured.jpg?w=640" alt="France's Minister of the Economy, Finance and Industrial, Energy and Digital Sovereignty Roland Lescure, right, and Bank of France Governor Emmanuel Moulin speak to the press on Sept. 15, 2026." class="wp-image-693812 not-transparent c49" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">France’s Minister of the Economy, Finance and Industrial, Energy and Digital Sovereignty Roland Lescure, right, and Bank of France Governor Emmanuel Moulin speak to the press on Sept. 15, 2026.</figcaption></figure><p class="wp-block-paragraph">Hundreds of thousands of people in France have <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2026/10/03/world/europe/france-student-protests-why.html">taken to the streets in protest</a> in recent weeks. The protesters have cited underfunded and overcrowded schools as a major reason, as the country also deals with a <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2026/10/06/business/france-debt-crisis-europe-economy-intl">growing debt crisis</a>.</p><details class="wp-block-details is-style-plus-icon has-border-color has-ui-gray-light-border-color has-ui-beige-very-light-background-color has-background has-sans-serif-font-family is-layout-flow wp-container-core-details-is-layout-4031d49d wp-block-details-is-layout-flow c50"><summary>About this research</summary>                      
                             
         
                                    
</details><div class="alignright wp-block-prc-chart-builder-synced-chart"><figure class="wp-chart-builder"><div class="wp-chart-builder-wrapper alignnone wp-block-prc-chart-builder-controller c59" id="d846d9d0-fec8-4521-a382-9a64d38d3a0c" data-wp-interactive="prc-chart-builder/controller" data-wp-context="{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;d846d9d0-fec8-4521-a382-9a64d38d3a0c&quot;,&quot;postId&quot;:693809,&quot;postUrl&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/short-reads\/2026\/10\/09\/french-adults-stand-out-for-their-economic-pessimism\/&quot;,&quot;chartPostUrl&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/chart\/85-of-french-adults-say-their-economy-is-bad-more-than-in-any-other-high-income-nation-surveyed\/&quot;,&quot;postPubDate&quot;:&quot;2026-10-09&quot;,&quot;rootUrl&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org&quot;,&quot;featuredImageId&quot;:693933,&quot;featuredImageUrl&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/10\/85_of_french_adults_say_their_economy_is_bad_more_than_in_any_other_high-income_nation_surveyed-692491-1791558500.png&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;85% of French adults say their economy is bad \u2014 more than in any other high-income nation surveyed&quot;,&quot;subtitle&quot;:&quot;&lt;em&gt;% who say the current economic situation in their country is ...&lt;\/em&gt;&quot;,&quot;note&quot;:&quot;Note: Those who did not answer are not shown.&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:&quot;Source: Spring 2026 Global Attitudes Survey.&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;PEW RESEARCH CENTER&quot;,&quot;tableData&quot;:{&quot;header&quot;:[&quot;Country&quot;,&quot;Bad&quot;,&quot;Good&quot;],&quot;rows&quot;:[[&quot;France&quot;,&quot;85&quot;,&quot;14&quot;],[&quot;Australia&quot;,&quot;80&quot;,&quot;20&quot;],[&quot;Greece&quot;,&quot;77&quot;,&quot;23&quot;],[&quot;Japan&quot;,&quot;77&quot;,&quot;23&quot;],[&quot;Italy&quot;,&quot;76&quot;,&quot;24&quot;],[&quot;U.K.&quot;,&quot;75&quot;,&quot;25&quot;],[&quot;U.S.&quot;,&quot;69&quot;,&quot;29&quot;],[&quot;Canada&quot;,&quot;65&quot;,&quot;35&quot;],[&quot;Germany&quot;,&quot;63&quot;,&quot;37&quot;],[&quot;South Korea&quot;,&quot;63&quot;,&quot;37&quot;],[&quot;Hungary&quot;,&quot;61&quot;,&quot;38&quot;],[&quot;Chile&quot;,&quot;59&quot;,&quot;41&quot;],[&quot;Spain&quot;,&quot;59&quot;,&quot;41&quot;],[&quot;Israel&quot;,&quot;57&quot;,&quot;42&quot;],[&quot;Poland&quot;,&quot;39&quot;,&quot;58&quot;],[&quot;Netherlands&quot;,&quot;38&quot;,&quot;62&quot;],[&quot;Sweden&quot;,&quot;31&quot;,&quot;68&quot;],[&quot;Singapore&quot;,&quot;27&quot;,&quot;73&quot;]],&quot;footer&quot;:[]},&quot;isFreeformChart&quot;:false}" data-wp-init--detect-web-share-support="callbacks.detectWebShareSupport" data-wp-init--sync-table-height="callbacks.syncTableHeight" data-wp-init--watch-chart="callbacks.watchChart" data-wp-init--reset-tab-on-navigation="callbacks.resetTabOnNavigation" data-png-url="https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2026/10/85_of_french_adults_say_their_economy_is_bad_more_than_in_any_other_high-income_nation_surveyed-692491-1791558500.png" data-has-csv="true" data-allow-data-download="true" data-post-url="https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2026/10/09/french-adults-stand-out-for-their-economic-pessimism/" data-chart-url="https://www.pewresearch.org/chart/85-of-french-adults-say-their-economy-is-bad-more-than-in-any-other-high-income-nation-surveyed/" data-chart-title="85% of French adults say their economy is bad — more than in any other high-income nation surveyed"><div class="wp-chart-builder-chart" data-chart-view="chart" data-allow-overlay="true" data-wp-class--active="state.isActive"><div class="wp-chart-builder-inner wp-block-prc-chart-builder-chart cb__text-wrapper c54" id="chart-block-8" data-wp-key="d846d9d0-fec8-4521-a382-9a64d38d3a0c-chart" data-wp-interactive="prc-chart-builder/chart" data-prc-chart-id="d846d9d0-fec8-4521-a382-9a64d38d3a0c-chart" data-wp-context="{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;d846d9d0-fec8-4521-a382-9a64d38d3a0c-chart&quot;}" data-wp-watch--init-render="callbacks.watchForRender" data-wp-watch--sync-navigation="callbacks.syncOnNavigation" data-wp-on-window--resize="callbacks.watchForResize"><hr class="cb__hr c51" /><p>85% of French adults say their economy is bad — more than in any other high-income nation surveyed</p><p><em>% who say the current economic situation in their country is …</em></p><div id="d846d9d0-fec8-4521-a382-9a64d38d3a0c-chart"><img src="https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2026/10/85_of_french_adults_say_their_economy_is_bad_more_than_in_any_other_high-income_nation_surveyed-692491-1791558500.png" alt="Chart" class="chart-fallback chart-fallback--png c52" /></div><p>Note: Those who did not answer are not shown.</p><p>Source: Spring 2026 Global Attitudes Survey.</p><p>PEW RESEARCH CENTER</p><hr class="cb__hr c53" /></div></div><div class="wp-chart-builder-table c58" data-chart-view="table" data-wp-class--active="state.isActive" id="d846d9d0-fec8-4521-a382-9a64d38d3a0c-table"><hr class="c55" /><div data-wp-interactive="prc-chart-builder/chart" data-wp-context="{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;d846d9d0-fec8-4521-a382-9a64d38d3a0c-chart&quot;}"><p>85% of French adults say their economy is bad — more than in any other high-income nation surveyed</p><p><em>% who say the current economic situation in their country is …</em></p></div><p></p><figure class="wp-block-prc-block-table is-scroll-on-pc is-scroll-on-mobile chart-builder-data-table has-sans-serif-font-family has-small-font-size"><table class="has-fixed-layout is-sticky-first-column"><colgroup><col /><col /><col /></colgroup><thead><tr><th>Country</th>
<th>Bad</th>
<th>Good</th>
</tr></thead><tbody><tr><td data-prc-v-col="0">France</td>
<td data-prc-v-col="1">85</td>
<td data-prc-v-col="2">14</td>
</tr><tr><td data-prc-v-col="0">Australia</td>
<td data-prc-v-col="1">80</td>
<td data-prc-v-col="2">20</td>
</tr><tr><td data-prc-v-col="0">Greece</td>
<td data-prc-v-col="1">77</td>
<td data-prc-v-col="2">23</td>
</tr><tr><td data-prc-v-col="0">Japan</td>
<td data-prc-v-col="1">77</td>
<td data-prc-v-col="2">23</td>
</tr><tr><td data-prc-v-col="0">Italy</td>
<td data-prc-v-col="1">76</td>
<td data-prc-v-col="2">24</td>
</tr><tr><td data-prc-v-col="0">U.K.</td>
<td data-prc-v-col="1">75</td>
<td data-prc-v-col="2">25</td>
</tr><tr><td data-prc-v-col="0">U.S.</td>
<td data-prc-v-col="1">69</td>
<td data-prc-v-col="2">29</td>
</tr><tr><td data-prc-v-col="0">Canada</td>
<td data-prc-v-col="1">65</td>
<td data-prc-v-col="2">35</td>
</tr><tr><td data-prc-v-col="0">Germany</td>
<td data-prc-v-col="1">63</td>
<td data-prc-v-col="2">37</td>
</tr><tr><td data-prc-v-col="0">South Korea</td>
<td data-prc-v-col="1">63</td>
<td data-prc-v-col="2">37</td>
</tr><tr><td data-prc-v-col="0">Hungary</td>
<td data-prc-v-col="1">61</td>
<td data-prc-v-col="2">38</td>
</tr><tr><td data-prc-v-col="0">Chile</td>
<td data-prc-v-col="1">59</td>
<td data-prc-v-col="2">41</td>
</tr><tr><td data-prc-v-col="0">Spain</td>
<td data-prc-v-col="1">59</td>
<td data-prc-v-col="2">41</td>
</tr><tr><td data-prc-v-col="0">Israel</td>
<td data-prc-v-col="1">57</td>
<td data-prc-v-col="2">42</td>
</tr><tr><td data-prc-v-col="0">Poland</td>
<td data-prc-v-col="1">39</td>
<td data-prc-v-col="2">58</td>
</tr><tr><td data-prc-v-col="0">Netherlands</td>
<td data-prc-v-col="1">38</td>
<td data-prc-v-col="2">62</td>
</tr><tr><td data-prc-v-col="0">Sweden</td>
<td data-prc-v-col="1">31</td>
<td data-prc-v-col="2">68</td>
</tr><tr><td data-prc-v-col="0">Singapore</td>
<td data-prc-v-col="1">27</td>
<td data-prc-v-col="2">73</td>
</tr></tbody></table></figure><p><a data-wp-on--click="actions.downloadData" data-wp-on--keydown="actions.downloadData" tabindex="0" role="button" class="has-sans-serif-font-family">Download data as .csv</a></p><div data-wp-interactive="prc-chart-builder/chart" data-wp-context="{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;d846d9d0-fec8-4521-a382-9a64d38d3a0c-chart&quot;}"><p>Note: Those who did not answer are not shown.</p><p>Source: Spring 2026 Global Attitudes Survey.</p><p>PEW RESEARCH CENTER</p></div><hr class="c57" /></div></div>
</figure></div><p class="wp-block-paragraph">In a spring 2026 Pew Research Center survey, 85% of French adults said their country’s economic situation is bad, including about four-in-ten who said it is <em>very</em> bad. Negative views of the economy were more widespread in France than in any of the other 17 high-income countries we surveyed this year.</p><p class="wp-block-paragraph">The share of French adults who express a negative view of the national economy has grown since 2022. French adults rate the economy about as negatively this year as they did in summer 2020, a few months into the COVID-19 pandemic.</p><div class="alignright wp-block-prc-chart-builder-synced-chart"><figure class="wp-chart-builder"><div class="wp-chart-builder-wrapper alignnone wp-block-prc-chart-builder-controller c72" id="ac240a64-9c68-42aa-a691-ffe37c05a192" data-wp-interactive="prc-chart-builder/controller" data-wp-context="{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;ac240a64-9c68-42aa-a691-ffe37c05a192&quot;,&quot;postId&quot;:693809,&quot;postUrl&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/short-reads\/2026\/10\/09\/french-adults-stand-out-for-their-economic-pessimism\/&quot;,&quot;chartPostUrl&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/chart\/french-adults-have-soured-on-the-economy-since-2018-regardless-of-level-of-education\/&quot;,&quot;postPubDate&quot;:&quot;2026-10-09&quot;,&quot;rootUrl&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org&quot;,&quot;featuredImageId&quot;:693934,&quot;featuredImageUrl&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2026\/10\/french_adults_have_soured_on_the_economy_since_2018_regardless_of_level_of_education-692497-1791558523.png&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;French adults have soured on the economy since 2018, regardless of level of education&quot;,&quot;subtitle&quot;:&quot;&lt;em&gt;% of French adults who say the current economic situation in France is&lt;\/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;bad&lt;\/strong&gt;&lt;\/em&gt;, by education level&quot;,&quot;note&quot;:&quot;Note: Prior to 2025, adults in France whose highest level of school completed was preparation for entry to a selective formation 5B (preparation for entry to paramedical and social schools) were counted as \&quot;Less education.\&quot; In 2025 and 2026, they are counted as \&quot;More education.\&quot;&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:&quot;Source: Spring 2026 Global Attitudes Survey.&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;PEW RESEARCH CENTER&quot;,&quot;tableData&quot;:{&quot;header&quot;:[&quot;Survey&quot;,&quot;More education&quot;,&quot;Less education&quot;],&quot;rows&quot;:[[&quot;Spring 2026&quot;,&quot;81&quot;,&quot;87&quot;],[&quot;Spring 2025&quot;,&quot;78&quot;,&quot;83&quot;],[&quot;Spring 2024&quot;,&quot;68&quot;,&quot;79&quot;],[&quot;Spring 2023&quot;,&quot;73&quot;,&quot;84&quot;],[&quot;Spring 2022&quot;,&quot;57&quot;,&quot;72&quot;],[&quot;Spring 2021&quot;,&quot;68&quot;,&quot;75&quot;],[&quot;Fall 2020&quot;,&quot;77&quot;,&quot;73&quot;],[&quot;Summer 2020&quot;,&quot;85&quot;,&quot;79&quot;],[&quot;Spring 2019&quot;,&quot;49&quot;,&quot;67&quot;],[&quot;Spring 2018&quot;,&quot;43&quot;,&quot;69&quot;]]},&quot;isFreeformChart&quot;:false}" data-wp-init--detect-web-share-support="callbacks.detectWebShareSupport" data-wp-init--sync-table-height="callbacks.syncTableHeight" data-wp-init--watch-chart="callbacks.watchChart" data-wp-init--reset-tab-on-navigation="callbacks.resetTabOnNavigation" data-png-url="https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2026/10/french_adults_have_soured_on_the_economy_since_2018_regardless_of_level_of_education-692497-1791558523.png" data-has-csv="true" data-allow-data-download="true" data-post-url="https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2026/10/09/french-adults-stand-out-for-their-economic-pessimism/" data-chart-url="https://www.pewresearch.org/chart/french-adults-have-soured-on-the-economy-since-2018-regardless-of-level-of-education/" data-chart-title="French adults have soured on the economy since 2018, regardless of level of education"><div class="wp-chart-builder-chart" data-chart-view="chart" data-allow-overlay="true" data-wp-class--active="state.isActive"><div class="wp-chart-builder-inner wp-block-prc-chart-builder-chart cb__text-wrapper c63" id="chart-block-10" data-wp-key="ac240a64-9c68-42aa-a691-ffe37c05a192-chart" data-wp-interactive="prc-chart-builder/chart" data-prc-chart-id="ac240a64-9c68-42aa-a691-ffe37c05a192-chart" data-wp-context="{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;ac240a64-9c68-42aa-a691-ffe37c05a192-chart&quot;}" data-wp-watch--init-render="callbacks.watchForRender" data-wp-watch--sync-navigation="callbacks.syncOnNavigation" data-wp-on-window--resize="callbacks.watchForResize"><hr class="cb__hr c60" /><p>French adults have soured on the economy since 2018, regardless of level of education</p><p><em>% of French adults who say the current economic situation in France is</em> <em><strong>bad</strong></em>, by education level</p><div id="ac240a64-9c68-42aa-a691-ffe37c05a192-chart"><img src="https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2026/10/french_adults_have_soured_on_the_economy_since_2018_regardless_of_level_of_education-692497-1791558523.png" alt="Chart" class="chart-fallback chart-fallback--png c61" /></div><p>Note: Prior to 2025, adults in France whose highest level of school completed was preparation for entry to a selective formation 5B (preparation for entry to paramedical and social schools) were counted as “Less education.” In 2025 and 2026, they are counted as “More education.”</p><p>Source: Spring 2026 Global Attitudes Survey.</p><p>PEW RESEARCH CENTER</p><hr class="cb__hr c62" /></div></div><div class="wp-chart-builder-table c71" data-chart-view="table" data-wp-class--active="state.isActive" id="ac240a64-9c68-42aa-a691-ffe37c05a192-table"><hr class="c64" /><div data-wp-interactive="prc-chart-builder/chart" data-wp-context="{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;ac240a64-9c68-42aa-a691-ffe37c05a192-chart&quot;}"><p>French adults have soured on the economy since 2018, regardless of level of education</p><p><em>% of French adults who say the current economic situation in France is</em> <em><strong>bad</strong></em>, by education level</p></div><p></p><figure class="wp-block-prc-block-table is-scroll-on-pc is-scroll-on-mobile chart-builder-data-table has-sans-serif-font-family has-small-font-size"><table class="has-fixed-layout is-sticky-first-column"><colgroup><col /><col /><col /><col /></colgroup><thead><tr><th class="is-column-hidden">Date</th>
<th class="c65">Survey</th>
<th class="c66">More education</th>
<th class="c66">Less education</th>
</tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class="is-column-hidden" data-prc-v-col="0">2026-04-01</td>
<td class="c67" data-prc-v-col="1">Spring 2026</td>
<td class="c68" data-prc-v-col="2">81</td>
<td class="c68" data-prc-v-col="3">87</td>
</tr><tr><td class="is-column-hidden" data-prc-v-col="0">2025-04-01</td>
<td class="c67" data-prc-v-col="1">Spring 2025</td>
<td class="c68" data-prc-v-col="2">78</td>
<td class="c68" data-prc-v-col="3">83</td>
</tr><tr><td class="is-column-hidden" data-prc-v-col="0">2024-04-01</td>
<td class="c67" data-prc-v-col="1">Spring 2024</td>
<td class="c68" data-prc-v-col="2">68</td>
<td class="c68" data-prc-v-col="3">79</td>
</tr><tr><td class="is-column-hidden" data-prc-v-col="0">2023-04-01</td>
<td class="c67" data-prc-v-col="1">Spring 2023</td>
<td class="c68" data-prc-v-col="2">73</td>
<td class="c68" data-prc-v-col="3">84</td>
</tr><tr><td class="is-column-hidden" data-prc-v-col="0">2022-04-01</td>
<td class="c67" data-prc-v-col="1">Spring 2022</td>
<td class="c68" data-prc-v-col="2">57</td>
<td class="c68" data-prc-v-col="3">72</td>
</tr><tr><td class="is-column-hidden" data-prc-v-col="0">2021-04-01</td>
<td class="c67" data-prc-v-col="1">Spring 2021</td>
<td class="c68" data-prc-v-col="2">68</td>
<td class="c68" data-prc-v-col="3">75</td>
</tr><tr><td class="is-column-hidden" data-prc-v-col="0">2020-10-01</td>
<td class="c67" data-prc-v-col="1">Fall 2020</td>
<td class="c68" data-prc-v-col="2">77</td>
<td class="c68" data-prc-v-col="3">73</td>
</tr><tr><td class="is-column-hidden" data-prc-v-col="0">2020-07-01</td>
<td class="c67" data-prc-v-col="1">Summer 2020</td>
<td class="c68" data-prc-v-col="2">85</td>
<td class="c68" data-prc-v-col="3">79</td>
</tr><tr><td class="is-column-hidden" data-prc-v-col="0">2019-04-01</td>
<td class="c67" data-prc-v-col="1">Spring 2019</td>
<td class="c68" data-prc-v-col="2">49</td>
<td class="c68" data-prc-v-col="3">67</td>
</tr><tr><td class="is-column-hidden" data-prc-v-col="0">2018-04-01</td>
<td class="c67" data-prc-v-col="1">Spring 2018</td>
<td class="c68" data-prc-v-col="2">43</td>
<td class="c68" data-prc-v-col="3">69</td>
</tr></tbody></table></figure><p><a data-wp-on--click="actions.downloadData" data-wp-on--keydown="actions.downloadData" tabindex="0" role="button" class="has-sans-serif-font-family">Download data as .csv</a></p><div data-wp-interactive="prc-chart-builder/chart" data-wp-context="{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;ac240a64-9c68-42aa-a691-ffe37c05a192-chart&quot;}"><p>Note: Prior to 2025, adults in France whose highest level of school completed was preparation for entry to a selective formation 5B (preparation for entry to paramedical and social schools) were counted as “Less education.” In 2025 and 2026, they are counted as “More education.”</p><p>Source: Spring 2026 Global Attitudes Survey.</p><p>PEW RESEARCH CENTER</p></div><hr class="c70" /></div></div>
</figure></div><p class="wp-block-paragraph">Across demographic groups, French adults are overwhelmingly negative about the country’s economy. Notably, the youngest French adults in our survey (those ages 18 to 34) and the oldest (those ages 50 and up) are about equally likely to say the economy is bad.</p><p class="wp-block-paragraph">French adults without a postsecondary education are slightly more negative about the economy than adults with more education are. However, this gap has narrowed since 2022.</p><p class="wp-block-paragraph">While ratings of the economy are low across the ideological spectrum, they are particularly low among those on the ideological right, where 91% rate the economy poorly. And among French adults with a favorable view of Marine Le Pen’s <a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2026/05/28/right-wing-populism-in-the-decade-since-brexit/">right-wing populist party</a>, National Rally, 92% say the economy is bad, including 58% who say it is <em>very</em> bad.</p><p class="wp-block-paragraph"><em>Note: Here are the <a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2026/06/D_26.06.23_fielded-survey_topline.pdf">survey questions</a> used for this analysis along with responses, and the <a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/methods/feature/international-methodology/global-attitudes-survey/france/2026/">survey methodology</a>.</em></p>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2026/10/09/french-adults-stand-out-for-their-economic-pessimism/</link>
      <guid>https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2026/10/09/french-adults-stand-out-for-their-economic-pessimism/</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 18:17:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Minor slip causes character to tell on themselves]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/TopCharacterTropes/comments/1x1p4km/minor_slip_causes_character_to_tell_on_themselves/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/wu17e30wrguh1.png?width=140&amp;height=136&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=6813f8e0b27007ac1e6a77a202889365830ebd50" alt="Minor slip causes character to tell on themselves" title="Minor slip causes character to tell on themselves"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Character_Growth_397"> /u/Character_Growth_397 </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/TopCharacterTropes/"> r/TopCharacterTropes </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/gallery/1x1p4km">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/TopCharacterTropes/comments/1x1p4km/minor_slip_causes_character_to_tell_on_themselves/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><p>You've been blocked by network security.</p><div class="text-16 text-neutral-content-weak"><div class="pt-md">To continue, log in to your Reddit account or use your developer token<p>If you think you've been blocked by mistake, file a ticket below and we'll look into it.</p><p><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-primary" href="https://www.reddit.com/login/">Log in </a><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-secondary" href="https://support.reddithelp.com/hc/en-us/requests/new?ticket_form_id=21879292693140">File a ticket</a></p></div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.reddit.com/gallery/1x1p4km</link>
      <guid>https://www.reddit.com/gallery/1x1p4km</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 17:58:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Realization]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/comics/comments/1x1oxn4/realization/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/fy23apwdqguh1.png?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=f7153032f5cf3425832f0e0686f68da965bce76b" alt="Realization" title="Realization"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Pizzacakecomic"> /u/Pizzacakecomic </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/comics/"> r/comics </a> <br> <span><a href="https://i.redd.it/fy23apwdqguh1.png">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/comics/comments/1x1oxn4/realization/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><p><img src="https://i.redd.it/fy23apwdqguh1.png"></p></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://i.redd.it/fy23apwdqguh1.png</link>
      <guid>https://i.redd.it/fy23apwdqguh1.png</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 17:51:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Le gouvernement propose de taxer les ultrariches, les députés refusent]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x1nkok/le_gouvernement_propose_de_taxer_les_ultrariches/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/kPE2m0qXa84x6PALYLxu-uAYHfLBtYnSpsR1SS7WGd4.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=8910ff756e30582bbcec2f6a2c09e340a1680c37" alt="Le gouvernement propose de taxer les ultrariches, les députés refusent" title="Le gouvernement propose de taxer les ultrariches, les députés refusent"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/SeparateFlounder4246"> /u/SeparateFlounder4246 </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/"> r/france </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/economie-et-social/081026/le-gouvernement-propose-de-taxer-les-ultrariches-les-deputes-refusent">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x1nkok/le_gouvernement_propose_de_taxer_les_ultrariches/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><main role="main" id="main" class="news__body-wrapper _cols:2@print"><div class="foo_cntr">
            <div class="news__heading grid">

                <div class="news__heading__top margin-top:600 margin-top:700@md">

                                            
                    
                    

                    
                    <strong class="news__heading__top__intro margin-top:500">L’apport-cession, une niche fiscale qui permet aux ultrariches de soustraire des milliards d’euros au fisc, est dans le viseur du gouvernement dans son projet de budget. Mais les députés de la commission des finances l’ont retoqué. La mesure sera rediscutée en séance publique.

                </strong></div>

                

            </div>
            <div class="news__body grid">
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                            <div class="news__body__center__article news__rich-text-content margin-block:400 margin-block:600@md news__rich-text-content--restricted paywall-restricted-content qiota_reserve" data-js-restricted-paywall-content="">
                                <p class="dropcap-wrapper">C’estC’est assez rare pour être souligné, mais le gouvernement a introduit dans son projet de budget une mesure censée mettre fin à un mécanisme d’optimisation fiscale très prisé des ultrariches : le dispositif d’« apport-cession », qui fait l’objet d’une refonte en profondeur dans l’article 5 du projet de loi de finances (PLF) pour 2027.</p>
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                    </div>
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        </div></div></main>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/economie-et-social/081026/le-gouvernement-propose-de-taxer-les-ultrariches-les-deputes-refusent</link>
      <guid>https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/economie-et-social/081026/le-gouvernement-propose-de-taxer-les-ultrariches-les-deputes-refusent</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 16:58:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Oof This Is Currently The #1 Repo On Github]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/pcmasterrace/comments/1x1nk4m/oof_this_is_currently_the_1_repo_on_github/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/00i2h5y9hguh1.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=4834045a670e6ce28e5ad52edd13a887f21e5f05" alt="Oof This Is Currently The #1 Repo On Github" title="Oof This Is Currently The #1 Repo On Github"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/akbarock"> /u/akbarock </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/pcmasterrace/"> r/pcmasterrace </a> <br> <span><a href="https://i.redd.it/00i2h5y9hguh1.jpeg">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/pcmasterrace/comments/1x1nk4m/oof_this_is_currently_the_1_repo_on_github/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><p><img src="https://i.redd.it/00i2h5y9hguh1.jpeg"></p></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://i.redd.it/00i2h5y9hguh1.jpeg</link>
      <guid>https://i.redd.it/00i2h5y9hguh1.jpeg</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 16:57:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Messages antisémites attribués à Jordan Bardella : Mediapart publie de nouveaux éléments mettant à mal la défense du président du RN]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x1lvlm/messages_antis%C3%A9mites_attribu%C3%A9s_%C3%A0_jordan_bardella/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/yqp8T-M2qvTj8uakyW91e_MGhGrLmKaBbYhdD9DmWRY.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=3eed22dcc21d40975f98c3706bebc934155eb4fe" alt="Messages antisémites attribués à Jordan Bardella : Mediapart publie de nouveaux éléments mettant à mal la défense du président du RN" title="Messages antisémites attribués à Jordan Bardella : Mediapart publie de nouveaux éléments mettant à mal la défense du président du RN"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/MojoMaker666"> /u/MojoMaker666 </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/"> r/france </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.franceinfo.fr/politique/jordan-bardella/messages-antisemites-attribues-a-jordan-bardella-mediapart-publie-de-nouveaux-elements-mettant-a-mal-la-defense-du-president-du-rn_8229829.html#xtor=CS2-765-">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x1lvlm/messages_antis%C3%A9mites_attribu%C3%A9s_%C3%A0_jordan_bardella/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><section class="fi-layout-section"><div class="fi-article-bloc"><p class="c-chapo">
  Le site d'investigation assure avoir "pu établir un lien direct" entre le compte Twitter officiel du président du RN et le fil de conversation Messenger "sur lequel il déversait ses idées antisémites".
</p></div><div class="fi-article-bloc"><div class="c-cover"><figure role="group"><picture class="picture-wrapper"><img srcset="https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/xVk7ZOeqqd7fYiTaj_l-tv9Lwvs/0x0:4768x2682/432x243/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/09/6ac8b34a459b0031272149.jpg 432w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/0NywrBu9AHrmdZ9OE7_qfk-xE2Y/0x0:4768x2682/720x405/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/09/6ac8b34a459b0031272149.jpg 720w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/7U2WFDKAJnpd3VG6tkRqd0N-TEE/0x0:4768x2682/1024x576/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/09/6ac8b34a459b0031272149.jpg 1024w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/Ju5g0NAdbIM7_5YzaBwdgHvmkj8/0x0:4768x2682/1328x747/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/09/6ac8b34a459b0031272149.jpg 1328w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/qZzUrUJBdqGdcfbixw5yCOiDKAw/0x0:4768x2682/2656x1494/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/09/6ac8b34a459b0031272149.jpg 2656w" sizes="(min-width: 1440px) 885px, (min-width: 1200px) 50vw, 90vw" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="image" /><source srcset="https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/MqqBTe-qPxeoGx7hZqdpVe2qmdg/0x0:4768x2682/432x243/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/09/6ac8b34a459b0031272149.jpg 432w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/JHF6_K7a5rMJBzzFecNc3gLOF9k/0x0:4768x2682/720x405/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/09/6ac8b34a459b0031272149.jpg 720w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/LqtxwmiG864aFgKmUJvCirvXhjI/0x0:4768x2682/1024x576/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/09/6ac8b34a459b0031272149.jpg 1024w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/UCJxXgw-d6IZ0odX4iCtXZW9z4g/0x0:4768x2682/1328x747/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/09/6ac8b34a459b0031272149.jpg 1328w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/pmJ6q9BNQWOUjwA94VyEltFTH-c/0x0:4768x2682/2656x1494/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/09/6ac8b34a459b0031272149.jpg 2656w" sizes="(min-width: 1440px) 885px, (min-width: 1200px) 50vw, 90vw" /></picture><figcaption>Le président du RN, Jordan Bardella, le 6 octobre 2026, à Paris. (MERYL CURTAT / HANS LUCAS / AFP)</figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="c-body"><p>Jordan Bardella a-t-il, sans le vouloir, apporté lui-même des preuves à Mediapart ? <a href="https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/france/091026/ecrits-antisemites-sur-messenger-jordan-bardella-trahi-par-lui-meme" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-tooltip-url="https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/france/091026/ecrits-antisemites-sur-messenger-jordan-bardella-trahi-par-lui-meme">Dans un nouvel article publié vendredi 9 octobre</a>, le site d'investigation assure avoir<em> "pu établir un lien direct, datant de septembre 2013, entre le compte Twitter officiel du président du RN et le fil de conversation Messenger sur lequel il déversait ses idées antisémites". "Après les preuves techniques et les recoupements biographiques, Jordan Bardella se démasque involontairement"</em>, écrivent nos confrères.</p><div class="media-embed">À lire aussi</div><p>Concrètement, Mediapart dit être parvenu à faire la<em> "corrélation entre les deux canaux de discussion utilisés par l'actuel président du RN"</em> : Jordan Bardella en public sur Twitter et Jordan Bardella en privé sur Messenger. </p><p>Une <em>"corrélation est particulièrement éloquente" </em>le 12 septembre 2013, soit à la veille de ses 18 ans. Ce jour-là, le jeune militant d’extrême droite <em>"annonce à son interlocuteur avoir fait une découverte importante"</em>. <em>"J'étais sur internet, je lisais un truc intéressant ; tu savais que le conseiller économique d'Hollande était employé de la banque Rotschild ?", </em>écrit-il, selon Mediapart. Or, <em>"deux minutes seulement avant de l’écrire dans la conversation Facebook, le même Jordan Bardella publie sur son compte Twitter, à 22h50, le post suivant pour diffuser la même information : "Le Conseiller Economique de François Hollande, employé par la Banque Rotschild"</em>, relate le site d'investigation.</p><p><a href="https://www.franceinfo.fr/politique/jordan-bardella/il-montre-qu-il-connait-les-codes-des-tweets-du-jeune-jordan-bardella-font-ressurgir-l-ambiance-soralienne-de-ses-debuts-en-politique_8226601.html" target="_self" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" data-tooltip-url="/politique/jordan-bardella/il-montre-qu-il-connait-les-codes-des-tweets-du-jeune-jordan-bardella-font-ressurgir-l-ambiance-soralienne-de-ses-debuts-en-politique_8226601.html">Franceinfo </a>a également pu retrouver plusieurs messages publiés sur le compte Twitter de Jordan Bardella qui reprennent <a href="https://www.franceinfo.fr/politique/jordan-bardella/une-base-d-extreme-droite-avec-aussi-des-gens-racises-qu-est-ce-que-la-generation-alain-soral-a-laquelle-jordan-bardella-est-accuse-d-avoir-appartenu_8219485.html" target="_self" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" data-tooltip-url="/politique/jordan-bardella/une-base-d-extreme-droite-avec-aussi-des-gens-racises-qu-est-ce-que-la-generation-alain-soral-a-laquelle-jordan-bardella-est-accuse-d-avoir-appartenu_8219485.html">des références issues de la sphère de l'idéologue d'extrême droite Alain Soral</a>. Les écrits de l'époque du jeune militant frontiste éclairent sous un autre jour les révélations de Mediapart. L'entourage du président du RN dément toute proximité avec celui qui a été plusieurs fois condamné pour antisémitisme.</p></div><div class="preferred-source"><p class="preferred-source__text">
    Vous pouvez désormais <strong class="preferred-source__strong">privilégier l'affichage des articles de franceinfo</strong> dans les résultats de recherche Google. <a class="preferred-source__content-link" href="https://www.franceinfo.fr/une-information-transparente-franceinfo/transparence-qu-est-ce-que-la-nouvelle-fonctionnalite-source-preferee-visible-sur-les-contenus-de-franceinfo-fr_8044718.html">Comment ça marche ?</a>
  </p></div></section><section class="fi-layout-section"></section><section class="fi-layout-section"></section>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.franceinfo.fr/politique/jordan-bardella/messages-antisemites-attribues-a-jordan-bardella-mediapart-publie-de-nouveaux-elements-mettant-a-mal-la-defense-du-president-du-rn_8229829.html#xtor=CS2-765-</link>
      <guid>https://www.franceinfo.fr/politique/jordan-bardella/messages-antisemites-attribues-a-jordan-bardella-mediapart-publie-de-nouveaux-elements-mettant-a-mal-la-defense-du-president-du-rn_8229829.html#xtor=CS2-765-</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 15:49:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Un peu naïf dans la politique, pourquoi on qualifie LFI et RN des partis d'"extrême" gauche ou droite ?]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>Qu'est-ce qui les rendent extrémistes exactement ? Chacun semble accuser l'autre d'extrémisme, mais ne se considèrent pas des extrémistes eux-mêmes. Est-ce que ce terme est bien objectif ou c'est juste un mot, disons "péjoratif" pour attaquer leur politique ?</p> </div><!-- SC_ON -->   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Dindrtahl"> /u/Dindrtahl </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/"> r/france </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x1luzi/un_peu_na%C3%AFf_dans_la_politique_pourquoi_on/">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x1luzi/un_peu_na%C3%AFf_dans_la_politique_pourquoi_on/">[comments]</a></span><br/><hr/><br/><p>You've been blocked by network security.</p><div class="text-16 text-neutral-content-weak"><div class="pt-md">To continue, log in to your Reddit account or use your developer token<p>If you think you've been blocked by mistake, file a ticket below and we'll look into it.</p><p><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-primary" href="https://www.reddit.com/login/">Log in </a><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-secondary" href="https://support.reddithelp.com/hc/en-us/requests/new?ticket_form_id=21879292693140">File a ticket</a></p></div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x1luzi/un_peu_na%C3%AFf_dans_la_politique_pourquoi_on/</link>
      <guid>https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x1luzi/un_peu_na%C3%AFf_dans_la_politique_pourquoi_on/</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 15:48:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Que pensez-vous de la tour triangle de Paris ?]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/paris/comments/1x1lqth/que_pensezvous_de_la_tour_triangle_de_paris/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/waef5fq74guh1.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=cf7c319f2b9460fae1217e4f2aa842b06f76c83f" alt="Que pensez-vous de la tour triangle de Paris ?" title="Que pensez-vous de la tour triangle de Paris ?"> </a> </td><td> <!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>Personnellement, je la trouve cool. Cependant, je vois clairement pourquoi quelqu'un pourrait la mépriser. Vous en pensez quoi ?</p> </div><!-- SC_ON -->   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/IcanStopItWhenever"> /u/IcanStopItWhenever </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/paris/"> r/paris </a> <br> <span><a href="https://i.redd.it/waef5fq74guh1.jpeg">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/paris/comments/1x1lqth/que_pensezvous_de_la_tour_triangle_de_paris/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><p><img src="https://i.redd.it/waef5fq74guh1.jpeg"></p></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://i.redd.it/waef5fq74guh1.jpeg</link>
      <guid>https://i.redd.it/waef5fq74guh1.jpeg</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 15:44:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Menacée, Rima Hassan délivre une leçon d'empathie]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[  submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/HelsifZhu"> /u/HelsifZhu </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/"> r/france </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.liberation.fr/politique/menacee-rima-hassan-delivre-une-lecon-dempathie-20261009_Y5COAD2U6BGVNLOFKKQPOOHBJ4/">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x1lpk3/menac%C3%A9e_rima_hassan_d%C3%A9livre_une_le%C3%A7on_dempathie/">[comments]</a></span>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.liberation.fr/politique/menacee-rima-hassan-delivre-une-lecon-dempathie-20261009_Y5COAD2U6BGVNLOFKKQPOOHBJ4/</link>
      <guid>https://www.liberation.fr/politique/menacee-rima-hassan-delivre-une-lecon-dempathie-20261009_Y5COAD2U6BGVNLOFKKQPOOHBJ4/</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 15:42:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Jordan Bardella accusé d’antisémitisme : 72 % des Français n’ont pas changé d’opinion sur le président du Rassemblement national]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x1l37o/jordan_bardella_accus%C3%A9_dantis%C3%A9mitisme_72_des/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/Kgytrz6HaHAS-a_I2RGLpatISRPt4h43LOuVnVUmDd4.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=9141e5900130534fe4aadd92a8ec435c779232bd" alt="Jordan Bardella accusé d’antisémitisme : 72 % des Français n’ont pas changé d’opinion sur le président du Rassemblement national" title="Jordan Bardella accusé d’antisémitisme : 72 % des Français n’ont pas changé d’opinion sur le président du Rassemblement national"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/slasher-fun"> /u/slasher-fun </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/"> r/france </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.leparisien.fr/elections/presidentielle/jordan-bardella-accuse-dantisemitisme-72-des-francais-nont-pas-change-dopinion-sur-le-president-du-rassemblement-national-09-10-2026-TNR4G6EJWZE6VERM7FUJUFZTUA.php">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x1l37o/jordan_bardella_accus%C3%A9_dantis%C3%A9mitisme_72_des/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><section class="content"><p class="paragraph text_align_left lp-f-body-02"><a href="https://www.leparisien.fr/politique/direct-affaire-bardella-quels-effets-sur-le-rn-sur-marine-le-penposez-nous-vos-questions-08-10-2026-7YUPQN3QKFFFFIRE2AYFBZYZDM.php" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">L’affaire Jordan Bardella</a> a-t-elle un effet sur le regard que portent les Français sur le président du Rassemblement national, à six mois de la présidentielle ? Selon un sondage <a href="https://www.ifopgroup.com/article/les-francais-et-laffaire-bardella/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Ifop</a> publié par <a href="https://www.tf1info.fr/politique/strategie-de-defense-opinion-le-regard-des-francais-sur-les-ecrits-antisemites-attribues-par-mediapart-a-jordan-bardella-2468918.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">LCI</a> ce jeudi soir, 72 % des Français affirment que les <a href="https://www.leparisien.fr/politique/jordan-bardella-accuse-dantisemitisme-comment-fonctionne-lextraction-des-donnees-messenger-via-meta-realisee-par-mediapart-02-10-2026-EVLLIBSZS5HJRCUIV7BW2I6EZ4.php" target="_blank" rel="">accusations d’antisémitisme de Mediapart à l’encontre de Jordan Bardella</a> n’ont pas eu d’impact sur leur opinion de l’eurodéputé. Pour 21 % des personnes interrogées, leur vision de Jordan Bardella s’est « plutôt détériorée » quand elle s’est « plutôt améliorée » pour 7 % d’entre eux.</p></section><section class="content"><section class="content"><p class="">Selon une enquête de Mediapart, <a href="https://www.leparisien.fr/politique/affaire-bardella-on-ne-peut-pas-nommer-un-premier-ministre-qui-aurait-eu-de-tels-propos-antisemites-estime-le-president-du-crif-07-10-2026-LVDZHIRJX5AVDHGI5A357NHKDE.php" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Jordan Bardella</a> aurait tenu des propos antisémites sur la messagerie Messenger en 2013, lorsqu’il était âgé de 17 ans. Lui réfute avoir « tenu ces propos ignobles » et refuse de « parler d’erreur de jeunesse pour des positions qui ne sont pas les (siennes) ». De manière générale, 74 % des Français interrogés jugent les propos qui lui sont attribués « très graves ». Cette proportion chute à seulement 45 % chez les sympathisants du Rassemblement national (RN).</p></section><section class="content"><p class="">D’après ce même sondage, 61 % des Français n’ont pas été convaincus par la défense de Jordan Bardella dans cette affaire (39 % convaincus). Chez les sympathisants du RN, 88 % affirment au contraire avoir été convaincus par son argumentaire. Cela contraste drastiquement avec les sympathisants d’autres partis : 96 % des sympathisants LFI n’ont pas été convaincus, de même que 86 % des sympathisants écologistes, 90 % des sympathisants socialistes, 92 % des sympathisants Renaissance et 53 % des sympathisants Les Républicains (LR).</p></section><section class="content"><div class="article-read-also_container fs_18_26_ad fs_16_20_nd ff_gcd fw_sb"><hr class="article-read-also_hr top" /><p>À lire aussi<a href="https://www.leparisien.fr/faits-divers/affaire-bardella-une-association-porte-plainte-contre-le-president-du-rn-denoncant-une-procedure-baillon-contre-les-journalistes-08-10-2026-HBEURWO3HVGAJG5MN3NBPDXIIA.php" data-previous-block="Article_lire_aussi" data-previous-rubrique="politique" data-article-type="article" class="article-read-also_link no_underline">Affaire Bardella : une association porte plainte contre le président du RN, dénonçant une « procédure bâillon » contre les journalistes</a></p><hr class="article-read-also_hr bottom" /></div></section><section class="content"><section class="content"><p class=""><a href="https://www.leparisien.fr/politique/affaire-bardella-accuse-dantisemitisme-le-president-du-rn-balaie-une-affaire-dont-tout-le-monde-se-moque-09-10-2026-AZKEZAO2J5AZJBVALEYXZTULBA.php" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Sur LCI ce jeudi soir, Jordan Bardella</a> a rappelé avoir déposé une plainte pour diffamation et en « préparer » une autre pour faux et usage contre Mediapart. Jordan Bardella a longuement mis en cause le site d’investigation et ses journalistes, accusés de vouloir « (l)’assassiner politiquement ».</p></section><section class="content"><section class="content"><p class="">Le chef du parti d’extrême droite, qui se présente en victime d’une « opération de déstabilisation », a exclu que celle-ci provienne de ses rangs, « mais à l’extérieur nous n’excluons rien ». Dans une rhétorique complotiste, il a dit « laisse(r) à chacun la possibilité d’apprécier ce qui est en train de se passer, d’(en) apprécier le timing, les méthodes et de se faire son propre jugement », estimant que « le temps révélera sans doute la vérité ».</p></section></section></section></section>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.leparisien.fr/elections/presidentielle/jordan-bardella-accuse-dantisemitisme-72-des-francais-nont-pas-change-dopinion-sur-le-president-du-rassemblement-national-09-10-2026-TNR4G6EJWZE6VERM7FUJUFZTUA.php</link>
      <guid>https://www.leparisien.fr/elections/presidentielle/jordan-bardella-accuse-dantisemitisme-72-des-francais-nont-pas-change-dopinion-sur-le-president-du-rassemblement-national-09-10-2026-TNR4G6EJWZE6VERM7FUJUFZTUA.php</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 15:15:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[J'ai fait les Beaux-Arts. Ça sert toujours.]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/rance/comments/1x1kazx/jai_fait_les_beauxarts_%C3%A7a_sert_toujours/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/cuz6q7dqsfuh1.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=466185bc063aa1c44a181b858d411ec2a44b47bd" alt="J'ai fait les Beaux-Arts. Ça sert toujours." title="J'ai fait les Beaux-Arts. Ça sert toujours."> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/idinarouill"> /u/idinarouill </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/rance/"> r/rance </a> <br> <span><a href="https://i.redd.it/cuz6q7dqsfuh1.jpeg">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/rance/comments/1x1kazx/jai_fait_les_beauxarts_%C3%A7a_sert_toujours/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><p><img src="https://i.redd.it/cuz6q7dqsfuh1.jpeg"></p></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://i.redd.it/cuz6q7dqsfuh1.jpeg</link>
      <guid>https://i.redd.it/cuz6q7dqsfuh1.jpeg</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 14:39:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Plombiers chauffagistes, est-ce que c'est comme ça qu'on pose un compteur ?]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/AskFrance/comments/1x1i5nv/plombiers_chauffagistes_estce_que_cest_comme_%C3%A7a/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/t9o3p60s8fuh1.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=aae8d9b09f42bf10e61f2f2b3ed0f309c5158014" alt="Plombiers chauffagistes, est-ce que c'est comme ça qu'on pose un compteur ?" title="Plombiers chauffagistes, est-ce que c'est comme ça qu'on pose un compteur ?"> </a> </td><td> <!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>C'est standard ça où il s'est juste fait plaisir ?</p> </div><!-- SC_ON -->   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Intelligent-Sale1189"> /u/Intelligent-Sale1189 </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/AskFrance/"> r/AskFrance </a> <br> <span><a href="https://i.redd.it/t9o3p60s8fuh1.jpeg">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/AskFrance/comments/1x1i5nv/plombiers_chauffagistes_estce_que_cest_comme_%C3%A7a/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><p><img src="https://i.redd.it/t9o3p60s8fuh1.jpeg"></p></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://i.redd.it/t9o3p60s8fuh1.jpeg</link>
      <guid>https://i.redd.it/t9o3p60s8fuh1.jpeg</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 12:47:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[La police après Macron]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>Avec la répression policière ultra-violente contre les lycéens, je me pose cette question : en supposant que les divers macronistes perdent l'élection présidentielle de 2027, que fait-on d'une police bourrée de brutes et de racistes, armée jusqu'aux dents, et qui suscite maintenant l'inquiétude de l'ONU ?</p> <p>Peut-on vraiment croire que, même si par miracle l'extrême-droite se casse la gueule en essayant de profiter du marche-pied que lui offre la macronie depuis 10 ans, la police ne continuera pas à massacrer le peuple ? Il n'y a pas que les consignes inhumaines données par Laurent "Cuve à pisse" Nuñez, il y a aussi des attitudes bien ancrées chez les policiers.</p> </div><!-- SC_ON -->   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/MhuzLord"> /u/MhuzLord </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/"> r/france </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x1i3y1/la_police_apr%C3%A8s_macron/">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x1i3y1/la_police_apr%C3%A8s_macron/">[comments]</a></span><br/><hr/><br/><p>You've been blocked by network security.</p><div class="text-16 text-neutral-content-weak"><div class="pt-md">To continue, log in to your Reddit account or use your developer token<p>If you think you've been blocked by mistake, file a ticket below and we'll look into it.</p><p><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-primary" href="https://www.reddit.com/login/">Log in </a><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-secondary" href="https://support.reddithelp.com/hc/en-us/requests/new?ticket_form_id=21879292693140">File a ticket</a></p></div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x1i3y1/la_police_apr%C3%A8s_macron/</link>
      <guid>https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x1i3y1/la_police_apr%C3%A8s_macron/</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 12:45:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Primaire du PS : payer 15 € pour un faux programme de gauche qui va faire 5%]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/memeElitiste/comments/1x1hr6o/primaire_du_ps_payer_15_pour_un_faux_programme_de/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/m712xlah4fuh1.png?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=1bcbb5e102bea1b9d845d07d13335540f9ca4095" alt="Primaire du PS : payer 15 € pour un faux programme de gauche qui va faire 5%" title="Primaire du PS : payer 15 € pour un faux programme de gauche qui va faire 5%"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/J_Houmous"> /u/J_Houmous </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/memeElitiste/"> r/memeElitiste </a> <br> <span><a href="https://i.redd.it/m712xlah4fuh1.png">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/memeElitiste/comments/1x1hr6o/primaire_du_ps_payer_15_pour_un_faux_programme_de/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><p><img src="https://i.redd.it/m712xlah4fuh1.png"></p></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://i.redd.it/m712xlah4fuh1.png</link>
      <guid>https://i.redd.it/m712xlah4fuh1.png</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 12:24:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[M6 Info - Paris : un policier donne un coup de genou à un manifestant au visage - 09 octobre 2026]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x1hkt7/m6_info_paris_un_policier_donne_un_coup_de_genou/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/yHXdU7tgYkd1zfSP-ya88lq61ZSrdQxNtdIZvAG1Rms.jpeg?width=320&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=595422cd8e4ae523a421993ef80fbeaf2b9c5966" alt="M6 Info - Paris : un policier donne un coup de genou à un manifestant au visage - 09 octobre 2026" title="M6 Info - Paris : un policier donne un coup de genou à un manifestant au visage - 09 octobre 2026"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Alarming-Estimate-19"> /u/Alarming-Estimate-19 </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/"> r/france </a> <br> <span><a href="https://youtube.com/shorts/t_XrrsuAiuo">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x1hkt7/m6_info_paris_un_policier_donne_un_coup_de_genou/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><h2>Paris : un policier donne un coup de genou à un manifestant au visage</h2><p><img src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/t_XrrsuAiuo/hq2.jpg"></p><iframe width="113" height="200" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/t_XrrsuAiuo?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen title="Paris : un policier donne un coup de genou à un manifestant au visage"></iframe></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://youtube.com/shorts/t_XrrsuAiuo</link>
      <guid>https://youtube.com/shorts/t_XrrsuAiuo</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 12:13:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Non parce que là, j'en ai marre]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/rance/comments/1x1h4vc/non_parce_que_l%C3%A0_jen_ai_marre/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/oplbsemxxeuh1.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=c7b986866b89259f989f3945064f16e5b0601d9e" alt="Non parce que là, j'en ai marre" title="Non parce que là, j'en ai marre"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Zefuribond"> /u/Zefuribond </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/rance/"> r/rance </a> <br> <span><a href="https://i.redd.it/oplbsemxxeuh1.jpeg">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/rance/comments/1x1h4vc/non_parce_que_l%C3%A0_jen_ai_marre/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><p><img src="https://i.redd.it/oplbsemxxeuh1.jpeg"></p></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://i.redd.it/oplbsemxxeuh1.jpeg</link>
      <guid>https://i.redd.it/oplbsemxxeuh1.jpeg</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 11:47:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[C'est quand même dingue d'avoir peur de manifester]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>Hier une amie me parle de venir le 17 pour soutenir les jeunes.</p> <p>Mon premier réflexe ? J'ai peur.</p> <p>Peur de finir gazer. Peur de finir en garde a vu. Peur de sanctions avec la vidéo surveillance. Peur de finir eborgné. Peur de finir mutilé.</p> <p>Et pourtant ma première pensée serait juste de marcher dans la rue, pas de faire quoi que ce soit de violent, au pire brandir une pancarte en carton. En plus je suis en campagne c'est plus tranquille par chez moi.</p> <p>Mais je veux donner mon soutient a ces jeunes qui se battent pour eux, pour nous, pour tous, là où nous avons baissé les bras depuis 2017 après avoir observé de loin les gilets jaunes pendant des mois. A part une addiction aux réseaux je n'en ai rien gagné et je n'ai servi à rien dans la mobilisation.</p> <p>Mais j'ai peur. Je pourrais m'en foutre, jveux pas de gamins. Mais mon pote a un marmot. Et yen a plein des gosses. On peut pas baisser les bras merde.</p> <p>Et vous ? Des paroles pour m'aider dans ma réflexion sur le sujet ?</p> </div><!-- SC_ON -->   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/RedeyeFR"> /u/RedeyeFR </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/"> r/france </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x1h1lw/cest_quand_m%C3%AAme_dingue_davoir_peur_de_manifester/">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x1h1lw/cest_quand_m%C3%AAme_dingue_davoir_peur_de_manifester/">[comments]</a></span><br/><hr/><br/><p>You've been blocked by network security.</p><div class="text-16 text-neutral-content-weak"><div class="pt-md">To continue, log in to your Reddit account or use your developer token<p>If you think you've been blocked by mistake, file a ticket below and we'll look into it.</p><p><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-primary" href="https://www.reddit.com/login/">Log in </a><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-secondary" href="https://support.reddithelp.com/hc/en-us/requests/new?ticket_form_id=21879292693140">File a ticket</a></p></div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x1h1lw/cest_quand_m%C3%AAme_dingue_davoir_peur_de_manifester/</link>
      <guid>https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x1h1lw/cest_quand_m%C3%AAme_dingue_davoir_peur_de_manifester/</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 11:41:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Vu sur Facebook]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/IaCaca/comments/1x1gysl/vu_sur_facebook/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/yofcqgh0weuh1.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=b6b81df8c6fec8c402d1c1dcdf07a4b529e72d76" alt="Vu sur Facebook" title="Vu sur Facebook"> </a> </td><td> <!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>J'ai fait une capture d'écran, d'une image qui est elle même une capture...</p> </div><!-- SC_ON -->   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/AshamedTechnician3"> /u/AshamedTechnician3 </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/IaCaca/"> r/IaCaca </a> <br> <span><a href="https://i.redd.it/yofcqgh0weuh1.jpeg">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/IaCaca/comments/1x1gysl/vu_sur_facebook/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><p><img src="https://i.redd.it/yofcqgh0weuh1.jpeg"></p></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://i.redd.it/yofcqgh0weuh1.jpeg</link>
      <guid>https://i.redd.it/yofcqgh0weuh1.jpeg</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 11:36:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Appartement sale]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/SeDeloger/comments/1x1gujb/appartement_sale/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/fw4m3rjdueuh1.jpg?width=140&amp;height=140&amp;crop=1:1,smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=52407bcdfd970fb2cd8d2c5d7367413b55f9bbf3" alt="Appartement sale" title="Appartement sale"> </a> </td><td> <!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>On est censé emménager dans cet appartement.</p> <p>La femme de ménage aurait passer 6h à le nettoyer.</p> <p>Y a des blattes partout mais ça a été traité (? Ça grouille encore donc bon)</p> <p>Je me rend pas bien compte? C'est normal ça en région parisienne ?</p> </div><!-- SC_ON -->   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/truly_not_judal"> /u/truly_not_judal </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/SeDeloger/"> r/SeDeloger </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/gallery/1x1gujb">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/SeDeloger/comments/1x1gujb/appartement_sale/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><p>You've been blocked by network security.</p><div class="text-16 text-neutral-content-weak"><div class="pt-md">To continue, log in to your Reddit account or use your developer token<p>If you think you've been blocked by mistake, file a ticket below and we'll look into it.</p><p><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-primary" href="https://www.reddit.com/login/">Log in </a><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-secondary" href="https://support.reddithelp.com/hc/en-us/requests/new?ticket_form_id=21879292693140">File a ticket</a></p></div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.reddit.com/gallery/1x1gujb</link>
      <guid>https://www.reddit.com/gallery/1x1gujb</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 11:28:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[L'automne est là, pensez à couvrir vos enfants !]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Giscardpunk/comments/1x1gsiv/lautomne_est_l%C3%A0_pensez_%C3%A0_couvrir_vos_enfants/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/vclq9r7wteuh1.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=462a875e8e3ebf7e09c2c05adc9f8268a5331a80" alt="L'automne est là, pensez à couvrir vos enfants !" title="L'automne est là, pensez à couvrir vos enfants !"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Octave_Ergebel"> /u/Octave_Ergebel </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Giscardpunk/"> r/Giscardpunk </a> <br> <span><a href="https://i.redd.it/vclq9r7wteuh1.jpeg">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Giscardpunk/comments/1x1gsiv/lautomne_est_l%C3%A0_pensez_%C3%A0_couvrir_vos_enfants/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><p><img src="https://i.redd.it/vclq9r7wteuh1.jpeg"></p></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://i.redd.it/vclq9r7wteuh1.jpeg</link>
      <guid>https://i.redd.it/vclq9r7wteuh1.jpeg</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 11:25:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[[Paris 8 Octobre] Un adolescent demande à un policier s'il a le droit de traverser la rue. En réponse il est étranglé puis interpellé.]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x1gnro/paris_8_octobre_un_adolescent_demande_%C3%A0_un/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/b3MxYWRzcmhzZXVoMb6EzSMnFiTAQA4GJARScZjD3Ntfa5VDhEoRdiWnS2SE.png?width=320&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=82c4979ef653490d105bbde54d3fc8c68b0c97bc" alt="[Paris 8 Octobre] Un adolescent demande à un policier s'il a le droit de traverser la rue. En réponse il est étranglé puis interpellé." title="[Paris 8 Octobre] Un adolescent demande à un policier s'il a le droit de traverser la rue. En réponse il est étranglé puis interpellé."> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Alarming-Estimate-19"> /u/Alarming-Estimate-19 </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/"> r/france </a> <br> <span><a href="https://v.redd.it/x1milj8iseuh1">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x1gnro/paris_8_octobre_un_adolescent_demande_%C3%A0_un/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><p>You've been blocked by network security.</p><div class="text-16 text-neutral-content-weak"><div class="pt-md">To continue, log in to your Reddit account or use your developer token<p>If you think you've been blocked by mistake, file a ticket below and we'll look into it.</p><p><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-primary" href="https://www.reddit.com/login/">Log in </a><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-secondary" href="https://support.reddithelp.com/hc/en-us/requests/new?ticket_form_id=21879292693140">File a ticket</a></p></div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://v.redd.it/x1milj8iseuh1</link>
      <guid>https://v.redd.it/x1milj8iseuh1</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 11:16:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Écrits antisémites sur Messenger : Jordan Bardella trahi par lui-même]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x1gmd2/%C3%A9crits_antis%C3%A9mites_sur_messenger_jordan_bardella/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/-26Pxt4Nk3bLN3vvFAiiVvQnoq5rZR26rR9QxLXVrPI.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=f2ae3449e1d6824af82744d9e56404f5f292800b" alt="Écrits antisémites sur Messenger : Jordan Bardella trahi par lui-même" title="Écrits antisémites sur Messenger : Jordan Bardella trahi par lui-même"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/SecludedClover"> /u/SecludedClover </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/"> r/france </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/france/091026/ecrits-antisemites-sur-messenger-jordan-bardella-trahi-par-lui-meme?utm_source=global&amp;utm_medium=social&amp;utm_campaign=SharingApp&amp;xtor=CS3-5">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x1gmd2/%C3%A9crits_antis%C3%A9mites_sur_messenger_jordan_bardella/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><main role="main" id="main" class="news__body-wrapper _cols:2@print"><div class="foo_cntr">
            <div class="news__heading grid">

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                    <strong class="news__heading__top__intro margin-top:500">« Mediapart » a pu établir un lien direct, datant de septembre 2013, entre le compte Twitter officiel du président du RN et le fil de conversation Messenger sur lequel il déversait ses idées antisémites. Après les preuves techniques et les recoupements biographiques, Jordan Bardella se démasque involontairement. 

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            Pas le temps de lire cet article ?
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                                <p class="dropcap-wrapper">IlIl est des détails qui pulvérisent toutes les stratégies de communication. Tandis que l’actuel président du Rassemblement national (RN) a répété, jeudi 8 octobre lors d’une grande interview sur LCI, qu’il n’était pas l’auteur des écrits antisémites révélés lundi 29 septembre, <i>Mediapart</i> publie de nouveaux éléments confondants pour celui que Marine Le Pen continue de présenter comme son futur premier ministre en cas de victoire à l’élection présidentielle en 2027.</p>
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        </div></div></main>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/france/091026/ecrits-antisemites-sur-messenger-jordan-bardella-trahi-par-lui-meme?utm_source=global&amp;utm_medium=social&amp;utm_campaign=SharingApp&amp;xtor=CS3-5</link>
      <guid>https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/france/091026/ecrits-antisemites-sur-messenger-jordan-bardella-trahi-par-lui-meme?utm_source=global&amp;utm_medium=social&amp;utm_campaign=SharingApp&amp;xtor=CS3-5</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 11:14:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Emmanuel Macron furieux contre le 13 Heures de France 2 après la diffusion d’une pancarte injurieuse sur son épouse]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/FranceDigeste/comments/1x1g7q3/emmanuel_macron_furieux_contre_le_13_heures_de/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/EPVjNrueJKk7ezV66738wlr-vbubJiyk_wx2XJxggRw.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=2d1bbf38b1757bc76048aa57a8963011fafb3eae" alt="Emmanuel Macron furieux contre le 13 Heures de France 2 après la diffusion d’une pancarte injurieuse sur son épouse" title="Emmanuel Macron furieux contre le 13 Heures de France 2 après la diffusion d’une pancarte injurieuse sur son épouse"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/AdrienBalG"> /u/AdrienBalG </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/FranceDigeste/"> r/FranceDigeste </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.leparisien.fr/culture-loisirs/tv/emmanuel-macron-furieux-contre-le-13-heures-de-france-2-apres-la-diffusion-dune-pancarte-injurieuse-sur-son-epouse-08-10-2026-P65JVW4BTJH4NGQL3KILKA7CJA.php">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/FranceDigeste/comments/1x1g7q3/emmanuel_macron_furieux_contre_le_13_heures_de/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div class="share-toolsv2-container body-spacing lp-mt-06"><p><a class="lp-button lp-button--outline lp-button--size-36 lp-button--icon-left" href="https://profile.google.com/@leparisien" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow" data-lp-click="{&quot;event&quot;:&quot;clicArticle&quot;,&quot;Chapter1-clic&quot;:&quot;articles&quot;,&quot;Chapter2-clic&quot;:&quot;google&quot;,&quot;Chapter3-clic&quot;:null}" data-lp-click-raw="">Suivre Le Parisien sur Google</a></p></div><div class="body-spacing width_full flex article-section margin_bottom_article"><div class="paywall-article-section"><section class="content"><p class="paragraph text_align_left lp-f-body-02">Un festival de pancartes issues des <a href="https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/mobilisation-lyceenne/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">manifestations des lycéens</a> a ouvert ce mardi 6 octobre le journal de 13 heures de France 2. « Sois jeune et tais-toi », « Non, on ne veut pas juste se taire, on a trop souffert », « La police n’est pas violente, ça crève les yeux », « Fières d’être la relève de nos révolutionnaires et de nos résistants », « Tu nous la mets à l’envers, on te la mai 68 ». Les images des cortèges à Nantes, Rennes ou Lyon défilent à l’écran dans les titres du JT, pendant que le présentateur Julian Bugier annonce une « journée à hauts risques » d’un point de vue social, avec la présence de parents « mobilisés auprès de leurs enfants pour éviter les débordements ».</p></section></div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.leparisien.fr/culture-loisirs/tv/emmanuel-macron-furieux-contre-le-13-heures-de-france-2-apres-la-diffusion-dune-pancarte-injurieuse-sur-son-epouse-08-10-2026-P65JVW4BTJH4NGQL3KILKA7CJA.php</link>
      <guid>https://www.leparisien.fr/culture-loisirs/tv/emmanuel-macron-furieux-contre-le-13-heures-de-france-2-apres-la-diffusion-dune-pancarte-injurieuse-sur-son-epouse-08-10-2026-P65JVW4BTJH4NGQL3KILKA7CJA.php</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 10:48:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Propagande néolibérale sur Reddit]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/IaCaca/comments/1x1g3a3/propagande_n%C3%A9olib%C3%A9rale_sur_reddit/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/6ip7ela1meuh1.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=0acad5867ef27fda6174b1f661ad1a7ae2faa794" alt="Propagande néolibérale sur Reddit" title="Propagande néolibérale sur Reddit"> </a> </td><td> <!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>Ça serait intéressant de savoir qui finance cette campagne de pub. Évidemment impossible de trouver un vrai humain sur tout leur site qui assumerait d'en être à l'origine. </p> </div><!-- SC_ON -->   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/NoName-Cheval03"> /u/NoName-Cheval03 </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/IaCaca/"> r/IaCaca </a> <br> <span><a href="https://i.redd.it/6ip7ela1meuh1.jpeg">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/IaCaca/comments/1x1g3a3/propagande_n%C3%A9olib%C3%A9rale_sur_reddit/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><p><img src="https://i.redd.it/6ip7ela1meuh1.jpeg"></p></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://i.redd.it/6ip7ela1meuh1.jpeg</link>
      <guid>https://i.redd.it/6ip7ela1meuh1.jpeg</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 10:40:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[TEMOIGNAGES. "Derrière chaque casque, chaque bouclier, il y a un papa" : quand des CRS pères de famille font face à des lycéens de l'âge de leurs enfants]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x1g1b1/temoignages_derri%C3%A8re_chaque_casque_chaque/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/HVwMZnrRt6xsSQpcbMh530v7ly6U_mmat-tWZV-zkxg.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=84062d097c3463907955df4181f6d850a57e5af4" alt="TEMOIGNAGES. &quot;Derrière chaque casque, chaque bouclier, il y a un papa&quot; : quand des CRS pères de famille font face à des lycéens de l'âge de leurs enfants" title="TEMOIGNAGES. &quot;Derrière chaque casque, chaque bouclier, il y a un papa&quot; : quand des CRS pères de famille font face à des lycéens de l'âge de leurs enfants"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/chatdecheshire"> /u/chatdecheshire </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/"> r/france </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.franceinfo.fr/societe/education/blocage-des-lycees/temoignages-derriere-chaque-casque-chaque-bouclier-il-y-a-un-papa-quand-des-crs-peres-de-famille-font-face-a-des-lyceens-de-l-age-de-leurs-enfants_8228950.html">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x1g1b1/temoignages_derri%C3%A8re_chaque_casque_chaque/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><section class="fi-layout-section"><div class="fi-article-bloc"><div class="c-cover"><figure role="group"><picture class="picture-wrapper"><img srcset="https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/Vly0HnCZbQO_VGOLVklVqPMl9nQ/0x238:4585x2818/432x243/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/08/6ac7e2a127e76310005157.jpg 432w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/vI_KtQzM5gg22SEpcTLBUmeD1NE/0x238:4585x2818/720x405/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/08/6ac7e2a127e76310005157.jpg 720w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/feafwKy7QV2w2onNbt1J9p-nF1A/0x238:4585x2818/1024x576/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/08/6ac7e2a127e76310005157.jpg 1024w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/ZAofJe5U-F9CQvXXcv_TEeqSMmE/0x238:4585x2818/1328x747/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/08/6ac7e2a127e76310005157.jpg 1328w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/5p28fpUYzjzMyaWA5ih6FZPGgTk/0x238:4585x2818/2656x1494/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/08/6ac7e2a127e76310005157.jpg 2656w" sizes="(min-width: 1200px) 90vw, (min-width: 560px) 100vw, 90vw" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="image" /><source srcset="https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/R3P1MLkvGoYpICEPP7G-CJdzKl0/0x238:4585x2818/432x243/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/08/6ac7e2a127e76310005157.jpg 432w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/VZw90F812BEF1f2m1voIsPkFIh0/0x238:4585x2818/720x405/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/08/6ac7e2a127e76310005157.jpg 720w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/vvNVX7OYbsnJU5kLNVHR3Jr_2bU/0x238:4585x2818/1024x576/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/08/6ac7e2a127e76310005157.jpg 1024w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/kIoeuIgbQ-89UV3Evnz_KBOG6a4/0x238:4585x2818/1328x747/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/08/6ac7e2a127e76310005157.jpg 1328w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/19LAPxjr9Hd6OwOcMRY42LYYOIs/0x238:4585x2818/2656x1494/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/08/6ac7e2a127e76310005157.jpg 2656w" media="(min-width: 880px)" sizes="(min-width: 1200px) 90vw, (min-width: 560px) 100vw, 90vw" /><source srcset="https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/49SejG0dqnv8rnuSlpkp0-J3mkc/764x0:3821x3057/100x100/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/08/6ac7e2a127e76310005157.jpg 100w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/Hj6l79VHFvXMgMxhYZviO52fXN0/764x0:3821x3057/200x200/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/08/6ac7e2a127e76310005157.jpg 200w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/7o-ZvB-8PJW7aaAupo0uMbHytXM/764x0:3821x3057/432x432/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/08/6ac7e2a127e76310005157.jpg 432w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/Ia5jKxEKNKRwZ7LgMFV0BQcGG6o/764x0:3821x3057/720x720/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/08/6ac7e2a127e76310005157.jpg 720w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/lYKe1TZ6GpUOFAJbJsxNf3LMhPE/764x0:3821x3057/1024x1024/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/08/6ac7e2a127e76310005157.jpg 1024w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/SeLhFsrN-dV8HkMyxzzAsoRb7fg/764x0:3821x3057/1328x1328/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/08/6ac7e2a127e76310005157.jpg 1328w" sizes="(min-width: 1200px) 90vw, (min-width: 560px) 100vw, 90vw" /></picture><figcaption>Des CRS face à des manifestants, pendant la mobilisation lycéenne, place de la Bastille, à Paris, le 8 octobre. (JULIEN DE ROSA / AFP)</figcaption></figure></div></div><p class="c-chapo">
  Le mouvement lycéen se poursuit et la tension reste forte dans les manifestations. Certains CRS sont parfois confrontés à des jeunes du même âge que leurs propres enfants. Franceinfo a recueilli le témoignage de deux d'entre eux.
</p><div class="c-body"><p>À une semaine des vacances de la Toussaint, <a href="https://www.franceinfo.fr/societe/education/blocage-des-lycees/reportage-le-mouvement-ne-va-pas-s-arreter-de-sitot-devant-un-lycee-d-aubervilliers-des-eleves-deter-a-ne-rien-lacher-en-l-absence-d-annonces-concretes_8228326.html" target="_self" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" data-tooltip-url="/societe/education/blocage-des-lycees/reportage-le-mouvement-ne-va-pas-s-arreter-de-sitot-devant-un-lycee-d-aubervilliers-des-eleves-deter-a-ne-rien-lacher-en-l-absence-d-annonces-concretes_8228326.html">le mouvement lycéen s'installe dans la durée</a>. Il s'étend désormais aux universités. Le Snes-FSU, principal syndicat enseignant, appelle les professeurs à faire grève mardi 13 octobre. Depuis le 28 septembre, il y a eu 6 629 interpellations et 761 policiers ou gendarmes, 215 élèves et 89 personnels enseignants ont été blessés. Dans la rue, la tension peine à retomber, marquée par des face-à-face violents entre des CRS et des jeunes qui pourraient être leurs enfants. Comment vit-on la crise quand on est CRS et père de famille ?</p><div class="media-embed">À lire aussi</div><p>Quand Olivier Barthe, CRS et délégué du syndicat Unité, a appelé mardi 6 octobre, jour de grande mobilisation des lycéens, il était sur le terrain, mobilisé avec toute sa compagnie. Il a profité d'une pause pour raconter ce face-à-face avec des enfants du même âge que son fils. <em>"Est-ce que ça me met en colère ? Je trouve ça triste, </em>confie-t-il.<em> Parce qu'en fait, les revendications des lycéens m'apparaissent comme légitimes, en tant que père. On ne peut pas être 40 dans une classe, dans un lycée pourri où on crève de chaud parce qu'il n'y a pas de clim, que la cantine est dégueulasse et que les chaises tiennent par l'opération du Saint-Esprit et se dire que c'est normal."</em></p><blockquote class="ftvi_content_quote"><p class="ftvi_citation_quote">"Après, le problème, c'est que les revendications qui étaient légitimes des lycéens, elles ont été bouffées par les casseurs."</p><div><p class="ftvi_citation_source">sur franceinfo</p></div></blockquote><p>En tant que père de famille, ce délégué du syndicat Unité confesse son malaise à l'idée d'être considéré comme un bourreau d'enfants : <em>"Je ne connais pas de flic qui n'adapte pas son comportement face à des enfants et surtout des très jeunes enfants. Mais ils ont des fois trois têtes de moins que nous, ça ne les empêche pas de nous lancer des boules de pétanque, des cocktails Molotov, de nous tirer dessus avec des mortiers. Et vous aussi, vous avez envie de rentrer à la maison."</em></p><p>Comme ce délégué Unité, Romain rejette les accusations de violences gratuites : <em>"Derrière chaque casque, chaque bouclier, chaque tenue bleu marine, il y a un père de famille, il y a un papa. Qui se glorifierait de dire 'tiens, à la manif, on a arraché une main' ? Personne. Il n'y a aucun policier qui se réjouit d'estropier ou d'éborgner quelqu'un ou d'amocher un gamin. Ça marque un policier à vie."</em></p><div class="media-embed">À lire aussi</div><p>Il y a quelques années, Romain a lui-même eu le crâne fracassé par un jet de pierre lors d'une intervention. Aujourd'hui, il participe à la mission d'accompagnement des blessés de la police nationale. <em>"Ce sont 'les méchants policiers'. C'est 'le méchant CRS' qui a arraché une main, c'est 'le méchant CRS' qui a cassé une mâchoire en tirant avec le lanceur de 40 [lanceur de balles de défense ou LBD] ou qui a éborgné un jeune", </em>s'agace Romain.</p><blockquote class="ftvi_content_quote"><p class="ftvi_citation_quote">"Mais aujourd'hui, quelle réponse apporter quand on se fait tirer dessus au mortier, quand on reçoit des pavés, quand on reçoit des cocktails Molotov ? On ne peut pas répliquer avec des pistolets à eau."</p><div><p class="ftvi_citation_source">sur franceinfo</p></div></blockquote><p>Ni le fils d'Olivier ni la fille de Romain, qui vient d'entrer à l'université, ne participent aux manifestations. Mais ils disent tous les deux que si leurs enfants en avaient envie, ils les laisseraient faire, convaincus qu'eux sauraient partir au premier tir de sommation.</p><div id="rf-player-wrapper-8753827" class="rf-player-wrapper mode-highlight rf-player-wrapper--inline"><div class="rf-player-wrapper__container"><div class="rf-player-wrapper__title"><div class="rf-player-wrapper__title-wrapper"><p>CRS et pères de famille : le reportage de Julie Marie-Leconte</p></div></div></div></div></div><div class="preferred-source"><p class="preferred-source__text">
    Vous pouvez désormais <strong class="preferred-source__strong">privilégier l'affichage des articles de franceinfo</strong> dans les résultats de recherche Google. <a class="preferred-source__content-link" href="https://www.franceinfo.fr/une-information-transparente-franceinfo/transparence-qu-est-ce-que-la-nouvelle-fonctionnalite-source-preferee-visible-sur-les-contenus-de-franceinfo-fr_8044718.html">Comment ça marche ?</a>
  </p></div></section><section class="fi-layout-section"><section data-cy="generic-vertical-rebound" class="generic-vertical-rebound  generic-vertical-rebound--reduced"><p>Sur le même thème</p><ul class="generic-vertical-rebound__items"><li class="generic-vertical-rebound__item">
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      <div class="card-article-list-s__img-wrapper"><div class="img-stamp-wrapper"><picture class="picture-wrapper"><img sizes="" srcset="https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/qCJTCvE8IJ8J886XDwj7SEX3hLg/0x520:5000x3333/432x243/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/06/6ac4dba789d36618758620.jpg 432w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/QxyxltehPJZgRP-zXXRd1jrNsOc/0x520:5000x3333/720x405/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/06/6ac4dba789d36618758620.jpg 720w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/r8DlcPetyr-pDy9r867G6KNWT0s/0x520:5000x3333/1024x576/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/06/6ac4dba789d36618758620.jpg 1024w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/RosvatED9WtwjSXPNkqA2DO7Tp8/0x520:5000x3333/1328x747/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/06/6ac4dba789d36618758620.jpg 1328w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/I-arsjE1nuroQPiJg6x9h7xSi5o/0x520:5000x3333/2656x1494/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/06/6ac4dba789d36618758620.jpg 2656w" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="image" /><source data-srcset="https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/kZzAvEDu4MCdTZ6zF7EWti2UN7M/0x520:5000x3333/432x243/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/06/6ac4dba789d36618758620.jpg 432w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/jRG7hyU7HEwxEaB2e4YS5rcxrSo/0x520:5000x3333/720x405/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/06/6ac4dba789d36618758620.jpg 720w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/cDby6Yah4tlmqpd_Yapp_m4Sf2w/0x520:5000x3333/1024x576/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/06/6ac4dba789d36618758620.jpg 1024w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/DR3MTD90FDV1o7maCAzSIkT2KSs/0x520:5000x3333/1328x747/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/06/6ac4dba789d36618758620.jpg 1328w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/VjN-YKD1jyNj_rUiHiLZsArP5Cw/0x520:5000x3333/2656x1494/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/06/6ac4dba789d36618758620.jpg 2656w" media="(min-width: 880px)" sizes="" /><source data-srcset="https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/gLAMjCWQGLgiab5B4DZkJ2Se_lE/733x0:4066x3333/100x100/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/06/6ac4dba789d36618758620.jpg 100w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/U1iRjrXRFh1QbBb3LlPsED-jZJw/733x0:4066x3333/200x200/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/06/6ac4dba789d36618758620.jpg 200w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/91JNcRKmWdm00VvirVzPaPkDXUs/733x0:4066x3333/432x432/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/06/6ac4dba789d36618758620.jpg 432w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/0S7s7gib9imhrShsKIMB2L3Dy_k/733x0:4066x3333/720x720/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/06/6ac4dba789d36618758620.jpg 720w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/jbzzkfuAlYzjKa1HywEMHxc-tnA/733x0:4066x3333/1024x1024/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/06/6ac4dba789d36618758620.jpg 1024w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/_iUpmdDNbwWR3vPAUxc1SCToCp4/733x0:4066x3333/1328x1328/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/06/6ac4dba789d36618758620.jpg 1328w" sizes="" /><img src="https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/6PB4dglpNkOjgKt35MdEr2i0u54/733x0:4066x3333/100x100/filters:format(jpg)/2026/10/06/6ac4dba789d36618758620.jpg" class="card-article-list-s__img" data-placeholder-on-error="true" aria-hidden="true" alt="Une élève brandit une pancarte , le 2 octobre 2026, devant le lycée Hélène-Boucher à Paris (VALERIE DUBOIS / AFP)" width="100" height="100" data-sizes="auto" /></picture></div>
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  <div class="card-article-list-s__text-wrapper"><p class="card-article-list-s__title js--bind-title">"On parle trop souvent à la place des jeunes" : derrière les mobilisations lycéennes, le mal-être de toute une génération ?</p></div>
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  <div class="card-article-list-s__text-wrapper"><p class="card-article-list-s__title js--bind-title">Quand les policiers et gendarmes ont-ils le droit d'utiliser des armes intermédiaires comme les grenades, les LBD et les gaz lacrymogènes dans le cadre du maintien de l'ordre ?</p></div>
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        </ul></section></section><section class="fi-layout-section"></section><section class="fi-layout-section"></section>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.franceinfo.fr/societe/education/blocage-des-lycees/temoignages-derriere-chaque-casque-chaque-bouclier-il-y-a-un-papa-quand-des-crs-peres-de-famille-font-face-a-des-lyceens-de-l-age-de-leurs-enfants_8228950.html</link>
      <guid>https://www.franceinfo.fr/societe/education/blocage-des-lycees/temoignages-derriere-chaque-casque-chaque-bouclier-il-y-a-un-papa-quand-des-crs-peres-de-famille-font-face-a-des-lyceens-de-l-age-de-leurs-enfants_8228950.html</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 10:37:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[« L’IA a volé ma blague et ma tenue » : Tiffany, une humoriste créée par intelligence artificielle, pille des artistes américains bien réels]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x1fu6v/lia_a_vol%C3%A9_ma_blague_et_ma_tenue_tiffany_une/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/L1Cr23tFDtQXSv-NeQCC8xPyHg2zK0ZheaFHRRKgOEA.png?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=ebd381faace2f19b47ad24343835e2f3496f6b84" alt="« L’IA a volé ma blague et ma tenue » : Tiffany, une humoriste créée par intelligence artificielle, pille des artistes américains bien réels" title="« L’IA a volé ma blague et ma tenue » : Tiffany, une humoriste créée par intelligence artificielle, pille des artistes américains bien réels"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Andvarey"> /u/Andvarey </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/"> r/france </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.leparisien.fr/high-tech/lia-a-vole-ma-blague-et-ma-tenue-tiffany-une-humoriste-creee-par-intelligence-artificielle-pille-des-artistes-americains-bien-reels-08-10-2026-U4HQAJTAF5FHFFVIAPQ6ION4XQ.php">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x1fu6v/lia_a_vol%C3%A9_ma_blague_et_ma_tenue_tiffany_une/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><section class="content"><p class="paragraph text_align_left lp-f-body-02">Forte de ses 377 000 abonnés sur Instagram, Tiffany Sloane a déjà tout d’<a href="https://www.leparisien.fr/culture-loisirs/humour/" target="_self" rel="">une humoriste à succès</a>. La jeune femme plantureuse publie régulièrement des vidéos de stand-up qui cumulent, pour certaines, des millions de vues. Problème : l’humoriste apparue le 11 septembre dernier sur les réseaux sociaux n’existe pas dans la vie réelle, relève le média spécialisé <a href="https://gizmodo.com/ai-comedians-are-stealing-jokes-on-instagram-to-sell-onlyfans-subscriptions-2000821923" target="_self" rel="">Gizmodo</a>.</p></section><section class="content"><section class="content"><p class="">La jolie brune a en réalité été créée par <a href="https://www.leparisien.fr/high-tech/intelligence-artificielle/" target="_self" rel="">intelligence artificielle</a> (IA). Ses blagues, en revanche, ne seraient pas le fruit d’algorithmes, mais de blagues faites par de vrais humoristes.</p></section><section class="content"><p class="">Selon le média américain spécialisé dans les nouvelles technologies, les prestations visibles sur le compte @tiffany.bbyx auraient été transformées par IA, avant d’être publiées.</p></section><section class="content"><section class="content"><p class="">George Brett Olson fait partie des artistes concernés. Sur Instagram, l’humoriste américain a publié une comparaison entre l’une de ses prestations et une vidéo de Tiffany Sloane. La ressemblance est effectivement troublante. « L’IA a volé ma blague et ma tenue », dénonce-t-il.</p></section><section class="content"><div class="player-instagram container_row margin_top_md margin_bottom_md width_full relative"><blockquote class="instagram-media c12" data-instgrm-captioned="" data-instgrm-permalink="https://www.instagram.com/reel/DeDHkz7SV46/?utm_source=ig_embed&amp;utm_campaign=loading" data-instgrm-version="14">
<div class="c11"><a href="https://www.instagram.com/reel/DeDHkz7SV46/?utm_source=ig_embed&amp;utm_campaign=loading" class="c10" target="_blank">
<p>View this post on Instagram</p>
</a></div>
</blockquote></div></section><section class="content"><div id="dailymotion-suggestion-container" class="lp-py-04 lp-mb-02 dailymotion-suggestion_container webview-dark"><p>À voir aussi</p></div></section><section class="content"><p class="">Le compte de Tiffany a bien été signalé à plusieurs reprises. Sans résultat au moment où il a publié sa vidéo.</p></section><section class="content"><p class="">Désormais, plus aucune de ces publications de Tiffany Sloane n’est visible. Seule une story « à la Une » renvoie vers un compte <a href="https://www.leparisien.fr/high-tech/avec-700-millions-de-dollars-de-dividendes-onlyfans-etait-une-machine-a-cash-pour-son-defunt-proprietaire-25-08-2026-KNHRVPS2CVDWZNEVVBVCSRWCK4.php" target="_self" rel="">OnlyFans</a>. Car au-delà du plagiat, l’objectif du compte serait de rediriger les abonnés vers des plates-formes proposant des contenus payants.</p></section><section class="content"><p class="">Ces dernières semaines, les vidéos d’humoristes créées par IA inondent les réseaux sociaux, note un article de <a href="https://mashable.com/life/ai-influencers-business-creators-comedians" target="_self" rel="">Mashable</a>, qui cite par exemple les comptes d’Abu Shalab, de Leopold Delarue, de Jean Phil et de Percival Ashcroft.</p></section><section class="content"><section class="content"><p class="">Justine Moore, associée du fonds d’investissement américain Andreessen Horowitz, spécialisé dans les nouvelles technologies a qualifié le procédé d’« astuce marketing géniale pour OnlyFans », s’attirant les foudres d’internautes.</p></section><section class="content"><p class="">Pour Olivia Carter, autre humoriste américaine à dénoncer le procédé, le problème dépasse toutefois la simple reproduction de ses blagues. L’humoriste s’inquiète de voir les algorithmes des réseaux sociaux favoriser des personnages créés de toutes pièces et qui répondent à certains standards physiques, au détriment des artistes dont ils reprennent le travail.</p></section><section class="content"><p class="">« Nous créons un monde où les gens s’attendent à ce que les humoristes ressemblent à des corps de femmes générés par IA », déplore-t-elle, décrivant une situation « bizarre et quelque peu dystopique ».</p></section></section></section></section>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.leparisien.fr/high-tech/lia-a-vole-ma-blague-et-ma-tenue-tiffany-une-humoriste-creee-par-intelligence-artificielle-pille-des-artistes-americains-bien-reels-08-10-2026-U4HQAJTAF5FHFFVIAPQ6ION4XQ.php</link>
      <guid>https://www.leparisien.fr/high-tech/lia-a-vole-ma-blague-et-ma-tenue-tiffany-une-humoriste-creee-par-intelligence-artificielle-pille-des-artistes-americains-bien-reels-08-10-2026-U4HQAJTAF5FHFFVIAPQ6ION4XQ.php</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 10:23:00 +0200</pubDate>
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    <item>
      <title><![CDATA[Les « policiers blessés », un mensonge d'État ?]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x1ftgu/les_policiers_bless%C3%A9s_un_mensonge_d%C3%A9tat/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/bpz4-bBXxGmSVjh_Yhk_426MSias2DGcUR-ufAsMydc.png?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=bfd6bab1a4751a1aa63d393bc5378831c0af498a" alt="Les « policiers blessés », un mensonge d'État ?" title="Les « policiers blessés », un mensonge d'État ?"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Folivao"> /u/Folivao </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/"> r/france </a> <br> <span><a href="https://blogs.mediapart.fr/valentinhenault/blog/081026/les-policiers-blesses-un-mensonge-detat-0">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x1ftgu/les_policiers_bless%C3%A9s_un_mensonge_d%C3%A9tat/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><section class="blogs__heading-wrapper"><div class="container blogs__heading grid padding-block:600"><div class="blogs__heading__left hidden@until-lg bio"><div class="bio__body"><div class="avatar"><img src="https://static.mediapart.fr/etmagine/default/files/2026/01/30/val-he-nault.jpg" alt="" /></div><p class="bio__body__name heading-product:100 color:text-product"><a href="https://blogs.mediapart.fr/valentinhenault">Valentin.Hénault</a></p><p class="bio__body__description ui-body-product:100 color:text-product">Documentariste, auteur de « J'avais un rêve indien » aux éditions Buchet-Chastel</p><p class="bio__body__type color:text-product-accent">Abonné·e de Mediapart</p></div><div class="bio__counters"><p class="bio__counter">3 Billets</p><p class="bio__counter">0 Édition</p></div></div><div class="blogs__heading__center"><p class="ui-label-product:03 text-transform:uppercase color:text-product">Billet de blog 8 octobre 2026</p><div class="hidden@lg hidden@print bio bio__body"><div class="avatar"><img src="https://static.mediapart.fr/etmagine/default/files/2026/01/30/val-he-nault.jpg" alt="" /></div><p class="bio__body__name heading-product:100 color:text-product"><a href="https://blogs.mediapart.fr/valentinhenault">Valentin.Hénault</a></p><p class="bio__body__description ui-body-product:100 color:text-product">Documentariste, auteur de « J'avais un rêve indien » aux éditions Buchet-Chastel</p><p class="bio__body__type color:text-product-accent">Abonné·e de Mediapart</p></div><p><a class="action-link--underline focus" href="https://blogs.mediapart.fr/valentinhenault/blog/081026/les-policiers-blesses-un-mensonge-detat-0/alerter" data-smarttag="" data-smarttag-name="signaler" data-smarttag-chapter3="en-tete" data-smarttag-type="action">Signalez ce contenu à notre équipe</a></p></div></div></section><section class="blogs__body-wrapper"><div class="container blogs__body grid"><div class="blogs__body__left blogs__body__left__sticky-wrapper"><div class="hidden@until-lg hidden@print bio bio__body"><div class="avatar"><img src="https://static.mediapart.fr/etmagine/default/files/2026/01/30/val-he-nault.jpg" alt="" /></div><p class="bio__body__name heading-product:100 color:text-product"><a href="https://blogs.mediapart.fr/valentinhenault">Valentin.Hénault</a></p><p class="bio__body__description ui-body-product:100 color:text-product">Documentariste, auteur de « J'avais un rêve indien » aux éditions Buchet-Chastel</p><p class="bio__body__type color:text-product-accent">Abonné·e de Mediapart</p></div></div><div class="blogs__body__center splitter _vertical"><div class="splitter__first"><div class="blogs__body__center__article blogs__rich-text-content color:text-default content-body-news:02 margin-top:600"><p>Depuis le début du mouvement des lycéens, on annonce 761 policiers et gendarmes blessés contre 215 élèves.<br />C’est fou, hein, le mal que peuvent faire des mineurs à des escadrons entraînés et armés jusqu’aux dents. C’est contre-intuitif mais si le ministère de l’Intérieur le dit…<br />761 blessés, quand même ! On dirait le bilan d’une guerre.<br />Or les chiffres publiés par le ministère de l’intérieur ne donnent pas d’indications sur les causes et la gravité de l’état des blessés. Aucun justificatif n’est transmis aux médias. Aucun. C’est le Monde lui-même qui le dit, naïvement, dans son article du 5 octobre, intitulé "<strong><em>Mouvement des lycées : ce qu’on sait des blessés, du côté des manifestants et de celui des forces de l’ordre"</em></strong>.<br /><em>"Du côté des forces de l’ordre, selon le ministère de l’intérieur, le bilan officiel est quantitativement lourd : « 650 blessés au sein des forces de sécurité intérieure » depuis le 28 septembre, indique Beauvau, qui ne donne cependant aucun détail sur la gravité ou les causes des blessures."</em><br />Ce qui n'empêche pas Le Monde, tous les jours, de relayer ces mêmes chiffres.<br />Un.e journaliste cesse-t-il de vérifier ses sources dès lors qu'elles émanent du pouvoir ?<br />Ces chiffres sont récités par tous les médias d’ailleurs, du Monde à TF1 en passant par les inévitables chaines d'information. Ils sont utilisés comme une preuve que les forces de l’ordre ont fait face à des menaces, avec l’idée sous-jacente qu’elles ne font que répliquer à une violence pré-existante.<br />J’ai fait une recherche documentaire. Le seul article que j’ai trouvé qui se penche sur la question des policiers blessés avec une approche critique vient du JDD en 2019, du temps où il n’appartenait pas à Bolloré, et mentionne que « selon une source bien informée<em>»</em>, trois-quarts des blessures déclarées pendant le mouvement des gilets jaunes par les policiers n’ont pas fait l’objet d’un arrêt de travail.<br />Voici le genre de blessures qui ne font pas l’objet d’un seul jour d’ITT : une ecchymose légère, une égratignure ou petite plaie superficielle, une rougeur ou irritation provoquée par un produit chimique. Une devinette : quel produit chimique pourrait-il donc provoquer une irritation chez les "policiers blessés" ?<br />Depuis la première élection d'Emmanuel Macron en 2017, le ministère aura annoncé, selon mes calculs rapides agrégeant le mouvement des gilets jaunes, celui sur les retraites, celui faisant suite à la mort de Nahel, au moins 8500 policiers blessés dans des manifestations. Sur la même période, je n’ai trouvé que deux blessures documentées : un jet d’écrou pendant les gilets jaunes qui aurait mis en danger l'oeil d'un policier et un cocktail Molotov le 1er mai 2023 qui aurait brûlé un CRS au second degré.<br />Deux cas précis. 2 sur 8500. <br />En ce qui concerne les émeutes qui ont suivi l’affaire Nahel, en 2023, le rapport d’enquête du Sénat mentionne 1000 policiers blessés. Sans aucune indication de gravité. Cela pourrait aller du bleu à l’épaule à la mort clinique, en passant par une blessure due à une mauvaise manipulation des armes de service. On ne sait pas...<br />Exigeons du ministère de l’Intérieur qu’il divulgue les informations attestant le nombre et la gravité réelle des blessures ! En attendant, ces chiffres sont invérifiables. Il est de la responsabilité des médias de cesser de les utiliser. <br />Depuis le début du mouvement des lycéens, il se pourrait même qu’aucun policier n’ait été blessé sérieusement.</p><p>Non pas 761 mais 0.<br />Les blessures graves infligées aux mineurs peuvent, elles, être constatées sur maintes vidéos.</p></div></div><div class="splitter__last hidden@print blogs__body__center__tools-bottom splitter padding-top:700 padding-bottom:500 splitter__last _nudged-right"><template data-intent="link">
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<div class="teaser__container"><p class="teaser__kicker">Migrations — Enquête</p><div class="teaser__grouped-content"><p class="teaser__title _sm"><a href="https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/international/091026/une-erreur-administrative-impardonnable-le-corps-d-un-disparu-de-la-manche-inhume-sous-x-malgre-les" data-js="teaser-link" data-smarttag="" data-smarttag-name="a_la_une_de_mediapart" data-smarttag-chapter2="une_erreur_administrative_impardonnable_le_corps_d_un_disparu_de_la_manche_inhume_sous_x_malgre_les_signalements_de_son_fils" data-smarttag-chapter3="pied_de_page" data-smarttag-level2="4">« Une erreur administrative impardonnable » : le corps d’un disparu de la Manche inhumé sous X malgré les signalements de son fils</a></p><div class="teaser__body"><p>Osama Ahmed, exilé syrien, vient d’apprendre que le corps de son père a été inhumé sous X dans la Somme alors qu’il le cherchait depuis sa disparition il y a deux ans, dans un des pires naufrages survenus dans la Manche. Il avait pourtant transmis tous les éléments nécessaires à son identification aux autorités.</p></div></div></div>
</li>
<li class="teaser _generic _100-recirculation" data-js="teaser">
<div class="teaser__container"><p class="teaser__kicker">France</p><div class="teaser__grouped-content"><p class="teaser__title _sm"><a href="https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/france/091026/gennevilliers-des-eleves-autistes-dans-les-filets-d-une-bande-d-animateurs-violents" data-js="teaser-link" data-smarttag="" data-smarttag-name="a_la_une_de_mediapart" data-smarttag-chapter2="a_gennevilliers_des_eleves_autistes_dans_les_filets_d_une_bande_d_animateurs_violents" data-smarttag-chapter3="pied_de_page" data-smarttag-level2="4">À Gennevilliers, des élèves autistes dans les filets d’une bande d’animateurs violents</a></p><div class="teaser__body"><p>« Mediapart » révèle une affaire de violences physiques et psychologiques ayant touché plusieurs enfants particulièrement vulnérables, sur les temps périscolaires. Mercredi 7 octobre, pas moins de huit agents ont comparu lors d’un procès qui a mis en lumière les manquements de la municipalité.</p></div></div></div>
</li>
<li class="teaser _generic _100-recirculation" data-js="teaser">
<div class="teaser__container"><p class="teaser__kicker">Enfances</p><div class="teaser__grouped-content"><p class="teaser__title _sm"><a href="https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/france/081026/en-isere-six-microcreches-fermees-pour-negligences-lourdes-et-maltraitance" data-js="teaser-link" data-smarttag="" data-smarttag-name="a_la_une_de_mediapart" data-smarttag-chapter2="en_isere_six_microcreches_fermees_pour_negligences_lourdes_et_maltraitance" data-smarttag-chapter3="pied_de_page" data-smarttag-level2="4">En Isère, six microcrèches fermées pour « négligences lourdes et maltraitance »</a></p><div class="teaser__body"><p>Une trentaine d’employés sans salaire, plus de 160 familles subitement sans solution de garde, des procédures judiciaires en pagaille et le silence, ou presque, des autorités. L’affaire Callihop, gérant de six microcrèches fermées administrativement en Isère, illustre les dérives du service public de la petite enfance.</p></div></div></div>
</li>
</ul></div></section><section class="blogs__recirculation" aria-labelledby="bottom-club-teasers-label-2"><div class="block _50|50/50|50@md-only _25|25|25|25@lg _recirculations"><ul class="block__content"><li class="teaser _product _100-recirculation" data-js="teaser">
<div class="teaser__container"><p class="teaser__kicker">Billet de blog</p><div class="teaser__grouped-content"><p class="teaser__title _md"><a href="https://www.mediapart.fr/les-invite-es-de-mediapart/blog/071026/contre-la-censure-lutter-depuis-la-litterature-soutien-nos-collegues-silencie-es" data-js="teaser-link" data-smarttag="" data-smarttag-name="la_selection_du_club" data-smarttag-chapter1="blog" data-smarttag-chapter2="censure_n_attendons_pas_que_le_fascisme_ait_definitivement_englouti_le_monde_pour_agir" data-smarttag-chapter3="pied_de_page" data-smarttag-level2="4">Censure : « N'attendons pas que le fascisme ait définitivement englouti le monde pour agir »</a></p><div class="teaser__body"><p>Face aux derniers événements de censure qui ont frappé Thélyson Orélien, Louisa Yousfi, Adèle Haenel ou Tamara Al Saadi, un large ensemble d'auteur·ices se mobilisent, dont Annie Ernaux, Mona Chollet, Virginie Despentes, Fatima Daas, Neige Sinno, Fatima Ouassak ou Alain Damasio, pour alerter sur les restrictions toujours plus fortes qui enserrent le champ de l'écrit, de la pensée et de la littérature. « N'attendons pas que le fascisme ait définitivement englouti le monde pour agir ».</p></div></div></div>
</li>
<li class="teaser _product _100-recirculation" data-js="teaser">
<div class="teaser__container"><p class="teaser__kicker">Billet de blog</p><div class="teaser__grouped-content"><p class="teaser__title _md"><a href="https://www.mediapart.fr/jonathan-gensburger/blog/061026/bravo-et-merci-madame-la-proviseure" data-js="teaser-link" data-smarttag="" data-smarttag-name="la_selection_du_club" data-smarttag-chapter1="blog" data-smarttag-chapter2="bravo_et_merci_madame_la_proviseure_sur_cnews_et_la_banalisation" data-smarttag-chapter3="pied_de_page" data-smarttag-level2="4">Bravo et merci Madame la proviseure : sur CNews et la banalisation</a></p><div class="teaser__body"><p>Une proviseure refuse de répondre à CNews. Son geste pourrait sembler anodin. Il ne l’est pas. Après des années de dédiabolisation et de banalisation de l’extrême droite, il est temps de redire non, de regarder qui fabrique le récit et d’assumer la rediabolisation.</p></div></div></div>
</li>
<li class="teaser _product _100-recirculation" data-js="teaser">
<div class="teaser__container"><p class="teaser__kicker">Billet de blog</p><div class="teaser__grouped-content"><p class="teaser__title _md"><a href="https://www.mediapart.fr/les-invite-es-de-mediapart/blog/081026/recuperation-dolympe-de-gouges-icone-feministe-le-rn-ose-tout" data-js="teaser-link" data-smarttag="" data-smarttag-name="la_selection_du_club" data-smarttag-chapter1="blog" data-smarttag-chapter2="recuperation_d_olympe_de_gouges_icone_feministe_le_rn_ose_tout" data-smarttag-chapter3="pied_de_page" data-smarttag-level2="4">Récupération d'Olympe de Gouges, icône féministe : le RN ose tout</a></p><div class="teaser__body"><p>Le Rassemblement national tente, par une initiative parlementaire visant à faire entrer Olympe de Gouges au Panthéon, de se grimer en formation féministe. Les votes du parti d'extrême droite, et les prises de position de Marine Le Pen, sont aux antipodes des combats de l’autrice de la Déclaration des droits de la femme et de la citoyenne. Une imposture, selon des historiennes, universitaires et spécialistes de la figure féministe.</p></div></div></div>
</li>
<li class="teaser _product _100-recirculation" data-js="teaser">
<div class="teaser__container"><p class="teaser__kicker">Billet de blog</p><div class="teaser__grouped-content"><p class="teaser__title _md"><a href="https://www.mediapart.fr/harpages/blog/081026/extreme-droite-eh-bien-il-faut-s-y-faire-les-temps-ont-change-le-discours-aussi" data-js="teaser-link" data-smarttag="" data-smarttag-name="la_selection_du_club" data-smarttag-chapter1="blog" data-smarttag-chapter2="extreme_droite_eh_bien_il_faut_s_y_faire_les_temps_ont_change_le_discours_aussi" data-smarttag-chapter3="pied_de_page" data-smarttag-level2="4">Extrême droite : « eh bien, il faut s’y faire, les temps ont changé, le discours aussi »</a></p><div class="teaser__body"><p>La « dédiabolisation » du FN/RN entreprise par Marine Le Pen a été validée, intentionnellement ou non, par une élite politique et médiatique.</p></div></div></div>
</li>
</ul></div></section></div>
</aside>]]></description>
      <link>https://blogs.mediapart.fr/valentinhenault/blog/081026/les-policiers-blesses-un-mensonge-detat-0</link>
      <guid>https://blogs.mediapart.fr/valentinhenault/blog/081026/les-policiers-blesses-un-mensonge-detat-0</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 10:22:00 +0200</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title><![CDATA[Primaire de la gauche sociale-démocrate : avec plus de 140 000 votants, une élection plus incertaine que prévu]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x1f7w5/primaire_de_la_gauche_socialed%C3%A9mocrate_avec_plus/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/LYmOL2DWrG47SdM2rb7rpXSXzjTJzvD20_d-PVKFxvE.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=5494a612e14308221dc85e058088d583b4ddb7e9" alt="Primaire de la gauche sociale-démocrate : avec plus de 140 000 votants, une élection plus incertaine que prévu" title="Primaire de la gauche sociale-démocrate : avec plus de 140 000 votants, une élection plus incertaine que prévu"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Competitive-Box-7253"> /u/Competitive-Box-7253 </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/"> r/france </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2026/10/09/primaire-a-gauche-avec-plus-de-140-000-votants-pour-designer-leur-candidat-a-la-presidentielle-une-election-plus-incertaine-que-prevu_6790500_823448.html">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x1f7w5/primaire_de_la_gauche_socialed%C3%A9mocrate_avec_plus/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><img class="logo" src="https://www.lemonde.fr/bucket/resources/front/static/img/logos/pwa-256.png" alt="Le Monde" /><p>Si vous êtes partenaire autorisé, abonné au Monde, ou si vous souhaitez obtenir une autorisation d’accès à ce contenu, merci de contacter : licensing[@]groupelemonde.fr en joignant une copie de cette page d’erreur, incluant votre adresse IP et votre identifiant de requête (RID).</p><p>English version</p><p>Your traffic has been identified as automated (bot activity).</p><p>If you are an authorized partner, a Le Monde subscriber, or if you would like to request permission to access this content, please contact: licensing[@]groupelemonde.fr and include a copy of this error page showing your IP address and request ID (RID).</p><p class="ip">IP: 185.189.159.122<br />RID: 4e4c776be4c5450f9559000000000001</p>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2026/10/09/primaire-a-gauche-avec-plus-de-140-000-votants-pour-designer-leur-candidat-a-la-presidentielle-une-election-plus-incertaine-que-prevu_6790500_823448.html</link>
      <guid>https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2026/10/09/primaire-a-gauche-avec-plus-de-140-000-votants-pour-designer-leur-candidat-a-la-presidentielle-une-election-plus-incertaine-que-prevu_6790500_823448.html</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 09:43:00 +0200</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title><![CDATA[Budget 2027 : le gouvernement crée la surprise en annonçant le déremboursement des cures thermales]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x1f69l/budget_2027_le_gouvernement_cr%C3%A9e_la_surprise_en/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/LQiOVtTglf2vVQ6494TITtnXT0D4sPx2TNh8lyyst5k.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=b2280798537712ef7b715c41801ef5afd50e9a22" alt="Budget 2027 : le gouvernement crée la surprise en annonçant le déremboursement des cures thermales" title="Budget 2027 : le gouvernement crée la surprise en annonçant le déremboursement des cures thermales"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/StreetWatercress1869"> /u/StreetWatercress1869 </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/"> r/france </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.lesechos.fr/economie-france/social/le-gouvernement-veut-transferer-le-financement-des-cures-thermales-vers-les-complementaires-sante-2255973">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x1f69l/budget_2027_le_gouvernement_cr%C3%A9e_la_surprise_en/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/>Access Denied
<p>You don't have permission to access "http://www.lesechos.fr/economie-france/social/le-gouvernement-veut-transferer-le-financement-des-cures-thermales-vers-les-complementaires-sante-2255973" on this server.</p>
<p>Reference #18.89c44d17.1791532683.8b3e08</p>
<p>https://errors.edgesuite.net/18.89c44d17.1791532683.8b3e08</p>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.lesechos.fr/economie-france/social/le-gouvernement-veut-transferer-le-financement-des-cures-thermales-vers-les-complementaires-sante-2255973</link>
      <guid>https://www.lesechos.fr/economie-france/social/le-gouvernement-veut-transferer-le-financement-des-cures-thermales-vers-les-complementaires-sante-2255973</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 09:40:00 +0200</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title><![CDATA[« Derrière chaque policier, chaque casque, il y a un papa »]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/paslegorafi/comments/1x1eyx9/derri%C3%A8re_chaque_policier_chaque_casque_il_y_a_un/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/HVwMZnrRt6xsSQpcbMh530v7ly6U_mmat-tWZV-zkxg.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=84062d097c3463907955df4181f6d850a57e5af4" alt="« Derrière chaque policier, chaque casque, il y a un papa »" title="« Derrière chaque policier, chaque casque, il y a un papa »"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Takakkazttztztzzzzak"> /u/Takakkazttztztzzzzak </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/paslegorafi/"> r/paslegorafi </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.franceinfo.fr/societe/education/blocage-des-lycees/temoignages-derriere-chaque-casque-chaque-bouclier-il-y-a-un-papa-quand-des-crs-peres-de-famille-font-face-a-des-lyceens-de-l-age-de-leurs-enfants_8228950.html#xtor=RSS-3-%5Blestitres%5D">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/paslegorafi/comments/1x1eyx9/derri%C3%A8re_chaque_policier_chaque_casque_il_y_a_un/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><section class="fi-layout-section"><div class="fi-article-bloc"><div class="c-cover"><figure role="group"><picture class="picture-wrapper"><img srcset="https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/Vly0HnCZbQO_VGOLVklVqPMl9nQ/0x238:4585x2818/432x243/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/08/6ac7e2a127e76310005157.jpg 432w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/vI_KtQzM5gg22SEpcTLBUmeD1NE/0x238:4585x2818/720x405/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/08/6ac7e2a127e76310005157.jpg 720w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/feafwKy7QV2w2onNbt1J9p-nF1A/0x238:4585x2818/1024x576/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/08/6ac7e2a127e76310005157.jpg 1024w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/ZAofJe5U-F9CQvXXcv_TEeqSMmE/0x238:4585x2818/1328x747/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/08/6ac7e2a127e76310005157.jpg 1328w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/5p28fpUYzjzMyaWA5ih6FZPGgTk/0x238:4585x2818/2656x1494/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/08/6ac7e2a127e76310005157.jpg 2656w" sizes="(min-width: 1200px) 90vw, (min-width: 560px) 100vw, 90vw" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="image" /><source srcset="https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/R3P1MLkvGoYpICEPP7G-CJdzKl0/0x238:4585x2818/432x243/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/08/6ac7e2a127e76310005157.jpg 432w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/VZw90F812BEF1f2m1voIsPkFIh0/0x238:4585x2818/720x405/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/08/6ac7e2a127e76310005157.jpg 720w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/vvNVX7OYbsnJU5kLNVHR3Jr_2bU/0x238:4585x2818/1024x576/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/08/6ac7e2a127e76310005157.jpg 1024w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/kIoeuIgbQ-89UV3Evnz_KBOG6a4/0x238:4585x2818/1328x747/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/08/6ac7e2a127e76310005157.jpg 1328w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/19LAPxjr9Hd6OwOcMRY42LYYOIs/0x238:4585x2818/2656x1494/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/08/6ac7e2a127e76310005157.jpg 2656w" media="(min-width: 880px)" sizes="(min-width: 1200px) 90vw, (min-width: 560px) 100vw, 90vw" /><source srcset="https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/49SejG0dqnv8rnuSlpkp0-J3mkc/764x0:3821x3057/100x100/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/08/6ac7e2a127e76310005157.jpg 100w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/Hj6l79VHFvXMgMxhYZviO52fXN0/764x0:3821x3057/200x200/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/08/6ac7e2a127e76310005157.jpg 200w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/7o-ZvB-8PJW7aaAupo0uMbHytXM/764x0:3821x3057/432x432/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/08/6ac7e2a127e76310005157.jpg 432w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/Ia5jKxEKNKRwZ7LgMFV0BQcGG6o/764x0:3821x3057/720x720/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/08/6ac7e2a127e76310005157.jpg 720w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/lYKe1TZ6GpUOFAJbJsxNf3LMhPE/764x0:3821x3057/1024x1024/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/08/6ac7e2a127e76310005157.jpg 1024w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/SeLhFsrN-dV8HkMyxzzAsoRb7fg/764x0:3821x3057/1328x1328/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/08/6ac7e2a127e76310005157.jpg 1328w" sizes="(min-width: 1200px) 90vw, (min-width: 560px) 100vw, 90vw" /></picture><figcaption>Des CRS face à des manifestants, pendant la mobilisation lycéenne, place de la Bastille, à Paris, le 8 octobre. (JULIEN DE ROSA / AFP)</figcaption></figure></div></div><p class="c-chapo">
  Le mouvement lycéen se poursuit et la tension reste forte dans les manifestations. Certains CRS sont parfois confrontés à des jeunes du même âge que leurs propres enfants. Franceinfo a recueilli le témoignage de deux d'entre eux.
</p><div class="c-body"><p>À une semaine des vacances de la Toussaint, <a href="https://www.franceinfo.fr/societe/education/blocage-des-lycees/reportage-le-mouvement-ne-va-pas-s-arreter-de-sitot-devant-un-lycee-d-aubervilliers-des-eleves-deter-a-ne-rien-lacher-en-l-absence-d-annonces-concretes_8228326.html" target="_self" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" data-tooltip-url="/societe/education/blocage-des-lycees/reportage-le-mouvement-ne-va-pas-s-arreter-de-sitot-devant-un-lycee-d-aubervilliers-des-eleves-deter-a-ne-rien-lacher-en-l-absence-d-annonces-concretes_8228326.html">le mouvement lycéen s'installe dans la durée</a>. Il s'étend désormais aux universités. Le Snes-FSU, principal syndicat enseignant, appelle les professeurs à faire grève mardi 13 octobre. Depuis le 28 septembre, il y a eu 6 629 interpellations et 761 policiers ou gendarmes, 215 élèves et 89 personnels enseignants ont été blessés. Dans la rue, la tension peine à retomber, marquée par des face-à-face violents entre des CRS et des jeunes qui pourraient être leurs enfants. Comment vit-on la crise quand on est CRS et père de famille ?</p><div class="media-embed">À lire aussi</div><p>Quand Olivier Barthe, CRS et délégué du syndicat Unité, a appelé mardi 6 octobre, jour de grande mobilisation des lycéens, il était sur le terrain, mobilisé avec toute sa compagnie. Il a profité d'une pause pour raconter ce face-à-face avec des enfants du même âge que son fils. <em>"Est-ce que ça me met en colère ? Je trouve ça triste, </em>confie-t-il.<em> Parce qu'en fait, les revendications des lycéens m'apparaissent comme légitimes, en tant que père. On ne peut pas être 40 dans une classe, dans un lycée pourri où on crève de chaud parce qu'il n'y a pas de clim, que la cantine est dégueulasse et que les chaises tiennent par l'opération du Saint-Esprit et se dire que c'est normal."</em></p><blockquote class="ftvi_content_quote"><p class="ftvi_citation_quote">"Après, le problème, c'est que les revendications qui étaient légitimes des lycéens, elles ont été bouffées par les casseurs."</p><div><p class="ftvi_citation_source">sur franceinfo</p></div></blockquote><p>En tant que père de famille, ce délégué du syndicat Unité confesse son malaise à l'idée d'être considéré comme un bourreau d'enfants : <em>"Je ne connais pas de flic qui n'adapte pas son comportement face à des enfants et surtout des très jeunes enfants. Mais ils ont des fois trois têtes de moins que nous, ça ne les empêche pas de nous lancer des boules de pétanque, des cocktails Molotov, de nous tirer dessus avec des mortiers. Et vous aussi, vous avez envie de rentrer à la maison."</em></p><p>Comme ce délégué Unité, Romain rejette les accusations de violences gratuites : <em>"Derrière chaque casque, chaque bouclier, chaque tenue bleu marine, il y a un père de famille, il y a un papa. Qui se glorifierait de dire 'tiens, à la manif, on a arraché une main' ? Personne. Il n'y a aucun policier qui se réjouit d'estropier ou d'éborgner quelqu'un ou d'amocher un gamin. Ça marque un policier à vie."</em></p><div class="media-embed">À lire aussi</div><p>Il y a quelques années, Romain a lui-même eu le crâne fracassé par un jet de pierre lors d'une intervention. Aujourd'hui, il participe à la mission d'accompagnement des blessés de la police nationale. <em>"Ce sont 'les méchants policiers'. C'est 'le méchant CRS' qui a arraché une main, c'est 'le méchant CRS' qui a cassé une mâchoire en tirant avec le lanceur de 40 [lanceur de balles de défense ou LBD] ou qui a éborgné un jeune", </em>s'agace Romain.</p><blockquote class="ftvi_content_quote"><p class="ftvi_citation_quote">"Mais aujourd'hui, quelle réponse apporter quand on se fait tirer dessus au mortier, quand on reçoit des pavés, quand on reçoit des cocktails Molotov ? On ne peut pas répliquer avec des pistolets à eau."</p><div><p class="ftvi_citation_source">sur franceinfo</p></div></blockquote><p>Ni le fils d'Olivier ni la fille de Romain, qui vient d'entrer à l'université, ne participent aux manifestations. Mais ils disent tous les deux que si leurs enfants en avaient envie, ils les laisseraient faire, convaincus qu'eux sauraient partir au premier tir de sommation.</p><div id="rf-player-wrapper-8753827" class="rf-player-wrapper mode-highlight rf-player-wrapper--inline"><div class="rf-player-wrapper__container"><div class="rf-player-wrapper__title"><div class="rf-player-wrapper__title-wrapper"><p>CRS et pères de famille : le reportage de Julie Marie-Leconte</p></div></div></div></div></div><div class="preferred-source"><p class="preferred-source__text">
    Vous pouvez désormais <strong class="preferred-source__strong">privilégier l'affichage des articles de franceinfo</strong> dans les résultats de recherche Google. <a class="preferred-source__content-link" href="https://www.franceinfo.fr/une-information-transparente-franceinfo/transparence-qu-est-ce-que-la-nouvelle-fonctionnalite-source-preferee-visible-sur-les-contenus-de-franceinfo-fr_8044718.html">Comment ça marche ?</a>
  </p></div></section><section class="fi-layout-section"></section><section class="fi-layout-section"></section>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.franceinfo.fr/societe/education/blocage-des-lycees/temoignages-derriere-chaque-casque-chaque-bouclier-il-y-a-un-papa-quand-des-crs-peres-de-famille-font-face-a-des-lyceens-de-l-age-de-leurs-enfants_8228950.html#xtor=RSS-3-%5Blestitres%5D</link>
      <guid>https://www.franceinfo.fr/societe/education/blocage-des-lycees/temoignages-derriere-chaque-casque-chaque-bouclier-il-y-a-un-papa-quand-des-crs-peres-de-famille-font-face-a-des-lyceens-de-l-age-de-leurs-enfants_8228950.html#xtor=RSS-3-%5Blestitres%5D</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 09:27:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[« Cette génération est marquée au fer rouge par la violence d’État »]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[  submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Delicious-Owl"> /u/Delicious-Owl </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/"> r/france </a> <br> <span><a href="https://reporterre.net/Mouvement-lyceen-Une-generation-marquee-au-fer-rouge-par-la-violence-d-Etat">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x1ewaq/cette_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ration_est_marqu%C3%A9e_au_fer_rouge_par_la/">[comments]</a></span><br/><hr/><br/><div class="logo-container c3"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="local/cache-vignettes/L720xH480/afp_2_-01750.jpg@.webp?1791444441" /><img src="https://reporterre.net/local/cache-vignettes/L720xH480/afp_2_-01750.jpg?1791444441" width="720" height="480" alt="«&lt;small class=&quot;fine d-inline&quot;&gt; &lt;/small&gt;Cette génération est marquée au fer rouge par la violence d'État&lt;small class=&quot;fine d-inline&quot;&gt; &lt;/small&gt;»" class="image_logo voir_logo" /></picture><p class="legende_logo">Des lycéens et des étudiants manifestent à Paris le 6 octobre 2026. - © Meryl Curtat / Hans Lucas / Hans Lucas via AFP</p>
</div><div class="chapo">
<p>Les jeunes mobilisés ont «<small class="fine d-inline"> </small>toujours été un laboratoire des violences policières<small class="fine d-inline"> </small>», analyse Pierre Douillard-Lefèvre, qui a lui-même perdu un œil à cause d’un tir de LBD à 16 ans. Selon le chercheur, une «<small class="fine d-inline"> </small>politique néofasciste<small class="fine d-inline"> </small>» est désormais appliquée face à la jeunesse.</p>
</div>
<div class="texte">
<p>Plus de 200 adolescents blessés, dont plusieurs grièvement, des milliers d’arrestations... Depuis le 29 septembre, la <a href="https://reporterre.net/Trop-jeunes-pour-se-faire-ecouter-assez-grands-pour-se-faire-violenter-les-lyceens-face-a">répression s’accentue contre les lycéens</a> qui se mobilisent partout en France. Ils dénoncent leurs conditions d’études et, plus largement, la <a href="https://reporterre.net/L-avenir-c-est-nous-le-deni-climatique-alimente-la-colere-lyceenne">situation sociale et écologique</a> dont ils héritent.</p>
<p>À 16 ans, en novembre 2007, Pierre Douillard-Lefèvre a lui-même perdu l’usage d’un œil à cause d’un tir de LBD, lors d’une manifestation lycéenne à Nantes. Depuis, ce sociologue et chercheur en sciences sociales travaille sur la <a href="https://reporterre.net/Macron-prepare-la-militarisation-de-la-societe" class="spip_in">militarisation du maintien de la sécurité</a> et les violences policières. Il analyse pour <em>Reporterre</em> ce qu’il considère comme une nouvelle étape de la répression : son intensification et son extension à l’ensemble de la jeunesse.</p>
<p><strong>Reporterre — Retournons en 2007. Vous avez 16 ans, vous êtes lycéen et vous manifestez contre la loi LRU [<a href="#nb1" class="spip_note" rel="appendix" title="Loi relative aux libertés et responsabilités des universités, dite loi LRU (…)" id="nh1">1</a>]. Que s’est-il passé ce jour-là<small class="fine d-inline"> </small>?</strong></p>
<p><strong>Pierre Douillard-Lefèvre —</strong> Nous sommes alors dans une nouvelle vague de mobilisation de la jeunesse, au début du quinquennat de Nicolas Sarkozy, en pleine accélération autoritaire et sécuritaire. Un an après le contrat première embauche (CPE) [<a href="#nb2" class="spip_note" rel="appendix" title="Le contrat première embauche (CPE) était une disposition de la loi du 31 (…)" id="nh2">2</a>] et deux ans après les révoltes de 2005 <em>[après la mort de Zyed Benna et Bouna Traoré, deux adolescents morts électrocutés à Clichy-sous-Bois le 27 octobre 2005 après avoir fui un contrôle de police]</em>, l’ambiance est incandescente.</p>
<p>À Nantes, tous les lycées sont bloqués, tandis qu’éclatent les révoltes de Villiers-le-Bel après la mort de deux jeunes <em>[Moushin Sehoul et Laramy Samoura]</em> percutés par la police à moto. C’est dans ce contexte que de nouvelles armes, les LBD, beaucoup plus puissantes et précises que les Flash-Ball, sont expérimentées de manière totalement opaque.</p>
<blockquote class="spip">
<p>«<small class="fine d-inline"> </small>J’ai 16 ans, je suis en terminale. Un policier me tire dessus. Je perds l’usage de mon œil droit<small class="fine d-inline"> </small>»</p>
</blockquote>
<p>J’ai 16 ans, je suis en terminale. À Nantes, nous manifestons dans le centre-ville puis occupons le parc du rectorat. Une charge très violente nous repousse. Un policier, caché derrière la grille, me met en joue et me tire dessus. Le choc est indescriptible. Je ne vois plus rien, je suis conduit à l’hôpital. Je perds l’usage de mon œil droit.</p>
<p>Cette blessure a eu un effet de terreur : dans la semaine qui a suivi, tous les lycées nantais ont été débloqués, car les jeunes et leurs parents ont peur. Dès l’origine, l’enjeu de ces armes est donc aussi leur capacité à blesser gravement et à susciter l’effroi.</p>
<p><strong>Près de vingt ans plus tard, 215 élèves ont été blessés dans le cadre de la mobilisation lycéenne, une femme a perdu un œil et un jeune a eu la main arrachée par une grenade. Quel regard portez-vous sur ce bilan<small class="fine d-inline"> </small>?</strong></p>
<p>La doctrine de mutilation et de terreur est devenue industrielle. Elle ne s’applique plus seulement dans une banlieue révoltée ou une ville considérée comme agitée, mais aussi dans les petites villes.</p>
<p>À Alençon, une jeune fille mineure a été étranglée. À Saint-Brieuc et à Lannion, j’ai vu des blocus dégagés à coups de grenades lacrymogènes et de désencerclement. À Strasbourg, un jeune a reçu un tir de LBD dans la bouche. Au moins deux adolescents ont été éborgnés. À Lens, un jeune a reçu une grenade explosive qui lui a arraché une partie de l’avant-bras et va devoir grandir avec une main en moins. À Montpellier, une lycéenne a été très gravement blessée à l’œil par un coup de matraque.</p>
<p>Dans le Val-d’Oise, un autre a reçu un tir de lance-grenades, à 1 mètre, dans le visage, de façon totalement interdite. Sa mâchoire est très gravement fracturée. C’est un miracle qu’il ne soit pas mort sur place : la grenade lacrymogène qui l’a touché est du même type que celle qui a <a href="https://reporterre.net/Serge-tombe-dans-le-coma-a-Sainte-Soline-La-police-a-recu-carte-blanche">brisé le crâne de Serge à Sainte-Soline</a> <em>[le militant écologiste a reçu un tir non réglementaire de grenade lacrymogène lors de la manifestation contre les mégabassines à Sainte-Soline, le 25 mars 2023]</em>.</p>
<blockquote class="spip">
<p>«<small class="fine d-inline"> </small>Toute une génération découvre le militantisme et l’action collective en étant marquée au fer rouge par la violence d’État<small class="fine d-inline"> </small>»</p>
</blockquote>
<p>J’ai des moments d’effondrement quand je vois ces témoignages et ces images. Je pense tous les jours à ces jeunes dont la vie a basculé, et à toute une génération qui découvre l’engagement, le militantisme et l’action collective en étant marquée au fer rouge par la violence d’État.</p>
<p>Il y a aussi les arrestations de masse, 6 500 en dix jours. C’est plus que pendant les Gilets jaunes [<a href="#nb3" class="spip_note" rel="appendix" title="Au plus fort de la mobilisation, lors de l’acte IV, le 8 décembre 2018, 1 (…)" id="nh3">3</a>], plus que Mai-68 [<a href="#nb4" class="spip_note" rel="appendix" title="Selon les historiens, entre 4 000 et 5 000 personnes ont été interpellées, (…)" id="nh4">4</a>] et que les révoltes pour Nahel <em>[tué à 17 ans par un policier lors d’un contrôle routier à Nanterre le 27 juin 2023]</em>. À ma connaissance, il n’y a pas d’équivalent dans le monde occidental, même chez Trump, Meloni ou Orbán. On dit tout le temps <em>«<small class="fine d-inline"> </small>si l’extrême droite arrive au pouvoir<small class="fine d-inline"> </small>»</em>, mais là, on a une politique que l’on peut qualifier de néofasciste, appliquée à la jeunesse.</p>
<p><strong>Après la mutilation de l’adolescent à Lens, le ministre de l’Intérieur Laurent Nuñez a suspendu la grenade assourdissante ASSD et dix-huit enquêtes IGPN ont été ouvertes. Que pensez-vous de ces annonces<small class="fine d-inline"> </small>?</strong></p>
<p>Je suis les affaires de violences policières depuis vingt ans : il est rarissime qu’un policier mis en examen arrive jusqu’au procès, la plupart des affaires étant classées sans suite. Et quand il y a un procès, les condamnations sont encore plus rares, et les peines sont généralement dérisoires au regard des faits. Quand le gouvernement dit <em>«<small class="fine d-inline"> </small>laissez faire la justice<small class="fine d-inline"> </small>»</em>, il joue la montre : les procédures prennent des années et, à la fin, l’impunité perdure.</p>
<p>Sur cette grenade en particulier : Nuñez parle seulement d’une <em>«<small class="fine d-inline"> </small>suspension<small class="fine d-inline"> </small>»</em> dans certains cas. Le gouvernement a déjà utilisé cette stratégie. Après la <a href="https://reporterre.net/Mort-de-Remi-Fraisse-10-ans-apres-retour-sur-un-tournant-de-la-lutte-ecologiste">mort de Rémi Fraisse</a> <em>[militant écologiste de 21 ans tué en 2014 à Sivens (Tarn) lors d’une manifestation contre le projet de barrage]</em>, il avait annoncé le retrait d’une grenade offensive pour la remplacer par d’autres tout aussi dangereuses. Même chose pendant les Gilets jaunes : après les mains arrachées par les GLI-F4, elles ont été retirées, mais la police a été dotée de GM2L, tout aussi voire plus dangereuses, notamment utilisées à Sainte-Soline.</p>
<p><strong>Les années 2000 ont été émaillées de grandes mobilisations, lycéennes mais pas seulement. Comment a évolué le dispositif de sécurité<small class="fine d-inline"> </small>?</strong></p>
<p>Les policiers sont équipés et formés de manière de plus en plus militarisée, avec une vision de la population comme un groupe rival à neutraliser. Le processus a commencé dans les années 1990 avec les premiers Flash-Ball dans les quartiers et ne s’est jamais arrêté : les armes sont de plus en plus mutilantes et mortelles, les doctrines de plus en plus violentes et, à chaque mouvement social, de nouveaux seuils sont franchis.</p>
<blockquote class="spip">
<p>«<small class="fine d-inline"> </small>La jeunesse a toujours été un laboratoire des violences policières<small class="fine d-inline"> </small>»</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Ma blessure de 2007 n’a été qu’une étape. En 2016, pendant la loi Travail, les LBD ont été massivement utilisés et un jeune a été éborgné à Rennes. Puis il y a eu l’accélération des Gilets jaunes, avec des centaines de blessés et des dizaines de personnes mutilées à vie, puis Sainte-Soline, concentré de cette militarisation, avec des doctrines militaires appliquées à une manifestation écologiste. Ce sont désormais des dizaines de milliers de munitions qui sont tirées chaque année sur des civils. Après la mort de Nahel, des unités comme le Raid et la BRI <em>[Brigade de recherche et d’intervention]</em> ont aussi été déployées dans certains quartiers, avec un mort et plusieurs mutilations.</p>
<p>Ce qui est nouveau aujourd’hui, c’est que ce processus s’adresse exclusivement à des mineurs. Mais la jeunesse a toujours été un laboratoire des violences policières : les nouvelles armes et techniques de répression ont d’abord été expérimentées sur elle, notamment dans les quartiers populaires et sur la jeunesse issue de l’immigration. Cela vaut aussi pour la jeunesse qui fait la fête, avec les <em>free parties</em> et la mort de Steve à Nantes <em>[le jeune de 24 ans est mort en 2019, pendant la Fête de la musique, lors d’une intervention policière]</em>. Aujourd’hui, elle se généralise aux lycéens. Les derniers jours l’ont montré de façon paroxystique.</p>
<p><strong>Le maintien de la sécurité ne prévoit-il donc aucune protection particulière pour des mineurs<small class="fine d-inline"> </small>?</strong></p>
<p>C’est encore pire : il n’y a absolument aucun cadre. On voit des voitures de police foncer dans la foule <em>[à Troyes le 1<sup class="typo_exposants">er</sup> octobre, un véhicule de la BAC a accéléré au milieu de lycéens en les aspergeant de gaz]</em>, des étranglements, des écrasements au sol. Laurent Nuñez a dit lui-même qu’il n’y a <em>«<small class="fine d-inline"> </small>aucune consigne de retenue<small class="fine d-inline"> </small>»</em> dans l’usage des armes et qu’il ne s’excuserait pas. Le contraste est frappant avec le mouvement contre la loi Devaquet, en 1986. Les Voltigeurs avaient passé à tabac des étudiants et Malik Oussekine était mort de ses blessures. En vingt-quatre heures, il y avait eu une mobilisation massive, la démission du ministre et la dissolution du peloton.</p>
<p>Cette déshumanisation touche d’abord les jeunes et les enfants racisés, considérés comme <em>a priori</em> fautifs et qui n’ont pas droit à l’innocence. On l’a vu avec la rafle de Mantes-la-Jolie (Yvelines) en décembre 2018, quand 150 lycéens avaient été arrêtés et maintenus à genoux pendant des heures sous la menace de policiers armés.</p>
<blockquote class="spip">
<p>«<small class="fine d-inline"> </small>Ils expriment une révolte totalement légitime face au monde qu’on leur lègue<small class="fine d-inline"> </small>»</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Aujourd’hui, cette logique se généralise à tous les jeunes qui luttent ou désobéissent, des lycées de banlieue à Alençon ou Tours. C’est assez paradoxal : les réactionnaires présentent la Gen Z comme une jeunesse décérébrée qui ne fait rien de sa vie et traîne sur TikTok, mais dès qu’elle se politise et agit collectivement, elle devient <em>«<small class="fine d-inline"> </small>ultraradicalisée<small class="fine d-inline"> </small>»</em> et à écraser. Elle hérite pourtant d’une planète qui devient invivable, du retour du fascisme et du démantèlement des conquêtes sociales.</p>
<p><strong>Que pensez-vous de la réaction <a href="https://reporterre.net/OFB-Ademe-IGN-Les-agences-en-lutte-s-unissent-face-aux-suppressions-de-postes">des syndicats</a>, <a href="https://reporterre.net/La-convergence-des-luttes-existe-des-paysans-aux-cotes-des-lyceens">des associations</a> et des adultes qui ont rejoint les rassemblements pour protéger les lycéens en arborant un brassard blanc<small class="fine d-inline"> </small>?</strong></p>
<p>Heureusement, des millions de personnes, parents ou non, sont choquées. Je suis surtout stupéfait par l’absence de réaction à la hauteur de ces violences policières systématiques. Les centrales syndicales n’appellent qu’à une journée de grève dans un mois. En Mai-68, quarante-huit heures après l’expulsion des étudiants de la Sorbonne, les grands syndicats avaient appelé à une grève générale pour dire : <em>«<small class="fine d-inline"> </small>Pas question de réprimer la jeunesse<small class="fine d-inline"> </small>»</em>. Nous devrions déjà être des millions en grève générale et dans la rue, devant le ministère de l’Intérieur<small class="fine d-inline"> </small>!</p>
<p>Les chaînes humaines sont importantes pour éviter que les lycéens se fassent tirer dessus, mais j’y mets un bémol. À Nantes comme ailleurs, elles ont aussi canalisé le mouvement en lui faisant perdre un peu de son côté effervescent et spontané. Le risque, c’est un réflexe paternaliste, comme si les lycéens avaient seulement besoin d’être protégés. Ils expriment une révolte totalement légitime face au monde qu’on leur lègue<small class="fine d-inline"> </small>; la responsabilité des adultes serait de les aider matériellement dans cette révolte et d’aller demander des comptes à ceux qui leur tirent dessus, pourquoi pas en bloquant d’autres lieux.</p>
<p>Ce soulèvement de la jeunesse est presque miraculeux après dix ans de macronisme. Maintenant, il faut l’aider, l’amplifier et faire en sorte qu’il gagne : un simple appel au calme et à la paix ne suffit pas.</p>
</div>]]></description>
      <link>https://reporterre.net/Mouvement-lyceen-Une-generation-marquee-au-fer-rouge-par-la-violence-d-Etat</link>
      <guid>https://reporterre.net/Mouvement-lyceen-Une-generation-marquee-au-fer-rouge-par-la-violence-d-Etat</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 09:22:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[TEMOIGNAGES. "Derrière chaque casque, chaque bouclier, il y a un papa" : quand des CRS pères de famille font face à des lycéens de l'âge de leurs enfants]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/PoliceFR/comments/1x1ef7l/temoignages_derri%C3%A8re_chaque_casque_chaque/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/HVwMZnrRt6xsSQpcbMh530v7ly6U_mmat-tWZV-zkxg.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=84062d097c3463907955df4181f6d850a57e5af4" alt="TEMOIGNAGES. &quot;Derrière chaque casque, chaque bouclier, il y a un papa&quot; : quand des CRS pères de famille font face à des lycéens de l'âge de leurs enfants" title="TEMOIGNAGES. &quot;Derrière chaque casque, chaque bouclier, il y a un papa&quot; : quand des CRS pères de famille font face à des lycéens de l'âge de leurs enfants"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/chou-coco"> /u/chou-coco </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/PoliceFR/"> r/PoliceFR </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.franceinfo.fr/societe/education/blocage-des-lycees/temoignages-derriere-chaque-casque-chaque-bouclier-il-y-a-un-papa-quand-des-crs-peres-de-famille-font-face-a-des-lyceens-de-l-age-de-leurs-enfants_8228950.html#xtor=RSS-3-%5Blestitres%5D">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/PoliceFR/comments/1x1ef7l/temoignages_derri%C3%A8re_chaque_casque_chaque/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><section class="fi-layout-section"><div class="fi-article-bloc"><div class="c-cover"><figure role="group"><picture class="picture-wrapper"><img srcset="https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/Vly0HnCZbQO_VGOLVklVqPMl9nQ/0x238:4585x2818/432x243/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/08/6ac7e2a127e76310005157.jpg 432w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/vI_KtQzM5gg22SEpcTLBUmeD1NE/0x238:4585x2818/720x405/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/08/6ac7e2a127e76310005157.jpg 720w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/feafwKy7QV2w2onNbt1J9p-nF1A/0x238:4585x2818/1024x576/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/08/6ac7e2a127e76310005157.jpg 1024w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/ZAofJe5U-F9CQvXXcv_TEeqSMmE/0x238:4585x2818/1328x747/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/08/6ac7e2a127e76310005157.jpg 1328w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/5p28fpUYzjzMyaWA5ih6FZPGgTk/0x238:4585x2818/2656x1494/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/08/6ac7e2a127e76310005157.jpg 2656w" sizes="(min-width: 1200px) 90vw, (min-width: 560px) 100vw, 90vw" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="image" /><source srcset="https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/R3P1MLkvGoYpICEPP7G-CJdzKl0/0x238:4585x2818/432x243/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/08/6ac7e2a127e76310005157.jpg 432w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/VZw90F812BEF1f2m1voIsPkFIh0/0x238:4585x2818/720x405/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/08/6ac7e2a127e76310005157.jpg 720w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/vvNVX7OYbsnJU5kLNVHR3Jr_2bU/0x238:4585x2818/1024x576/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/08/6ac7e2a127e76310005157.jpg 1024w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/kIoeuIgbQ-89UV3Evnz_KBOG6a4/0x238:4585x2818/1328x747/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/08/6ac7e2a127e76310005157.jpg 1328w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/19LAPxjr9Hd6OwOcMRY42LYYOIs/0x238:4585x2818/2656x1494/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/08/6ac7e2a127e76310005157.jpg 2656w" media="(min-width: 880px)" sizes="(min-width: 1200px) 90vw, (min-width: 560px) 100vw, 90vw" /><source srcset="https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/49SejG0dqnv8rnuSlpkp0-J3mkc/764x0:3821x3057/100x100/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/08/6ac7e2a127e76310005157.jpg 100w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/Hj6l79VHFvXMgMxhYZviO52fXN0/764x0:3821x3057/200x200/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/08/6ac7e2a127e76310005157.jpg 200w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/7o-ZvB-8PJW7aaAupo0uMbHytXM/764x0:3821x3057/432x432/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/08/6ac7e2a127e76310005157.jpg 432w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/Ia5jKxEKNKRwZ7LgMFV0BQcGG6o/764x0:3821x3057/720x720/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/08/6ac7e2a127e76310005157.jpg 720w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/lYKe1TZ6GpUOFAJbJsxNf3LMhPE/764x0:3821x3057/1024x1024/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/08/6ac7e2a127e76310005157.jpg 1024w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/SeLhFsrN-dV8HkMyxzzAsoRb7fg/764x0:3821x3057/1328x1328/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/08/6ac7e2a127e76310005157.jpg 1328w" sizes="(min-width: 1200px) 90vw, (min-width: 560px) 100vw, 90vw" /></picture><figcaption>Des CRS face à des manifestants, pendant la mobilisation lycéenne, place de la Bastille, à Paris, le 8 octobre. (JULIEN DE ROSA / AFP)</figcaption></figure></div></div><p class="c-chapo">
  Le mouvement lycéen se poursuit et la tension reste forte dans les manifestations. Certains CRS sont parfois confrontés à des jeunes du même âge que leurs propres enfants. Franceinfo a recueilli le témoignage de deux d'entre eux.
</p><div class="c-body"><p>À une semaine des vacances de la Toussaint, <a href="https://www.franceinfo.fr/societe/education/blocage-des-lycees/reportage-le-mouvement-ne-va-pas-s-arreter-de-sitot-devant-un-lycee-d-aubervilliers-des-eleves-deter-a-ne-rien-lacher-en-l-absence-d-annonces-concretes_8228326.html" target="_self" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" data-tooltip-url="/societe/education/blocage-des-lycees/reportage-le-mouvement-ne-va-pas-s-arreter-de-sitot-devant-un-lycee-d-aubervilliers-des-eleves-deter-a-ne-rien-lacher-en-l-absence-d-annonces-concretes_8228326.html">le mouvement lycéen s'installe dans la durée</a>. Il s'étend désormais aux universités. Le Snes-FSU, principal syndicat enseignant, appelle les professeurs à faire grève mardi 13 octobre. Depuis le 28 septembre, il y a eu 6 629 interpellations et 761 policiers ou gendarmes, 215 élèves et 89 personnels enseignants ont été blessés. Dans la rue, la tension peine à retomber, marquée par des face-à-face violents entre des CRS et des jeunes qui pourraient être leurs enfants. Comment vit-on la crise quand on est CRS et père de famille ?</p><div class="media-embed">À lire aussi</div><p>Quand Olivier Barthe, CRS et délégué du syndicat Unité, a appelé mardi 6 octobre, jour de grande mobilisation des lycéens, il était sur le terrain, mobilisé avec toute sa compagnie. Il a profité d'une pause pour raconter ce face-à-face avec des enfants du même âge que son fils. <em>"Est-ce que ça me met en colère ? Je trouve ça triste, </em>confie-t-il.<em> Parce qu'en fait, les revendications des lycéens m'apparaissent comme légitimes, en tant que père. On ne peut pas être 40 dans une classe, dans un lycée pourri où on crève de chaud parce qu'il n'y a pas de clim, que la cantine est dégueulasse et que les chaises tiennent par l'opération du Saint-Esprit et se dire que c'est normal."</em></p><blockquote class="ftvi_content_quote"><p class="ftvi_citation_quote">"Après, le problème, c'est que les revendications qui étaient légitimes des lycéens, elles ont été bouffées par les casseurs."</p><div><p class="ftvi_citation_source">sur franceinfo</p></div></blockquote><p>En tant que père de famille, ce délégué du syndicat Unité confesse son malaise à l'idée d'être considéré comme un bourreau d'enfants : <em>"Je ne connais pas de flic qui n'adapte pas son comportement face à des enfants et surtout des très jeunes enfants. Mais ils ont des fois trois têtes de moins que nous, ça ne les empêche pas de nous lancer des boules de pétanque, des cocktails Molotov, de nous tirer dessus avec des mortiers. Et vous aussi, vous avez envie de rentrer à la maison."</em></p><p>Comme ce délégué Unité, Romain rejette les accusations de violences gratuites : <em>"Derrière chaque casque, chaque bouclier, chaque tenue bleu marine, il y a un père de famille, il y a un papa. Qui se glorifierait de dire 'tiens, à la manif, on a arraché une main' ? Personne. Il n'y a aucun policier qui se réjouit d'estropier ou d'éborgner quelqu'un ou d'amocher un gamin. Ça marque un policier à vie."</em></p><div class="media-embed">À lire aussi</div><p>Il y a quelques années, Romain a lui-même eu le crâne fracassé par un jet de pierre lors d'une intervention. Aujourd'hui, il participe à la mission d'accompagnement des blessés de la police nationale. <em>"Ce sont 'les méchants policiers'. C'est 'le méchant CRS' qui a arraché une main, c'est 'le méchant CRS' qui a cassé une mâchoire en tirant avec le lanceur de 40 [lanceur de balles de défense ou LBD] ou qui a éborgné un jeune", </em>s'agace Romain.</p><blockquote class="ftvi_content_quote"><p class="ftvi_citation_quote">"Mais aujourd'hui, quelle réponse apporter quand on se fait tirer dessus au mortier, quand on reçoit des pavés, quand on reçoit des cocktails Molotov ? On ne peut pas répliquer avec des pistolets à eau."</p><div><p class="ftvi_citation_source">sur franceinfo</p></div></blockquote><p>Ni le fils d'Olivier ni la fille de Romain, qui vient d'entrer à l'université, ne participent aux manifestations. Mais ils disent tous les deux que si leurs enfants en avaient envie, ils les laisseraient faire, convaincus qu'eux sauraient partir au premier tir de sommation.</p><div class="rf-player-wrapper mode-highlight rf-player-wrapper--inline"><div class="rf-player-wrapper__container"><div class="rf-player-wrapper__title"><div class="rf-player-wrapper__title-wrapper"><p>CRS et pères de famille : le reportage de Julie Marie-Leconte</p></div></div></div></div></div><div class="preferred-source"><p class="preferred-source__text">
    Vous pouvez désormais <strong class="preferred-source__strong">privilégier l'affichage des articles de franceinfo</strong> dans les résultats de recherche Google. <a class="preferred-source__content-link" href="https://www.franceinfo.fr/une-information-transparente-franceinfo/transparence-qu-est-ce-que-la-nouvelle-fonctionnalite-source-preferee-visible-sur-les-contenus-de-franceinfo-fr_8044718.html">Comment ça marche ?</a>
  </p></div></section><section class="fi-layout-section"></section><section class="fi-layout-section"></section>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.franceinfo.fr/societe/education/blocage-des-lycees/temoignages-derriere-chaque-casque-chaque-bouclier-il-y-a-un-papa-quand-des-crs-peres-de-famille-font-face-a-des-lyceens-de-l-age-de-leurs-enfants_8228950.html#xtor=RSS-3-%5Blestitres%5D</link>
      <guid>https://www.franceinfo.fr/societe/education/blocage-des-lycees/temoignages-derriere-chaque-casque-chaque-bouclier-il-y-a-un-papa-quand-des-crs-peres-de-famille-font-face-a-des-lyceens-de-l-age-de-leurs-enfants_8228950.html#xtor=RSS-3-%5Blestitres%5D</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 08:52:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Vidéo truquée : Sarah Knafo ovationné au parlement européen ?]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x1ebc3/vid%C3%A9o_truqu%C3%A9e_sarah_knafo_ovationn%C3%A9_au_parlement/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/IdipD09k_Che1qiIsRpX3zIWiadzQUOiwBVuyDkp3YI.jpeg?width=320&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=a90aba1d9878afba2316f9b8f97e19f7bd4b1bde" alt="Vidéo truquée : Sarah Knafo ovationné au parlement européen ?" title="Vidéo truquée : Sarah Knafo ovationné au parlement européen ?"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/AcadiaNo5063"> /u/AcadiaNo5063 </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/"> r/france </a> <br> <span><a href="https://youtube.com/shorts/SVF3Kz9WtHw">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x1ebc3/vid%C3%A9o_truqu%C3%A9e_sarah_knafo_ovationn%C3%A9_au_parlement/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><h2>Vidéo truquée : Sarah Knafo, ovationnée au Parlement européen ?</h2><p><img src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/SVF3Kz9WtHw/hq2.jpg"></p><iframe width="113" height="200" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/SVF3Kz9WtHw?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen title="Vidéo truquée : Sarah Knafo, ovationnée au Parlement européen ?"></iframe></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://youtube.com/shorts/SVF3Kz9WtHw</link>
      <guid>https://youtube.com/shorts/SVF3Kz9WtHw</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 08:46:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Le lycée des Iris à Lormont]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/bordeaux/comments/1x1e93i/le_lyc%C3%A9e_des_iris_%C3%A0_lormont/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/b2x0dnk2djkwZXVoMZX4vGlGVcwF3X7-RPIGU7jFm4Wbzc_dkNpEBm32dt3g.png?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=9fc656e764115b2088805de8229d5cf5b92a9b6d" alt="Le lycée des Iris à Lormont" title="Le lycée des Iris à Lormont"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Oumami123"> /u/Oumami123 </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/bordeaux/"> r/bordeaux </a> <br> <span><a href="https://v.redd.it/uq4saxu90euh1">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/bordeaux/comments/1x1e93i/le_lyc%C3%A9e_des_iris_%C3%A0_lormont/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><p>You've been blocked by network security.</p><div class="text-16 text-neutral-content-weak"><div class="pt-md">To continue, log in to your Reddit account or use your developer token<p>If you think you've been blocked by mistake, file a ticket below and we'll look into it.</p><p><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-primary" href="https://www.reddit.com/login/">Log in </a><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-secondary" href="https://support.reddithelp.com/hc/en-us/requests/new?ticket_form_id=21879292693140">File a ticket</a></p></div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://v.redd.it/uq4saxu90euh1</link>
      <guid>https://v.redd.it/uq4saxu90euh1</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 08:42:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[La corruption et le gaspillage sont OMNIPRÉSENTS et ça me gave]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>Je sais pas trop si c'est un sujet plus politique que général donc dans le doute je met ce tag.</p> <p>Moi la corruption ça m'insupporte. C'est ingénu comme point de vue mais bref, ça me gonfle de voir qu'on respecte les règles toute sa vie alors qu'à côté d'autres se gavent sans aucune race. En moins de deux mois j'ai eu deux exemples, parce que je suis passé de l'éducation nationale à une boîte dans le bâtiment.</p> <p>Dans l'EN, j'ai pu voir de près cette énorme fraude que sont les <strong>commandes de fournitures</strong> : tout, absolument TOUT, dépend de fournisseurs agréés selon je ne sais quelle norme bureaucratique à la mords-moi-le-noeud décrétée par un con au fond d'un cagibi ministériel il y a 50 ans, et concrètement ça veut dire que n'importe quel équipement sera facturé 5 à 10 fois plus cher que dans le commerce : ordinateurs, papier, imprimantes, manuels, matos de cours, tables, chaise, tout. Un exemple : ces putain de lampes qu'on met sur les tables hautes des gamins en cours de SVT là, vous voyez ? Ça coûte 70 euros, 70 BALLES alors qu'on trouve la même, mais vraiment la MÊME, genre c'est exactement le même modèle et la même couleur, chez Leroy-Merlin... à 12 euros. Et je vous parle pas des restaurants scolaires qui gaspillent des dizaines de kilos de bouffe chaque jour (au grand désespoir des cuisiniers d'ailleurs).</p> <p>Dans la boîte où je taffe maintenant, je suis avec un gars à deux mois de la retraite qui me raconte ses anecdotes de peintre en bâtiment : un jour il a reçu une commande pour refaire les portes monumentales de la cathédrale de ma ville, un chantier à dix mille balles. Ils refont la porte, la peinture, le lavis, la lazure, bref. 8 mois plus tard, on apprend qu'un chef d'état va se pointer pour la visiter, du coup l'architecte des Bâtiments de France le rappelle : faut refaire la porte.</p> <p>Pourquoi alors que la lazure date de 8 mois et est bien faite, on sait pas mais osef, c'est pas le problème de mon collègue. Ils reprennent le même devis sauf que comme tout est déjà fait, ça coûte que 500 balles et 2 jours de repasser une couche. <strong>Devinez qui passe un coup de fil au peintre le lendemain pour suggérer que du coup, vu qu'ils ont rien dépensé, il pourraient peut-être venir refaire toute la clôture de la baraque du gars, et bien sûr avec de l'argent PUBLIC qui est censé servir à entretenir les monuments nationaux ?</strong> Oui oui, l'architecte, le même type qui faisait apparemment ça tout le temps, tous les ans, et en étant payé 4000 balles net par mois (une fois mon collègue avait bossé dans leurs bureaux et il avait pu voir leurs fiches de paye, ça montait à 4600 net).</p> <p>Maintenant imaginez que ça, c'est juste la partie émergée de ce colossal iceberg de corruption, et que c'est comme ça TOUS LES JOURS, toute l'année, à tous les échelons de l'état, d'une petite mairie aux plus gros ministères, et dans tout le pays.</p> <p>Absolument tout le monde trempe dedans et se gave comme des porcs pendant qu'en haut, on fait des économies de bout de chandelle et on taxe toujours plus les pauvres et la classe moyenne pour pas toucher aux retraites. Imaginez ce qu'on pourrait faire dans ce pays de débiles si chaque euro dépensé allait à ce pourquoi il est prévu. </p> </div><!-- SC_ON -->   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Cerno_Artio"> /u/Cerno_Artio </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/besoinderaler/"> r/besoinderaler </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/besoinderaler/comments/1x1e72a/la_corruption_et_le_gaspillage_sont_omnipr%C3%A9sents/">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/besoinderaler/comments/1x1e72a/la_corruption_et_le_gaspillage_sont_omnipr%C3%A9sents/">[comments]</a></span><br/><hr/><br/><p>You've been blocked by network security.</p><div class="text-16 text-neutral-content-weak"><div class="pt-md">To continue, log in to your Reddit account or use your developer token<p>If you think you've been blocked by mistake, file a ticket below and we'll look into it.</p><p><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-primary" href="https://www.reddit.com/login/">Log in </a><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-secondary" href="https://support.reddithelp.com/hc/en-us/requests/new?ticket_form_id=21879292693140">File a ticket</a></p></div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.reddit.com/r/besoinderaler/comments/1x1e72a/la_corruption_et_le_gaspillage_sont_omnipr%C3%A9sents/</link>
      <guid>https://www.reddit.com/r/besoinderaler/comments/1x1e72a/la_corruption_et_le_gaspillage_sont_omnipr%C3%A9sents/</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 08:38:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[En 2027, votez en conscience.]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x1e0l2/en_2027_votez_en_conscience/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/ghsvfxy5yduh1.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=7a948249f1fb970b9fa5594d893b05a29b365266" alt="En 2027, votez en conscience." title="En 2027, votez en conscience."> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/connardnumero1"> /u/connardnumero1 </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/"> r/france </a> <br> <span><a href="https://i.redd.it/ghsvfxy5yduh1.jpeg">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x1e0l2/en_2027_votez_en_conscience/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><p><img src="https://i.redd.it/ghsvfxy5yduh1.jpeg"></p></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://i.redd.it/ghsvfxy5yduh1.jpeg</link>
      <guid>https://i.redd.it/ghsvfxy5yduh1.jpeg</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 08:27:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Long Pain of Whale Shark over in seconds]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Damnthatsinteresting/comments/1x1dv67/long_pain_of_whale_shark_over_in_seconds/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/em91YnM3MWV3ZHVoMac4UXwaLrzSj1Dk3A2EtDGL6QT7CPjR1srcop9yV4cY.png?width=320&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=fc260d5f1cb1d4ffa1c112f8bdff50aa7348d870" alt="Long Pain of Whale Shark over in seconds" title="Long Pain of Whale Shark over in seconds"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Impossible-Status818"> /u/Impossible-Status818 </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Damnthatsinteresting/"> r/Damnthatsinteresting </a> <br> <span><a href="https://v.redd.it/ic3l3i8ewduh1">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Damnthatsinteresting/comments/1x1dv67/long_pain_of_whale_shark_over_in_seconds/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><p>You've been blocked by network security.</p><div class="text-16 text-neutral-content-weak"><div class="pt-md">To continue, log in to your Reddit account or use your developer token<p>If you think you've been blocked by mistake, file a ticket below and we'll look into it.</p><p><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-primary" href="https://www.reddit.com/login/">Log in </a><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-secondary" href="https://support.reddithelp.com/hc/en-us/requests/new?ticket_form_id=21879292693140">File a ticket</a></p></div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://v.redd.it/ic3l3i8ewduh1</link>
      <guid>https://v.redd.it/ic3l3i8ewduh1</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 08:17:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Max Verstappen had dinner with the Thai family (Red Bull’s majority shareholders).]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/formula1/comments/1x1dtlk/max_verstappen_had_dinner_with_the_thai_family/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/0lj2p3s4wduh1.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=d7ffe4a9ac7a4b68a13b0c3aba3d9ba8ac5912dd" alt="Max Verstappen had dinner with the Thai family (Red Bull’s majority shareholders)." title="Max Verstappen had dinner with the Thai family (Red Bull’s majority shareholders)."> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Luffy710j"> /u/Luffy710j </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/formula1/"> r/formula1 </a> <br> <span><a href="https://i.redd.it/0lj2p3s4wduh1.jpeg">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/formula1/comments/1x1dtlk/max_verstappen_had_dinner_with_the_thai_family/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><p><img src="https://i.redd.it/0lj2p3s4wduh1.jpeg"></p></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://i.redd.it/0lj2p3s4wduh1.jpeg</link>
      <guid>https://i.redd.it/0lj2p3s4wduh1.jpeg</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 08:15:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Es-tu là ?]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/vdm/comments/1x1dlk8/estu_l%C3%A0/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/3kkryceltduh1.png?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=1c0b11a0e4f7a53cae11f57af459b9d3186daadf" alt="Es-tu là ?" title="Es-tu là ?"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/AlanDeVDM"> /u/AlanDeVDM </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/vdm/"> r/vdm </a> <br> <span><a href="https://i.redd.it/3kkryceltduh1.png">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/vdm/comments/1x1dlk8/estu_l%C3%A0/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><p><img src="https://i.redd.it/3kkryceltduh1.png"></p></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://i.redd.it/3kkryceltduh1.png</link>
      <guid>https://i.redd.it/3kkryceltduh1.png</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 08:01:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[AITA for not wanting to move my morbidly obese bedridden sister in with me?]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>I (23F) am about to finish my BSN and will be doing a residency program when I graduate. So in the next few months to year, I would be very busy. I live in a 3 bed 2 bath apartment with one roommate, and 1 bedroom is currently empty and we are looking for someone to rent. </p> <p>My dad found out he has to relocate temporarily for his job, where him and my mom will be living in a company compound with others who will be relocating. My sister (28F) has never left home, completely dependent on my parents, no source of income. She is over 700 pounds, bedridden, “needs” round-the-clock care, and has an attitude a saint couldn’t forgive. For those reasons, she can’t be moved into the company compound with my parents. </p> <p>My parents caught wind of me and my roommate looking for someone to rent out the extra bedroom we have. The idea came to them that we should move my sister in with us. This would be fine if she was able to do things for herself. However my parents are expecting me to be her “caregiver”. They tried negotiating with me by saying they would wire me a mere $200 a month to “cover her costs”. This means all of the following: bathing her, clothing her, feeding her, and keeping her bed/room clean. </p> <p>I cannot be caring for people 10-12 hours a day, and come home to another person I have to care for the rest of my time. I suggested putting her in a nursing home, because I can’t see the situation working out for either of us. Two hours away is a nursing home/rehab for bariatric patients that she could easily go to. My parents were appalled and said they could never do that to their daughter. But why should the responsibility of taking care of my behemoth sister be thrust onto me, when I would already be working very long hours doing the exact same thing? </p> <p>So Reddit, AITA?</p> </div><!-- SC_ON -->   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Jolly_Situation2185"> /u/Jolly_Situation2185 </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/AmItheAsshole/"> r/AmItheAsshole </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/AmItheAsshole/comments/1x1df6u/aita_for_not_wanting_to_move_my_morbidly_obese/">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/AmItheAsshole/comments/1x1df6u/aita_for_not_wanting_to_move_my_morbidly_obese/">[comments]</a></span><br/><hr/><br/><p>You've been blocked by network security.</p><div class="text-16 text-neutral-content-weak"><div class="pt-md">To continue, log in to your Reddit account or use your developer token<p>If you think you've been blocked by mistake, file a ticket below and we'll look into it.</p><p><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-primary" href="https://www.reddit.com/login/">Log in </a><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-secondary" href="https://support.reddithelp.com/hc/en-us/requests/new?ticket_form_id=21879292693140">File a ticket</a></p></div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.reddit.com/r/AmItheAsshole/comments/1x1df6u/aita_for_not_wanting_to_move_my_morbidly_obese/</link>
      <guid>https://www.reddit.com/r/AmItheAsshole/comments/1x1df6u/aita_for_not_wanting_to_move_my_morbidly_obese/</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 07:51:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Concombre d’évier : il pousse]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/FranceDetendue/comments/1x1ddia/concombre_d%C3%A9vier_il_pousse/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/n1nuc0ecrduh1.jpg?width=140&amp;height=105&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=9f929e29d85e40914c066e3df50f3409fb12b019" alt="Concombre d’évier : il pousse" title="Concombre d’évier : il pousse"> </a> </td><td> <!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>Le concombre qui pousse dans mon évier m’a fait une troisième feuille. </p> </div><!-- SC_ON -->   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Cafe_Sante"> /u/Cafe_Sante </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/FranceDetendue/"> r/FranceDetendue </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/gallery/1x1ddia">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/FranceDetendue/comments/1x1ddia/concombre_d%C3%A9vier_il_pousse/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><p>You've been blocked by network security.</p><div class="text-16 text-neutral-content-weak"><div class="pt-md">To continue, log in to your Reddit account or use your developer token<p>If you think you've been blocked by mistake, file a ticket below and we'll look into it.</p><p><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-primary" href="https://www.reddit.com/login/">Log in </a><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-secondary" href="https://support.reddithelp.com/hc/en-us/requests/new?ticket_form_id=21879292693140">File a ticket</a></p></div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.reddit.com/gallery/1x1ddia</link>
      <guid>https://www.reddit.com/gallery/1x1ddia</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 07:48:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Pourquoi c'est mal vu d'envoyer plein de petit message plutôt qu'un seul ?]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[  submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Aroused_Artichoke"> /u/Aroused_Artichoke </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/PasDeQuestionIdiote/"> r/PasDeQuestionIdiote </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/PasDeQuestionIdiote/comments/1x1cvg4/pourquoi_cest_mal_vu_denvoyer_plein_de_petit/">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/PasDeQuestionIdiote/comments/1x1cvg4/pourquoi_cest_mal_vu_denvoyer_plein_de_petit/">[comments]</a></span><br/><hr/><br/><p>You've been blocked by network security.</p><div class="text-16 text-neutral-content-weak"><div class="pt-md">To continue, log in to your Reddit account or use your developer token<p>If you think you've been blocked by mistake, file a ticket below and we'll look into it.</p><p><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-primary" href="https://www.reddit.com/login/">Log in </a><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-secondary" href="https://support.reddithelp.com/hc/en-us/requests/new?ticket_form_id=21879292693140">File a ticket</a></p></div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.reddit.com/r/PasDeQuestionIdiote/comments/1x1cvg4/pourquoi_cest_mal_vu_denvoyer_plein_de_petit/</link>
      <guid>https://www.reddit.com/r/PasDeQuestionIdiote/comments/1x1cvg4/pourquoi_cest_mal_vu_denvoyer_plein_de_petit/</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 07:18:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Use the European AI chat.]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/BuyFromEU/comments/1x1cpdm/use_the_european_ai_chat/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/0rj7sa3xjduh1.png?width=320&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=a4935e663676815e50da87664291b4be848c578e" alt="Use the European AI chat." title="Use the European AI chat."> </a> </td><td> <!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>Download the app, because only Europeans think about Europeans: <a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=ai.mistral.chat">https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=ai.mistral.chat</a></p> </div><!-- SC_ON -->   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Global-Primary7240"> /u/Global-Primary7240 </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/BuyFromEU/"> r/BuyFromEU </a> <br> <span><a href="https://i.redd.it/0rj7sa3xjduh1.png">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/BuyFromEU/comments/1x1cpdm/use_the_european_ai_chat/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><p><img src="https://i.redd.it/0rj7sa3xjduh1.png"></p></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://i.redd.it/0rj7sa3xjduh1.png</link>
      <guid>https://i.redd.it/0rj7sa3xjduh1.png</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 07:08:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[The Queen of Thailand flew a fighter solo today, becoming the first and only queen in the world to pilot a fighter jet]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/interestingasfuck/comments/1x1cn0k/the_queen_of_thailand_flew_a_fighter_solo_today/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/eng4ZDdxNGtqZHVoMR5s9hG0bvaSaH6UIS4O-RutOOV9Ad9tuQ1jkuvsJEpQ.png?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=590aaab30da357adc0ee708948f80a1b9ce9f4c8" alt="The Queen of Thailand flew a fighter solo today, becoming the first and only queen in the world to pilot a fighter jet" title="The Queen of Thailand flew a fighter solo today, becoming the first and only queen in the world to pilot a fighter jet"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Super-Stevie117"> /u/Super-Stevie117 </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/interestingasfuck/"> r/interestingasfuck </a> <br> <span><a href="https://v.redd.it/dw37bcdkjduh1">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/interestingasfuck/comments/1x1cn0k/the_queen_of_thailand_flew_a_fighter_solo_today/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><p>You've been blocked by network security.</p><div class="text-16 text-neutral-content-weak"><div class="pt-md">To continue, log in to your Reddit account or use your developer token<p>If you think you've been blocked by mistake, file a ticket below and we'll look into it.</p><p><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-primary" href="https://www.reddit.com/login/">Log in </a><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-secondary" href="https://support.reddithelp.com/hc/en-us/requests/new?ticket_form_id=21879292693140">File a ticket</a></p></div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://v.redd.it/dw37bcdkjduh1</link>
      <guid>https://v.redd.it/dw37bcdkjduh1</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 07:04:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Quand l’ignorance rend fou]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>Un peu de contexte: je bosse dans le social avec pas mal de collègues étrangers et français.</p> <p>Anecdote: il y a quelques jours je discutais avec 2 autres collègues (entre 30 et 35 ans les 3) et nous étions arrivés à nous demander où on aimerait déménager si c’était possible. Un collègue a dit l’Italie, un autre les États Unis et moi j’ai dit Espagne ou Irlande. On s’est demandés l’un l’autre pourquoi et quand ce fut mon tour de répondre j’ai dit pour la politique (même si y a encore du travail à faire là dessus).<br> Et là un des deux m’est tombé dessus en me disant de but en blanc: tu sais hitler était de gauche hein? Je lui dis que non, il me soutient que si. Je lui demande ce qui confirme ça selon lui. Sa réponse: bah mon conjoint et mes parents me l’ont dit.<br> Ah… Du coup je lui dis de regarder sur Google. Ce qu’il fait. Puis me dit: effectivement tu as raison. On commence à en discuter un peu puis après peut être 5min j’ai eu droit au: c’est pas parce que tu savais ça et pas moi que tu as raison sur tout, la condescendance c’est stop bla-bla-bla.</p> <p>Sauf que je l’ai laissé parler, je ne l’ai pas coupé, je lui ai dit de regarder sur Google plutôt que de me croire sur parole. Je n’ai pas élevé la voix alors que punaise… Je pense qu’il s’est juste senti attaqué dans « ses convictions ».</p> <p>Tout ça pour dire que je ne pensais pas voir en vrai une personne pensant ça. Pour moi ce n’était que des sombres inconnus sur les réseaux.</p> </div><!-- SC_ON -->   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/imgonnaleaveyou"> /u/imgonnaleaveyou </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/besoinderaler/"> r/besoinderaler </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/besoinderaler/comments/1x1cfw5/quand_lignorance_rend_fou/">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/besoinderaler/comments/1x1cfw5/quand_lignorance_rend_fou/">[comments]</a></span><br/><hr/><br/><p>You've been blocked by network security.</p><div class="text-16 text-neutral-content-weak"><div class="pt-md">To continue, log in to your Reddit account or use your developer token<p>If you think you've been blocked by mistake, file a ticket below and we'll look into it.</p><p><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-primary" href="https://www.reddit.com/login/">Log in </a><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-secondary" href="https://support.reddithelp.com/hc/en-us/requests/new?ticket_form_id=21879292693140">File a ticket</a></p></div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.reddit.com/r/besoinderaler/comments/1x1cfw5/quand_lignorance_rend_fou/</link>
      <guid>https://www.reddit.com/r/besoinderaler/comments/1x1cfw5/quand_lignorance_rend_fou/</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 06:53:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Bro hate is one hell of a motivator huh]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/pcmasterrace/comments/1x1bxh2/bro_hate_is_one_hell_of_a_motivator_huh/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/dWhiOHp5ZWFjZHVoMSKWN-kvMkOBxHUNgxv6brQYaZKu7VjCgS2w1ZGCX_zl.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=81add11cd4a6ce101426048ed7279181154cee16" alt="Bro hate is one hell of a motivator huh" title="Bro hate is one hell of a motivator huh"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Federal-Ad6341"> /u/Federal-Ad6341 </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/pcmasterrace/"> r/pcmasterrace </a> <br> <span><a href="https://v.redd.it/b3jzg9iacduh1">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/pcmasterrace/comments/1x1bxh2/bro_hate_is_one_hell_of_a_motivator_huh/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><p>You've been blocked by network security.</p><div class="text-16 text-neutral-content-weak"><div class="pt-md">To continue, log in to your Reddit account or use your developer token<p>If you think you've been blocked by mistake, file a ticket below and we'll look into it.</p><p><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-primary" href="https://www.reddit.com/login/">Log in </a><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-secondary" href="https://support.reddithelp.com/hc/en-us/requests/new?ticket_form_id=21879292693140">File a ticket</a></p></div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://v.redd.it/b3jzg9iacduh1</link>
      <guid>https://v.redd.it/b3jzg9iacduh1</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 06:24:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Ahh, heaven.]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/funny/comments/1x1burz/ahh_heaven/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/aXZjZmN4N2tiZHVoMXDpYIHhCBj9RFr8B6cllzk04si9sSbRoOItD8McBuNd.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=1ec4709aeccc1a7f6fb8f93ade886e1215eb25ce" alt="Ahh, heaven." title="Ahh, heaven."> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Chakradamus"> /u/Chakradamus </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/funny/"> r/funny </a> <br> <span><a href="https://v.redd.it/q3uukh9kbduh1">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/funny/comments/1x1burz/ahh_heaven/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><p>You've been blocked by network security.</p><div class="text-16 text-neutral-content-weak"><div class="pt-md">To continue, log in to your Reddit account or use your developer token<p>If you think you've been blocked by mistake, file a ticket below and we'll look into it.</p><p><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-primary" href="https://www.reddit.com/login/">Log in </a><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-secondary" href="https://support.reddithelp.com/hc/en-us/requests/new?ticket_form_id=21879292693140">File a ticket</a></p></div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://v.redd.it/q3uukh9kbduh1</link>
      <guid>https://v.redd.it/q3uukh9kbduh1</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 06:20:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Gabe was right... Piracy was a result of bad servicing.]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/pcmasterrace/comments/1x1btrg/gabe_was_right_piracy_was_a_result_of_bad/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/0gsneqo9bduh1.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=e0a4b077dfb1abf3a3447d937f50206b5a83e54e" alt="Gabe was right... Piracy was a result of bad servicing." title="Gabe was right... Piracy was a result of bad servicing."> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Federal-Ad6341"> /u/Federal-Ad6341 </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/pcmasterrace/"> r/pcmasterrace </a> <br> <span><a href="https://i.redd.it/0gsneqo9bduh1.jpeg">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/pcmasterrace/comments/1x1btrg/gabe_was_right_piracy_was_a_result_of_bad/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><p><img src="https://i.redd.it/0gsneqo9bduh1.jpeg"></p></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://i.redd.it/0gsneqo9bduh1.jpeg</link>
      <guid>https://i.redd.it/0gsneqo9bduh1.jpeg</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 06:18:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[The horror is far older than you think.]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/TopCharacterTropes/comments/1x1b6ib/the_horror_is_far_older_than_you_think/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/m2dbbde25duh1.jpg?width=140&amp;height=105&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=23d93e7acd83c0ce362f40a7d734651e294071a6" alt="The horror is far older than you think." title="The horror is far older than you think."> </a> </td><td> <!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>Basically the idea that the horrors we encounter in the series in modern day were encountered by peoples from long before us and we see their recorded encounters through cave paintings and the like. </p> <p>The slenderman cave paintings which date back to 9000 bce</p> <p>The zombie cave painting from world war z from 60,000 bce</p> <p>And the cave painting hieroglyphs from Ted the caver. No dates given.</p> </div><!-- SC_ON -->   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/lunarwarrior12"> /u/lunarwarrior12 </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/TopCharacterTropes/"> r/TopCharacterTropes </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/gallery/1x1b6ib">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/TopCharacterTropes/comments/1x1b6ib/the_horror_is_far_older_than_you_think/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><p>You've been blocked by network security.</p><div class="text-16 text-neutral-content-weak"><div class="pt-md">To continue, log in to your Reddit account or use your developer token<p>If you think you've been blocked by mistake, file a ticket below and we'll look into it.</p><p><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-primary" href="https://www.reddit.com/login/">Log in </a><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-secondary" href="https://support.reddithelp.com/hc/en-us/requests/new?ticket_form_id=21879292693140">File a ticket</a></p></div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.reddit.com/gallery/1x1b6ib</link>
      <guid>https://www.reddit.com/gallery/1x1b6ib</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 05:43:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Bike rush]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[  submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Additional_Chard3680"> /u/Additional_Chard3680 </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Unexpected/"> r/Unexpected </a> <br> <span><a href="https://v.redd.it/a3j0pud23duh1">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Unexpected/comments/1x1az8j/bike_rush/">[comments]</a></span><br/><hr/><br/><p>You've been blocked by network security.</p><div class="text-16 text-neutral-content-weak"><div class="pt-md">To continue, log in to your Reddit account or use your developer token<p>If you think you've been blocked by mistake, file a ticket below and we'll look into it.</p><p><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-primary" href="https://www.reddit.com/login/">Log in </a><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-secondary" href="https://support.reddithelp.com/hc/en-us/requests/new?ticket_form_id=21879292693140">File a ticket</a></p></div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://v.redd.it/a3j0pud23duh1</link>
      <guid>https://v.redd.it/a3j0pud23duh1</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 05:32:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Manifestations lycéennes : l’étrange confiscation des pancartes par la police]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x19l3o/manifestations_lyc%C3%A9ennes_l%C3%A9trange_confiscation/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/mx91MuSNTIOW9ZAfSCZDpdOCsZeZ5leA61SCiR6Bq9k.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=23b0cd7dabf24ef6b08b782b5cf61533e2871f03" alt="Manifestations lycéennes : l’étrange confiscation des pancartes par la police" title="Manifestations lycéennes : l’étrange confiscation des pancartes par la police"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/VarkoZe"> /u/VarkoZe </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/"> r/france </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/france/081026/manifestations-lyceennes-l-etrange-confiscation-des-pancartes-par-la-police">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x19l3o/manifestations_lyc%C3%A9ennes_l%C3%A9trange_confiscation/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><main role="main" id="main" class="news__body-wrapper _cols:2@print"><div class="foo_cntr">
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                    <strong class="news__heading__top__intro margin-top:500">« Mediapart » a constaté le contrôle et le tri des slogans, jeudi à Paris. Plusieurs policiers confient avoir reçu des instructions, notamment à l’égard des messages « anti-police » et « anti-État ». Contacté, le ministère de l’intérieur ne nous a pas répondu.

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                                <p class="dropcap-wrapper">AlexisAlexis* et Ethan*, 18 ans, sont venus manifester à Paris, jeudi 8 octobre, à l’appel des organisations lycéennes et étudiantes pour une nouvelle journée de mobilisation nationale. Vers 15 heures, ils sortent du métro, à Bastille, où a lieu le rassemblement. Là, une dizaine de policiers contrôlent les sacs et… les pancartes. Sur la leur : <i>« On vise le bac, la bac nous vise. »</i> À sa lecture, un policier s’en empare, puis s’en va la ranger dans un local de la RATP, où d’autres cartons griffonnés gisent par terre.</p>
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      <link>https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/france/081026/manifestations-lyceennes-l-etrange-confiscation-des-pancartes-par-la-police</link>
      <guid>https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/france/081026/manifestations-lyceennes-l-etrange-confiscation-des-pancartes-par-la-police</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 04:20:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Aux Etats-Unis, la mise à mort d’un condamné par peloton d’exécution militaire sera diffusée en direct]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x188db/aux_etatsunis_la_mise_%C3%A0_mort_dun_condamn%C3%A9_par/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/1sShVdnkaM-oc9DlR_AMlQKq-y77cwDiTQyNRYQJiAs.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=eb017436be65f1b5b076f2f02df45f4caa863d32" alt="Aux Etats-Unis, la mise à mort d’un condamné par peloton d’exécution militaire sera diffusée en direct" title="Aux Etats-Unis, la mise à mort d’un condamné par peloton d’exécution militaire sera diffusée en direct"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/BrisingrSenpai"> /u/BrisingrSenpai </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/"> r/france </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2026/10/09/aux-etats-unis-l-execution-militaire-par-peloton-d-un-condamne-a-mort-pour-une-tuerie-dans-une-base-du-texas-sera-realisee-en-public-et-diffusee-en-direct_6790389_3210.html">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x188db/aux_etatsunis_la_mise_%C3%A0_mort_dun_condamn%C3%A9_par/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><img class="logo" src="https://www.lemonde.fr/bucket/resources/front/static/img/logos/pwa-256.png" alt="Le Monde" /><p>Si vous êtes partenaire autorisé, abonné au Monde, ou si vous souhaitez obtenir une autorisation d’accès à ce contenu, merci de contacter : licensing[@]groupelemonde.fr en joignant une copie de cette page d’erreur, incluant votre adresse IP et votre identifiant de requête (RID).</p><p>English version</p><p>Your traffic has been identified as automated (bot activity).</p><p>If you are an authorized partner, a Le Monde subscriber, or if you would like to request permission to access this content, please contact: licensing[@]groupelemonde.fr and include a copy of this error page showing your IP address and request ID (RID).</p><p class="ip">IP: 185.189.159.122<br />RID: 005de90cdfa04528b130000000000001</p>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2026/10/09/aux-etats-unis-l-execution-militaire-par-peloton-d-un-condamne-a-mort-pour-une-tuerie-dans-une-base-du-texas-sera-realisee-en-public-et-diffusee-en-direct_6790389_3210.html</link>
      <guid>https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2026/10/09/aux-etats-unis-l-execution-militaire-par-peloton-d-un-condamne-a-mort-pour-une-tuerie-dans-une-base-du-texas-sera-realisee-en-public-et-diffusee-en-direct_6790389_3210.html</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 03:12:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Entitled Traveler Aisle 14]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/mildlyinfuriating/comments/1x17kzu/entitled_traveler_aisle_14/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/b8940cyb8cuh1.jpg?width=140&amp;height=140&amp;crop=1:1,smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=0182a552c46373fbc0f08615cb432fb05bf4882e" alt="Entitled Traveler Aisle 14" title="Entitled Traveler Aisle 14"> </a> </td><td> <!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>5.5 hour coast to coast flight. He boarded before me (aisle). I had to bend down and wave in his face to get him to see me during boarding (I had window). He did the whole audible sigh and dramatic show of how I had clearly inconvenienced him. He finally got up and out of his seat BUT refused to unplug his phone from the seat back charger in front of him, so all 5’ 10” of me had to crawl under his cord to get to my seat. Whatever, turd move, but whatever. Anyway, cabin door closes and I was pretty excited that the middle passenger didn’t show up—until Entiltled Aisle dude decides that all of his spent snack wrappers should be pushed as close to me as possible. And he was very particular about it. Spent several minutes ensuring each wrapper was pushed as close as possible to my seat. What is wrong with people!?!?</p> </div><!-- SC_ON -->   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/No-Detective7811"> /u/No-Detective7811 </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/mildlyinfuriating/"> r/mildlyinfuriating </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/gallery/1x17kzu">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/mildlyinfuriating/comments/1x17kzu/entitled_traveler_aisle_14/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><p>You've been blocked by network security.</p><div class="text-16 text-neutral-content-weak"><div class="pt-md">To continue, log in to your Reddit account or use your developer token<p>If you think you've been blocked by mistake, file a ticket below and we'll look into it.</p><p><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-primary" href="https://www.reddit.com/login/">Log in </a><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-secondary" href="https://support.reddithelp.com/hc/en-us/requests/new?ticket_form_id=21879292693140">File a ticket</a></p></div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.reddit.com/gallery/1x17kzu</link>
      <guid>https://www.reddit.com/gallery/1x17kzu</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 02:40:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Un policier enfonce sa matraque dans les fesses d'un jeune. Paris, manifestation du 8 octobre 2026.]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x16m24/un_policier_enfonce_sa_matraque_dans_les_fesses/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/a2tqaDhhMDMwY3VoMZwys7pMVjSF87rWTcG2BV4UklAX1haialnktiZHDk4o.png?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=8a82d99e4e1bcbc8206596c02ea120f223052f13" alt="Un policier enfonce sa matraque dans les fesses d'un jeune. Paris, manifestation du 8 octobre 2026." title="Un policier enfonce sa matraque dans les fesses d'un jeune. Paris, manifestation du 8 octobre 2026."> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/pasjojo"> /u/pasjojo </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/"> r/france </a> <br> <span><a href="https://v.redd.it/1omzrxx20cuh1">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x16m24/un_policier_enfonce_sa_matraque_dans_les_fesses/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><p>You've been blocked by network security.</p><div class="text-16 text-neutral-content-weak"><div class="pt-md">To continue, log in to your Reddit account or use your developer token<p>If you think you've been blocked by mistake, file a ticket below and we'll look into it.</p><p><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-primary" href="https://www.reddit.com/login/">Log in </a><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-secondary" href="https://support.reddithelp.com/hc/en-us/requests/new?ticket_form_id=21879292693140">File a ticket</a></p></div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://v.redd.it/1omzrxx20cuh1</link>
      <guid>https://v.redd.it/1omzrxx20cuh1</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 01:53:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[After being homeless for 1,5 year, my cat and me are sleeping in our new apartment tonight]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/cats/comments/1x15wvi/after_being_homeless_for_15_year_my_cat_and_me/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/1ggm49o3ubuh1.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=404b06257bde41826b4a04039e094223210aea83" alt="After being homeless for 1,5 year, my cat and me are sleeping in our new apartment tonight" title="After being homeless for 1,5 year, my cat and me are sleeping in our new apartment tonight"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/ThreeDaysNish"> /u/ThreeDaysNish </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/cats/"> r/cats </a> <br> <span><a href="https://i.redd.it/1ggm49o3ubuh1.jpeg">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/cats/comments/1x15wvi/after_being_homeless_for_15_year_my_cat_and_me/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><p><img src="https://i.redd.it/1ggm49o3ubuh1.jpeg"></p></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://i.redd.it/1ggm49o3ubuh1.jpeg</link>
      <guid>https://i.redd.it/1ggm49o3ubuh1.jpeg</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 01:20:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA["Glucksmann triche en débat" : La révélation de Ségolène Royal]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x1500o/glucksmann_triche_en_d%C3%A9bat_la_r%C3%A9v%C3%A9lation_de/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/E3b7OjHM4vSLsWKHuHitC_EXWO4JRFZnxM53jL5dtfc.jpeg?width=320&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=e5eb66fb2daf956283ff0031a339ab480f93b864" alt='"Glucksmann triche en débat" : La révélation de Ségolène Royal' title='"Glucksmann triche en débat" : La révélation de Ségolène Royal'> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Niouk_"> /u/Niouk_ </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/"> r/france </a> <br> <span><a href="https://youtube.com/shorts/foUX8QLRp-w">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x1500o/glucksmann_triche_en_d%C3%A9bat_la_r%C3%A9v%C3%A9lation_de/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><h2>"GLUCKSMANN TRICHE EN DÉBAT" : LA RÉVÉLATION DE SÉGOLÈNE ROYAL</h2><p><img src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/foUX8QLRp-w/hq2.jpg"></p><iframe width="113" height="200" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/foUX8QLRp-w?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen title="&quot;GLUCKSMANN TRICHE EN DÉBAT&quot; : LA RÉVÉLATION DE SÉGOLÈNE ROYAL"></iframe></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://youtube.com/shorts/foUX8QLRp-w</link>
      <guid>https://youtube.com/shorts/foUX8QLRp-w</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 00:38:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Un policier met un coup de genou au visage d'un lycéen. Bastille, 7 Octobre 2026]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x14jzx/un_policier_met_un_coup_de_genou_au_visage_dun/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/Ym8yZ283ajNqYnVoMYyTaZZUOp18gN5VRVsNBAL152owQitAieSAs3KczXnj.png?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=da8db486d99e3f6d2b042519ddbc425956f73238" alt="Un policier met un coup de genou au visage d'un lycéen. Bastille, 7 Octobre 2026" title="Un policier met un coup de genou au visage d'un lycéen. Bastille, 7 Octobre 2026"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/pasjojo"> /u/pasjojo </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/"> r/france </a> <br> <span><a href="https://v.redd.it/javrhe3wibuh1">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x14jzx/un_policier_met_un_coup_de_genou_au_visage_dun/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><p>You've been blocked by network security.</p><div class="text-16 text-neutral-content-weak"><div class="pt-md">To continue, log in to your Reddit account or use your developer token<p>If you think you've been blocked by mistake, file a ticket below and we'll look into it.</p><p><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-primary" href="https://www.reddit.com/login/">Log in </a><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-secondary" href="https://support.reddithelp.com/hc/en-us/requests/new?ticket_form_id=21879292693140">File a ticket</a></p></div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://v.redd.it/javrhe3wibuh1</link>
      <guid>https://v.redd.it/javrhe3wibuh1</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 00:18:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA["Ils m'ont mis des coups de matraque dans les genoux" : parce qu'elle parlait basque, une lycéenne de 15 ans affirme avoir été violentée par des policiers]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x14ia9/ils_mont_mis_des_coups_de_matraque_dans_les/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/P0LxUIL0b0bKG-fTyeQWDvHze-chaZRIV7l9g6Yip9g.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=e9fbc30589984b1b341b9c59b408379ed5c5d19f" alt="&quot;Ils m'ont mis des coups de matraque dans les genoux&quot; : parce qu'elle parlait basque, une lycéenne de 15 ans affirme avoir été violentée par des policiers" title="&quot;Ils m'ont mis des coups de matraque dans les genoux&quot; : parce qu'elle parlait basque, une lycéenne de 15 ans affirme avoir été violentée par des policiers"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/AcidGleam"> /u/AcidGleam </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/"> r/france </a> <br> <span><a href="https://france3-regions.franceinfo.fr/nouvelle-aquitaine/pyrenees-atlantiques/bayonne/ils-m-ont-mis-des-coups-de-matraque-dans-les-genoux-parce-qu-elle-parlait-basque-une-lyceenne-de-15-ans-affirme-avoir-ete-violentee-par-des-policiers-3428349.html">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x14ia9/ils_mont_mis_des_coups_de_matraque_dans_les/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><p>Comme beaucoup de lycéens, Hegoa était <a href="https://www.franceinfo.fr/societe/education/blocage-des-lycees/en-images-blocages-affrontements-et-feux-de-poubelles-la-colere-des-manifestations-lyceennes-s-etend-dans-plusieurs-villes-francaises_8218189.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" data-tooltip-url="https://www.franceinfo.fr/societe/education/blocage-des-lycees/en-images-blocages-affrontements-et-feux-de-poubelles-la-colere-des-manifestations-lyceennes-s-etend-dans-plusieurs-villes-francaises_8218189.html">dans la rue le 1<sup>er</sup> octobre 2026</a>. Mais pour elle, la journée de mobilisation s'est mal finie. "<em>Quand je suis arrivée, elle était à terre en position latérale de sécurité (PLS). Il y avait les pompiers qui essayaient de la faire parler. Elle n'arrivait pas à parler, il y avait sa bouche qui bougeait, mais aucun son n'en sortait</em>", rapporte sa maman, Lilia, arrivée sur les lieux après qu'un ami d'Hegoa l'a prévenue.</p><p>Pendant qu'elle participait à la manifestation lycéenne du 1<sup>er</sup> octobre à Bayonne, la lycéenne assure que deux policiers s'en seraient pris à elle après l'avoir longuement poursuivie. "<em>Quand les CRS me frappaient, j'essayais de me protéger. J'ai ressenti de l'injustice. Je me disais que ce n'était pas normal. Je ne comprends toujours pas</em>", affirme la jeune fille de 15 ans. Elle dénonce même des violences policières sur fond de racisme, parce qu'elle s'est adressée aux forces de l'ordre en basque.</p><div><blockquote class="instagram-media c12" data-instgrm-permalink="https://www.instagram.com/reel/DeJkyZviA9r/?utm_source=ig_embed&amp;utm_campaign=loading" data-instgrm-version="14">
<div class="c11"><a href="https://www.instagram.com/reel/DeJkyZviA9r/?utm_source=ig_embed&amp;utm_campaign=loading" class="c8" target="_blank">
<p>Voir cette publication sur Instagram</p>
</a><p class="c10"><a href="https://www.instagram.com/reel/DeJkyZviA9r/?utm_source=ig_embed&amp;utm_campaign=loading" class="c9" target="_blank">Une publication partagée par France 3 Nouvelle-Aquitaine (@france3nouvelleaquitaine)</a></p></div>
</blockquote></div><p>Alors que la mobilisation se rapproche du <a href="https://www.ici.fr/nouvelle-aquitaine/pyrenees-atlantiques-64/bayonne/mouvement-lyceen-la-mobilisation-gagne-plusieurs-lycees-du-pays-basque-1833378" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" data-tooltip-url="https://www.ici.fr/nouvelle-aquitaine/pyrenees-atlantiques-64/bayonne/mouvement-lyceen-la-mobilisation-gagne-plusieurs-lycees-du-pays-basque-1833378">lycée Louis de Foix à Bayonne</a>, Hegoa tente de passer par la rue. Mais à ce moment-là, elle est bloquée par des CRS. "<em>Ils étaient sur les trottoirs, mais comme un peu partout dans la ville. Je commence à avancer et il y a deux CRS qui m'interpellent en me disant en français :  "</em>Eh ! Toi, tu n'as pas le droit d'être là. Qu'est-ce que tu fais ici ?<em>" Un coup de pression quoi</em>", assure-t-elle. </p><a data-article-figure="" href="https://france3-regions.franceinfo.fr/image/_E940WxlkKYR4LIHdxsKxf_brqY/0x0:1920x1080/800x450/filters:format(webp)/regions/2026/10/05/6ac3b1c83d572793256846.jpg" data-pswp-width="1920" data-pswp-height="1080" target="_blank">
<div class="article-image__container"><figure><picture aria-hidden="true"><source data-srcset="https://france3-regions.franceinfo.fr/image/_E940WxlkKYR4LIHdxsKxf_brqY/0x0:1920x1080/800x450/filters:format(webp)/regions/2026/10/05/6ac3b1c83d572793256846.jpg 600w, https://france3-regions.franceinfo.fr/image/_E940WxlkKYR4LIHdxsKxf_brqY/0x0:1920x1080/800x450/filters:format(webp)/regions/2026/10/05/6ac3b1c83d572793256846.jpg 930w" data-sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 927px" /><img width="600" height="400" class="article-image lazy" alt="Le cortège des lycéens à Bayonne le 1er octobre 2026." src="https://france3-regions.franceinfo.fr/image/_E940WxlkKYR4LIHdxsKxf_brqY/0x0:1920x1080/800x450/filters:format(webp)/regions/2026/10/05/6ac3b1c83d572793256846.jpg" /></picture><figcaption>Le cortège des lycéens à Bayonne le 1er octobre 2026. • © Emmanuel Galerne - France Télévisions
</figcaption></figure></div>
</a><p>À ce moment-là, l'élève de seconde de l'établissement bascophone Bernat Etxepare leur répond en basque : "<em>Ez niz zuerekin frantses ari.</em>" Ce qui signifie : "<em>Je ne parle pas en français avec vous.</em>" Hegoa dit alors avoir vu les deux CRS changer d'attitude directement. "<em>Ils se sont regardés et ils se sont mis à courir sur moi avec leur matraque. Moi, dans la panique, j'ai couru aussi dans l'autre sens</em>", affirme-t-elle. </p><p>La poursuite dure jusque dans le quartier du petit Bayonne. "<em>Au bout d'un moment, je n'avais plus de souffle. J'étais passée par une rue et je croyais que je les avais semés, mais ce n'était pas le cas</em>, raconte Hegoa. Selon l'adolescente, les forces de l'ordre l'auraient alors prise à partie. <em>Ils sont arrivés derrière moi et ils m'ont fait une balayette. Je suis tombée sur la tête, violemment. Après ils m'ont mis des coups de matraque au niveau du genou où je m'étais fait les croisés il y a un an.</em>" </p><blockquote class="ftvi_content_quote">
<p class="ftvi_citation_quote">Quand ils m'ont couru après, j'ai eu très peur. J'ai couru, mais comme je n'avais jamais couru, je pense.</p>
<div><p class="ftvi_citation_source">Lycéenne de Bayonne qui a subi des violences</p></div>
</blockquote><p>Essayant de se protéger, Hegoa leur répète  alors "<em>pardon !</em>" en basque ("<em>barkatu !</em>"). Mais les CRS vont jusqu'à lui mettre du gaz lacrymogène dans les yeux, selon son récit. "<em>En partant, ils ont dit : "</em>C'est toujours pareil, c'est ces Basques le problème !<em>", en disant des trucs méchants sur les Basques</em>", assure la jeune fille de 15 ans.</p><p>Hegoa se retrouve alors seule, aveuglée par le gaz lacrymogène. Seul son œil gauche fonctionne un petit peu. Elle rejoint alors une amie à la place verte. Celle-ci la prend en charge et tente de lui mettre du sérum physiologique. Mais c'est alors qu'Hegoa perd conscience subitement et tombe par terre. "<em>J'ai entendu que j'avais été inconsciente pendant 10 minutes. En me réveillant, j'étais en PLS, entourée de tout le lycée. Peu après, les pompiers qui sont arrivés et on m'a amenée à l'hôpital</em>", détaille la lycéenne. </p><a data-article-figure="" href="https://france3-regions.franceinfo.fr/image/nvvf2dh04OSSGyXem6xkYYG4fb0/0x0:1920x1080/800x450/filters:format(webp)/regions/2026/10/05/6ac3b14496942358632430.jpg" data-pswp-width="1920" data-pswp-height="1080" target="_blank">
<div class="article-image__container"><figure><picture aria-hidden="true"><source data-srcset="https://france3-regions.franceinfo.fr/image/nvvf2dh04OSSGyXem6xkYYG4fb0/0x0:1920x1080/800x450/filters:format(webp)/regions/2026/10/05/6ac3b14496942358632430.jpg 600w, https://france3-regions.franceinfo.fr/image/nvvf2dh04OSSGyXem6xkYYG4fb0/0x0:1920x1080/800x450/filters:format(webp)/regions/2026/10/05/6ac3b14496942358632430.jpg 930w" data-sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 927px" /><img width="600" height="400" class="article-image lazy" alt="La police charge pour disperser les lycéens le 1er octobre 2026 à Bayonne." src="https://france3-regions.franceinfo.fr/image/nvvf2dh04OSSGyXem6xkYYG4fb0/0x0:1920x1080/800x450/filters:format(webp)/regions/2026/10/05/6ac3b14496942358632430.jpg" /></picture><figcaption>La police charge pour disperser les lycéens le 1er octobre 2026 à Bayonne. • © Emmanuel Galerne - France Télévisions
</figcaption></figure></div>
</a><p>Quand Lilia arrive sur place, sa fille est incapable de parler. "<em>Ils ont dit que c'était l'effet du choc et que ça arrivait souvent. Ils m'ont demandé de lui parler jusqu'à ce qu'elle retrouve la parole</em>", rapporte la mère de famille. Une fois la parole retrouvée, Hegoa a été transportée aux urgences. "<em>En attendant, il y a deux policiers qui sont venus me voir, ont pris mes coordonnées. Ils m'ont dit que si je voulais porter plainte, il fallait demander un certificat médical à l'hôpital</em>", retrace Lilia.</p><p>À lire aussi : <a href="https://www.franceinfo.fr/societe/education/blocage-des-lycees/lyceens-blesses-au-lbd-gazage-arrestations-massives-le-maintien-de-l-ordre-est-il-adapte-a-des-manifestants-mineurs_8219671.html" class="media-embed__link" data-media-embed-link="">Lycéens blessés au LBD, gazage, arrestations massives... Le maintien de l'ordre est-il adapté à des manifestants mineurs ?</a></p><p>Selon le certificat médical délivré par les urgences de l'hôpital de Bayonne que nous avons pu consulter, Hegoa a subi un "<em>malaise suite à une exposition au gaz lacrymogène avec traumatisme de jambe suite à coup de matraque</em>".</p><p>Après cela, Lilia a souhaité déposer plainte contre les deux CRS. Elle n'a toutefois pas eu le même accueil au commissariat de Bayonne quand elle a souhaité porter plainte avec son ex-conjoint, le père d'Hegoa. "<em>Au début on nous a dit que ce n'était pas possible de porter plainte et nous avons été finalement reçus après avoir insisté</em>", souligne Lilia . La plainte a finalement pu être déposée. "<em>Ils ont dit qu'ils allaient essayer de voir avec les caméras</em>", note-t-elle. Sollicitée par France 3 Aquitaine, la préfecture des Pyrénées-Atlantiques nous renvoie vers le parquet de Bayonne. Ce 5 octobre 2026, à l'heure où nous écrivons ces lignes, le parquet de Bayonne indique ne pas avoir été informé d'une telle plainte.</p><p>À présent, Lilia souhaite que sa fille reçoive des excuses. "<em>J'aimerais qu'il y ait une sanction qui soit faite sur ces deux agents qui ont frappé ma fille qui était sans défense et qui n'avait rien, même pas de sac à dos</em>, relève la mère de famille. <em>Elle n'avait rien qui pourrait faire penser qu'elle aurait pu être parmi les casseurs.</em>"  Elle déplore les potentielles conséquences de ces actes sur le rapport de sa fille avec la police. "<em>On n'a pas le droit d'agresser une mineure comme ça, même si on fait partie des forces de l'ordre. On doit se sentir protégé quand on voit les forces de l'ordre. Or là, c'est le cas inverse et quand on se trouve comme ça devant une injustice, on réagit mal après, on peut virer dans la haine</em>", craint Lilia .</p><p>De son côté, Hegoa considère cet événement comme une agression raciste. "<em>J'avais déjà commencé à parler en basque alors je me disais que j'allais continuer, mais je ne disais rien de méchant</em>, jure la lycéenne. <em>Je ne comprends toujours pas, je trouve ça injuste. Je pense que c'est du racisme. Et si d'autres personnes subissent ça, je pense qu'il faut qu'ils en parlent aussi. S'ils ont plusieurs plaintes à ce niveau-là, peut-être qu'ils vont finir par faire quelque chose.</em>"</p><p>À lire aussi : <a href="https://france3-regions.franceinfo.fr/nouvelle-aquitaine/gironde/bordeaux/blocages-d-etablissements-violences-et-reseaux-sociaux-comment-la-contestation-lyceenne-prend-de-l-ampleur-avant-une-journee-noire-ce-mardi-3427938.html" class="media-embed__link" data-media-embed-link="">Blocages d'établissements, violences et réseaux sociaux : comment la contestation lycéenne prend de l'ampleur avant une journée noire ce mardi</a></p><p>Contactés, certains syndicats de police n'ont pas souhaité s'exprimer sur la question. La Direction Interdépartementale de la Police Nationale (DIPN) des Pyrénées-Atlantiques n'a pas répondu à nos sollicitations. De son côté, Hegoa a rendez-vous le jeudi 8 octobre 2026 à l'unité médico-judiciaire de l'hôpital de Bayonne afin d'obtenir une expertise psychologique et fixer le nombre éventuel de jours d'Incapacité Totale de Travail (ITT). </p><p>Ce mercredi 7 octobre, la procureure de Bayonne, Mariel Garrigos nous confirme le dépot de plainte de la jeune lycéenne. Elle indique également qu'une enquête a été ouverte au commissariat de Bayonne, l'affaire concernant des CRS. Ces derniers sont notamment en charge de décrypter les vidéo-surveillances du secteur pour confirmer les faits. Une autre plainte de mineur a également été déposée le 6 octobre, dans le secteur de Bayonne.</p>]]></description>
      <link>https://france3-regions.franceinfo.fr/nouvelle-aquitaine/pyrenees-atlantiques/bayonne/ils-m-ont-mis-des-coups-de-matraque-dans-les-genoux-parce-qu-elle-parlait-basque-une-lyceenne-de-15-ans-affirme-avoir-ete-violentee-par-des-policiers-3428349.html</link>
      <guid>https://france3-regions.franceinfo.fr/nouvelle-aquitaine/pyrenees-atlantiques/bayonne/ils-m-ont-mis-des-coups-de-matraque-dans-les-genoux-parce-qu-elle-parlait-basque-une-lyceenne-de-15-ans-affirme-avoir-ete-violentee-par-des-policiers-3428349.html</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 00:16:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Manifestations lycéennes : pour le sociologue Philippe Breton, l’interdiction des téléphones « les a mis en colère »]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/paslegorafi/comments/1x14epz/manifestations_lyc%C3%A9ennes_pour_le_sociologue/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/ByPXnjShAdWTD44WA6OLkQ_JnSLXnCMSUX1LBau24oQ.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=f25d2b0fcda12bfa9abd01e7b2728b88082ebb17" alt="Manifestations lycéennes : pour le sociologue Philippe Breton, l’interdiction des téléphones « les a mis en colère »" title="Manifestations lycéennes : pour le sociologue Philippe Breton, l’interdiction des téléphones « les a mis en colère »"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/GargantaProfunda"> /u/GargantaProfunda </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/paslegorafi/"> r/paslegorafi </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.dna.fr/education/2026/10/02/manifestations-lyceennes-pour-le-sociologue-philippe-breton-l-interdiction-des-telephones-les-a-mis-en-colere">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/paslegorafi/comments/1x14epz/manifestations_lyc%C3%A9ennes_pour_le_sociologue/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div class="GXCO_content modal GXCO_Identification modalContent normal-connect-container"><p class="title">Connectez-vous ou créez un compte</p><p>Pour pouvoir enregistrer un article, un compte est nécessaire.</p><a href="https://www.dna.fr/e-services/login?_cm_url=https%3a%2f%2fwww.dna.fr%2feducation%2f2026%2f10%2f02%2fmanifestations-lyceennes-pour-le-sociologue-philippe-breton-l-interdiction-des-telephones-les-a-mis-en-colere" class="bt_default">Se connecter ou créer un compte</a></div><div id="ad_portal" class="main layout_detail education"><section class="section S_top noPrint"><section class="section S_main"><div class="constrain"><ul class="GFWK_breadcrumb noPrint"><li class="accueil"><a href="https://www.dna.fr/" class="UA-trackEvent" data-uaval1="Navigation" data-uaval2="clic-fil-ariane" data-uaval3="clic-lien-accueil" title="accueil Les Dernières Nouvelles d'Alsace">Accueil</a></li>
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<li class="last">Manifestations lycéennes : pour le sociologue Philippe Breton, l’interdiction des ...</li>
</ul></div><div class="constrain"><article class="richcontent viewPartial detail2"><div class="col_main"><div class="topContent"><div class="non-paywall"><p>Directeur éditorial de l’Ovipal, le sociologue Philippe Breton ne perçoit pas d’unité dans la fronde lycéenne actuelle, si ce n’est peut-être dans un récent motif de frustration : l’interdiction des téléphones portables au lycée.</p></div><p>Propos recueillis par Emmanuel Delahaye - 02 oct. 2026 à 06:43 | mis à jour le 02 oct. 2026 à 20:11 - Temps de lecture :</p><p><a href="https://www.ebra.fr/dp/dna?deeplink=eipressedna%3A%2F%2Fcontent%2Fdetail%3FcmsUrl%3D%2feducation%2f2026%2f10%2f02%2fmanifestations-lyceennes-pour-le-sociologue-philippe-breton-l-interdiction-des-telephones-les-a-mis-en-colere%26utm_campaign%3dManifestations+lyc%c3%a9ennes%c2%a0%3a+pour+le+sociologue+Philippe+Breton%2c+l%e2%80%99interdiction+des+t%c3%a9l%c3%a9phones+%c2%ab%c2%a0les+a+mis+en+col%c3%a8re%c2%a0%c2%bb%26utm_content%3dD%c3%a9tail%26utm_medium%3dDeep+Link%26utm_source%3dDNA" class="noDesktop bt-linkApp" data-event-observe-click="click.exit" data-event_data-observe-click="{ &quot;click&quot;: &quot;Deep link&quot;, &quot;click_placement&quot;: &quot;Détail de contenu&quot;, &quot;click_purpose&quot;: &quot;Promotion application&quot;, &quot;click_item_detail&quot;: &quot;Manifestations lyc&amp;#233;ennes&amp;#160;: pour le sociologue Philippe Breton, l’interdiction des t&amp;#233;l&amp;#233;phones &amp;#171;&amp;#160;les a mis en col&amp;#232;re&amp;#160;&amp;#187;&quot;, &quot;click_item_type&quot;: &quot;Bouton&quot;, &quot;click_text&quot;: &quot;Lire dans l'application&quot;, &quot;click_url&quot;: &quot;https://www.ebra.fr/dp/dna?deeplink=eipressedna%3A%2F%2Fcontent%2Fdetail%3FcmsUrl%3D%2feducation%2f2026%2f10%2f02%2fmanifestations-lyceennes-pour-le-sociologue-philippe-breton-l-interdiction-des-telephones-les-a-mis-en-colere%26utm_campaign%3dManifestations+lyc%c3%a9ennes%c2%a0%3a+pour+le+sociologue+Philippe+Breton%2c+l%e2%80%99interdiction+des+t%c3%a9l%c3%a9phones+%c2%ab%c2%a0les+a+mis+en+col%c3%a8re%c2%a0%c2%bb%26utm_content%3dD%c3%a9tail%26utm_medium%3dDeep+Link%26utm_source%3dDNA&quot; }">Lire dans l'application</a> <a href="https://www.google.com/preferences/source?q=dna.fr" class="bt-googleAction" data-event-observe-click="click.action" data-event_data-observe-click="{ &quot;click&quot;: &quot;Favoris Google&quot;, &quot;click_text&quot;: &quot;Ajoutez-nous à vos favoris&quot;, &quot;click_url&quot;: &quot;https://www.google.com/preferences/source?q=dna.fr&quot;, &quot;click_purpose&quot;: &quot;Audience&quot;}" target="_blank">Ajoutez-nous à vos favoris</a>   | </p><div class="non-paywall1 illustration"><figure class="mainImage"><a href="https://cdn-s-www.dna.fr/images/cf168a2a-b176-4e44-a32b-73f9c0a5448a/NW_raw/philippe-breton-photo-herve-kielwasser-1791303524.jpg" title="Philippe Breton.  Photo Hervé Kielwasser" class="chocolat-image GA-tracking" data-ga_type="click" data-ga_category="Détail" data-ga_action="zoomer" data-ga_label="aggrandir image"><img src="https://cdn-s-www.dna.fr/images/cf168a2a-b176-4e44-a32b-73f9c0a5448a/NW_detail/philippe-breton-photo-herve-kielwasser-1791303524.jpg" srcset="https://cdn-s-www.dna.fr/images/cf168a2a-b176-4e44-a32b-73f9c0a5448a/NW_detail/philippe-breton-photo-herve-kielwasser-1791303524.jpg 1000w, https://cdn-s-www.dna.fr/images/cf168a2a-b176-4e44-a32b-73f9c0a5448a/NW_detail_M/title-1791303524.jpg 500w" sizes="100vw" alt="Philippe Breton.  Photo Hervé Kielwasser" data-mobile="NW_detail_M|1791303524" data-base="NW_detail|1791303524" /></a>
<figcaption class="caption">Philippe Breton.  Photo Hervé Kielwasser</figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="content sec-detail content_element"><div class="preview non-paywall2"><div class="previewContent"><p>Le sociologue Philippe Breton est directeur éditorial de l’Observatoire de la vie politique alsacienne (Ovipal).</p><blockquote class="question"><div>Philippe Breton, comment analysez-vous l’ <a href="https://www.dna.fr/faits-divers-justice/2026/10/01/on-voulait-juste-qu-on-nous-entende-un-troisieme-jour-de-mobilisation-lyceenne-emaille-de-violences" target="_blank">actuel mouvement</a> lycéen ? Quels sont ses ressorts ?</div></blockquote><p>« À chaud, donc avec toutes réserves, il est assez difficile de globaliser, car la situation reste très différente entre un lycée...</p></div></div><div id="paywall-dynamic"><div class="paywall-content"><p class="subtitle">et accédez à l'intégralité de nos articles sur le site et l'application mobile</p><p class="price-detail">à partir de 1 € le 1er mois, sans engagement de durée</p><p class="listSKU c5">{'skus': ['dnaswgpremium16']}</p></div><p><a href="https://www.dna.fr/e-services/Login">Déjà abonné ? Je me connecte</a></p></div><noscript>
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</noscript></div><div class="zoneAside"><div class="zoneFixe mostviewmod"><div class="list list_3c"><article class="article"><p>1 <a href="https://www.dna.fr/faits-divers-justice/2026/10/08/plusieurs-lycees-perturbes-en-alsace-l-universite-de-strasbourg-bloquee" class="article_content">
</a></p><h3 class="titleArticle">Alsace.Colère lycéenne : 1 200 manifestants dans les rues de Strasbourg et une ...</h3>
</article><article class="article"><p>2 <a href="https://www.dna.fr/social/2026/10/07/quelques-blocages-et-rassemblements-sur-les-campus-et-devant-les-lycees-ce-mercredi-matin" class="article_content">
</a></p><h3 class="titleArticle">Alsace.Un ado grièvement blessé avec un pétard, une interpellation à Strasbourg et ...</h3>
</article><article class="article"><p>3 <a href="https://www.dna.fr/education/2026/10/07/la-deputee-europeenne-manon-aubry-a-la-rencontres-des-eleves-du-lycee-marie-curie" class="article_content">
</a></p><h3 class="titleArticle">Strasbourg.Colère lycéenne : la députée européenne LFI Manon Aubry à la rencontre des élèves ...</h3>
</article></div></div></div></div></article></div></section><section class="section S_bottom noPrint"></section></section></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.dna.fr/education/2026/10/02/manifestations-lyceennes-pour-le-sociologue-philippe-breton-l-interdiction-des-telephones-les-a-mis-en-colere</link>
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      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 00:12:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Je suis content d'être considéré ennemi du pointeur]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/IaCaca/comments/1x13xm0/je_suis_content_d%C3%AAtre_consid%C3%A9r%C3%A9_ennemi_du_pointeur/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/it3f9agcebuh1.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=7823e0e9b7e06c2c9ff463ce8371afb982c470a2" alt="Je suis content d'être considéré ennemi du pointeur" title="Je suis content d'être considéré ennemi du pointeur"> </a> </td><td> <!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>Edit: Sur Truthsocial, son réseau de con.</p> <p>Nan mais sérieusement ce truc de "super intelligence" c'est tellement un truc de looser </p> </div><!-- SC_ON -->   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Vylka_Lyra"> /u/Vylka_Lyra </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/IaCaca/"> r/IaCaca </a> <br> <span><a href="https://i.redd.it/it3f9agcebuh1.jpeg">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/IaCaca/comments/1x13xm0/je_suis_content_d%C3%AAtre_consid%C3%A9r%C3%A9_ennemi_du_pointeur/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><p><img src="https://i.redd.it/it3f9agcebuh1.jpeg"></p></div>]]></description>
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      <pubDate>Thu, 08 Oct 2026 23:52:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[«Franchement, méfie-toi» : Rima Hassan porte plainte après une vidéo de menaces au fusil à pompe]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x13it6/franchement_m%C3%A9fietoi_rima_hassan_porte_plainte/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/TBdUuFYPSCAtFoGpuRdXWiBZjXCneMAPxqp6M5MM25o.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=bf85e05166ef4f73db6c3eff137387146878d936" alt="«Franchement, méfie-toi» : Rima Hassan porte plainte après une vidéo de menaces au fusil à pompe" title="«Franchement, méfie-toi» : Rima Hassan porte plainte après une vidéo de menaces au fusil à pompe"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Delicious-Owl"> /u/Delicious-Owl </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/"> r/france </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.liberation.fr/societe/police-justice/franchement-mefie-toi-rima-hassan-porte-plainte-apres-une-video-de-menaces-au-fusil-a-pompe-20261008_6WSJLS7M2JDUFC7KXISFR3WMAQ/">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x13it6/franchement_m%C3%A9fietoi_rima_hassan_porte_plainte/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.liberation.fr/societe/police-justice/franchement-mefie-toi-rima-hassan-porte-plainte-apres-une-video-de-menaces-au-fusil-a-pompe-20261008_6WSJLS7M2JDUFC7KXISFR3WMAQ/</link>
      <guid>https://www.liberation.fr/societe/police-justice/franchement-mefie-toi-rima-hassan-porte-plainte-apres-une-video-de-menaces-au-fusil-a-pompe-20261008_6WSJLS7M2JDUFC7KXISFR3WMAQ/</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 08 Oct 2026 23:34:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Manifestation des lycéens du 7 octobre 2026 à Nancy]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x13fcf/manifestation_des_lyc%C3%A9ens_du_7_octobre_2026_%C3%A0/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/eymol9vkabuh1.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=7ec910d2c0563fa9ee9fad0a2d7f29d73fb9c580" alt="Manifestation des lycéens du 7 octobre 2026 à Nancy" title="Manifestation des lycéens du 7 octobre 2026 à Nancy"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/pasjojo"> /u/pasjojo </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/"> r/france </a> <br> <span><a href="https://i.redd.it/eymol9vkabuh1.jpeg">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x13fcf/manifestation_des_lyc%C3%A9ens_du_7_octobre_2026_%C3%A0/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><p><img src="https://i.redd.it/eymol9vkabuh1.jpeg"></p></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://i.redd.it/eymol9vkabuh1.jpeg</link>
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      <pubDate>Thu, 08 Oct 2026 23:30:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Crise lycéenne : 3 000 profs remplaçants vont rejoindre des établissements « dans les heures qui viennent », annonce Édouard Geffray]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/enseignants/comments/1x123o6/crise_lyc%C3%A9enne_3_000_profs_rempla%C3%A7ants_vont/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/aPDMWO1-RRP4pJ2yi7TGuiEdh209oejr1L-trZMPb0Q.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=0e24583f63cea387af4248990c97d90c6af756e0" alt="Crise lycéenne : 3 000 profs remplaçants vont rejoindre des établissements « dans les heures qui viennent », annonce Édouard Geffray" title="Crise lycéenne : 3 000 profs remplaçants vont rejoindre des établissements « dans les heures qui viennent », annonce Édouard Geffray"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/RomanoElBlanco"> /u/RomanoElBlanco </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/enseignants/"> r/enseignants </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.leparisien.fr/politique/crise-lyceenne-3000-profs-remplacants-vont-rejoindre-des-etablissements-dans-les-heures-qui-viennent-annonce-edouard-geffray-08-10-2026-Z4Z4EK7QWVHFPB3VT35TCHIDJI.php">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/enseignants/comments/1x123o6/crise_lyc%C3%A9enne_3_000_profs_rempla%C3%A7ants_vont/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><section class="content"><p class="lp-f-subtitle-01">Invité du 20 Heures de TF1, ce jeudi, le ministre de l’Éducation nationale a présenté ses « premières mesures concrètes » pour endiguer la colère des jeunes.</p></section><section class="content"><p class="">Matignon avait promis de « premières mesures concrètes » pour endiguer la crise née de la colère lycéenne. Après <a href="https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/colere-des-lyceens-lintersyndicale-etudiante-et-professionnelle-appelle-a-une-journee-de-greve-le-13-octobre-08-10-2026-UQUJS4MAKBGL7MWUJHTYAJS2HE.php" target="_self" rel="">une nouvelle journée de mobilisation</a> de la jeunesse dans toute la France, <a href="https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/pourquoi-edouard-geffray-ne-trouve-pas-la-sortie-de-crise-face-aux-lyceens-qui-appellent-a-continuer-la-mobilisation-02-10-2026-GFUSOWIXJRGFZJ4NV63DKITL5M.php" target="_self" rel="">Édouard Geffray</a>, le ministre de l’Éducation nationale, les a présentées ce jeudi au 20 Heures de TF1.</p></section><section class="content"><section class="content"><p class="">Édouard Geffray a délimité les contours d’un « plan d’urgence » pour soutenir les établissements confrontés à des effectifs de professeurs trop faibles, selon les mots du cabinet du Premier ministre, Sébastien Lecornu.</p></section><section class="content"><p class="">Grâce à un logiciel neuf, le ministère de l’Éducation a identifié 114 établissements dans une situation « très problématique » et 400 autres dans une situation qui l’est un peu moins. Entre vendredi et mardi, des professeurs y seront affectés, parmi un contingent de 3 000 enseignants actuellement sans lycée. « Jusqu’à présent, on savait mal les affecter, notamment », a reconnu Édouard Geffray, de retour d’un déplacement à Reims (Marne).</p></section><section class="content"><section class="content"><section class="content"><p class="">Le ministre a également indiqué que les recteurs seraient prochainement autorisés à recruter davantage qu’aujourd’hui, « quelques centaines de professeurs de plus là où nous avons des besoins ».</p></section><section class="content"><section class="content"><p class="">« Par ailleurs, on va également donner plusieurs centaines de milliers, pour faire simple, d’heures supplémentaires - ce qu’on appelle <a href="https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/pacte-enseignant-un-professeur-sur-quatre-a-signe-selon-attal-les-syndicats-perplexes-face-a-ces-chiffres-29-09-2023-IM64BLPYENHBLAM3GY5FRWUNCM.php" target="_self" rel="">le pacte enseignant</a> - par anticipation aux proviseurs pour qu’ils puissent avoir des remplacements de courte durée à l’intérieur de leurs établissements avec les professeurs volontaires », a-t-il développé.</p></section><section class="content"><p class="">Ces mesures, le ministre les chiffre à plusieurs dizaines de millions d’euros d’ici à la fin de l’année.</p></section><section class="content"><p class="">Édouard Geffray a ensuite fait « état des premières restitutions des revendications remontées par les lycéens » sur une plate-forme de concertation lancée lundi. 66 000 contributions de lycéens ont été comptabilisées à ce stade.</p></section><section class="content"><p class="">« Leur parole va être entendue et nous en tirerons des conséquences dans le projet de budget, a-t-il promis. (…) On va regarder la situation de chaque établissement et puis on va trouver des réponses politiques, collectives. Le gouvernement fera des propositions d’amendements dans le cadre de l’examen du <a href="https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/blocage-des-lycees-sebastien-lecornu-donne-sa-feuille-de-route-aux-ministres-avec-cinq-chantiers-04-10-2026-T63MVX64PBEAPDFVLJKBPJ44AE.php" target="_self" rel="">projet de loi de finances</a> sur le budget de l’Éducation nationale grâce à ces contributions objectivées. C’est la première fois que nos lycéens auront un effet sur le budget de l’Éducation nationale. »</p></section><section class="content"><p class="">Selon la trajectoire définie par le gouvernement, 64 milliards d’euros vont être alloués à l’Éducation nationale en 2027, un chiffre en hausse de 1,2 milliard d’euros par rapport à 2026.</p></section><section class="content"><div class="article-read-also_container fs_18_26_ad fs_16_20_nd ff_gcd fw_sb"><hr class="article-read-also_hr top" /><p>À lire aussi<a href="https://www.leparisien.fr/politique/blocages-des-lycees-pourquoi-laurent-nunez-et-edouard-geffray-divergent-face-a-la-crise-08-10-2026-XL53X5KPE5HY3JSQAIZ5DZBRUI.php" data-previous-block="Article_lire_aussi" data-previous-rubrique="politique" data-article-type="article;article_video" class="article-read-also_link no_underline">Blocages des lycées : pourquoi Laurent Nuñez et Édouard Geffray divergent face à la crise</a></p><hr class="article-read-also_hr bottom" /></div></section><section class="content"><p class="">D’après Matignon, il avait été convenu qu’Édouard Geffray et Sébastien Lecornu se partagent la charge des annonces. <a href="https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/colere-des-lyceens-prix-des-carburants-crise-agricole-ce-quil-faut-retenir-de-la-prise-de-parole-de-sebastien-lecornu-07-10-2026-ER4AS3LP4RBRNIAJ5XFGOYMAVI.php" target="_self" rel="">Le Premier ministre a pris la parole</a> mercredi, assurant « prendre les jeunes au sérieux » sans toutefois s’étendre sur les solutions que le gouvernement comptait leur proposer. Le chef du gouvernement est davantage entré dans le concret s’agissant de la flambée des prix du carburant, de la détresse agricole ou du poids de la dette sur le budget 2027.</p></section><section class="content"><p class="">Protéiformes, les crises s’additionnent mais ne coagulent pas pour le moment. C’est pourtant une perspective que craint le gouvernement, à la manœuvre pour tenter d’éteindre les points chauds.</p></section></section></section></section></section>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.leparisien.fr/politique/crise-lyceenne-3000-profs-remplacants-vont-rejoindre-des-etablissements-dans-les-heures-qui-viennent-annonce-edouard-geffray-08-10-2026-Z4Z4EK7QWVHFPB3VT35TCHIDJI.php</link>
      <guid>https://www.leparisien.fr/politique/crise-lyceenne-3000-profs-remplacants-vont-rejoindre-des-etablissements-dans-les-heures-qui-viennent-annonce-edouard-geffray-08-10-2026-Z4Z4EK7QWVHFPB3VT35TCHIDJI.php</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 08 Oct 2026 22:38:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Crise lycéenne : 3 000 profs remplaçants vont rejoindre des établissements « dans les heures qui viennent », annonce Édouard Geffray]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x109we/crise_lyc%C3%A9enne_3_000_profs_rempla%C3%A7ants_vont/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/aPDMWO1-RRP4pJ2yi7TGuiEdh209oejr1L-trZMPb0Q.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=0e24583f63cea387af4248990c97d90c6af756e0" alt="Crise lycéenne : 3 000 profs remplaçants vont rejoindre des établissements « dans les heures qui viennent », annonce Édouard Geffray" title="Crise lycéenne : 3 000 profs remplaçants vont rejoindre des établissements « dans les heures qui viennent », annonce Édouard Geffray"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Tavek"> /u/Tavek </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/"> r/france </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.leparisien.fr/politique/crise-lyceenne-3000-profs-remplacants-vont-rejoindre-des-etablissements-dans-les-heures-qui-viennent-annonce-edouard-geffray-08-10-2026-Z4Z4EK7QWVHFPB3VT35TCHIDJI.php">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x109we/crise_lyc%C3%A9enne_3_000_profs_rempla%C3%A7ants_vont/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><section class="content"><p class="lp-f-subtitle-01">Invité du 20 Heures de TF1, ce jeudi, le ministre de l’Éducation nationale a présenté ses « premières mesures concrètes » pour endiguer la colère des jeunes.</p></section><section class="content"><p class="">Matignon avait promis de « premières mesures concrètes » pour endiguer la crise née de la colère lycéenne. Après <a href="https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/colere-des-lyceens-lintersyndicale-etudiante-et-professionnelle-appelle-a-une-journee-de-greve-le-13-octobre-08-10-2026-UQUJS4MAKBGL7MWUJHTYAJS2HE.php" target="_self" rel="">une nouvelle journée de mobilisation</a> de la jeunesse dans toute la France, <a href="https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/pourquoi-edouard-geffray-ne-trouve-pas-la-sortie-de-crise-face-aux-lyceens-qui-appellent-a-continuer-la-mobilisation-02-10-2026-GFUSOWIXJRGFZJ4NV63DKITL5M.php" target="_self" rel="">Édouard Geffray</a>, le ministre de l’Éducation nationale, les a présentées ce jeudi au 20 Heures de TF1.</p></section><section class="content"><section class="content"><p class="">Édouard Geffray a délimité les contours d’un « plan d’urgence » pour soutenir les établissements confrontés à des effectifs de professeurs trop faibles, selon les mots du cabinet du Premier ministre, Sébastien Lecornu.</p></section><section class="content"><p class="">Grâce à un logiciel neuf, le ministère de l’Éducation a identifié 114 établissements dans une situation « très problématique » et 400 autres dans une situation qui l’est un peu moins. Entre vendredi et mardi, des professeurs y seront affectés, parmi un contingent de 3 000 enseignants actuellement sans lycée. « Jusqu’à présent, on savait mal les affecter, notamment », a reconnu Édouard Geffray, de retour d’un déplacement à Reims (Marne).</p></section><section class="content"><section class="content"><section class="content"><p class="">Le ministre a également indiqué que les recteurs seraient prochainement autorisés à recruter davantage qu’aujourd’hui, « quelques centaines de professeurs de plus là où nous avons des besoins ».</p></section><section class="content"><section class="content"><p class="">« Par ailleurs, on va également donner plusieurs centaines de milliers, pour faire simple, d’heures supplémentaires - ce qu’on appelle <a href="https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/pacte-enseignant-un-professeur-sur-quatre-a-signe-selon-attal-les-syndicats-perplexes-face-a-ces-chiffres-29-09-2023-IM64BLPYENHBLAM3GY5FRWUNCM.php" target="_self" rel="">le pacte enseignant</a> - par anticipation aux proviseurs pour qu’ils puissent avoir des remplacements de courte durée à l’intérieur de leurs établissements avec les professeurs volontaires », a-t-il développé.</p></section><section class="content"><p class="">Ces mesures, le ministre les chiffre à plusieurs dizaines de millions d’euros d’ici à la fin de l’année.</p></section><section class="content"><p class="">Édouard Geffray a ensuite fait « état des premières restitutions des revendications remontées par les lycéens » sur une plate-forme de concertation lancée lundi. 66 000 contributions de lycéens ont été comptabilisées à ce stade.</p></section><section class="content"><p class="">« Leur parole va être entendue et nous en tirerons des conséquences dans le projet de budget, a-t-il promis. (…) On va regarder la situation de chaque établissement et puis on va trouver des réponses politiques, collectives. Le gouvernement fera des propositions d’amendements dans le cadre de l’examen du <a href="https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/blocage-des-lycees-sebastien-lecornu-donne-sa-feuille-de-route-aux-ministres-avec-cinq-chantiers-04-10-2026-T63MVX64PBEAPDFVLJKBPJ44AE.php" target="_self" rel="">projet de loi de finances</a> sur le budget de l’Éducation nationale grâce à ces contributions objectivées. C’est la première fois que nos lycéens auront un effet sur le budget de l’Éducation nationale. »</p></section><section class="content"><p class="">Selon la trajectoire définie par le gouvernement, 64 milliards d’euros vont être alloués à l’Éducation nationale en 2027, un chiffre en hausse de 1,2 milliard d’euros par rapport à 2026.</p></section><section class="content"><div class="article-read-also_container fs_18_26_ad fs_16_20_nd ff_gcd fw_sb"><hr class="article-read-also_hr top" /><p>À lire aussi<a href="https://www.leparisien.fr/politique/blocages-des-lycees-pourquoi-laurent-nunez-et-edouard-geffray-divergent-face-a-la-crise-08-10-2026-XL53X5KPE5HY3JSQAIZ5DZBRUI.php" data-previous-block="Article_lire_aussi" data-previous-rubrique="politique" data-article-type="article;article_video" class="article-read-also_link no_underline">Blocages des lycées : pourquoi Laurent Nuñez et Édouard Geffray divergent face à la crise</a></p><hr class="article-read-also_hr bottom" /></div></section><section class="content"><p class="">D’après Matignon, il avait été convenu qu’Édouard Geffray et Sébastien Lecornu se partagent la charge des annonces. <a href="https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/colere-des-lyceens-prix-des-carburants-crise-agricole-ce-quil-faut-retenir-de-la-prise-de-parole-de-sebastien-lecornu-07-10-2026-ER4AS3LP4RBRNIAJ5XFGOYMAVI.php" target="_self" rel="">Le Premier ministre a pris la parole</a> mercredi, assurant « prendre les jeunes au sérieux » sans toutefois s’étendre sur les solutions que le gouvernement comptait leur proposer. Le chef du gouvernement est davantage entré dans le concret s’agissant de la flambée des prix du carburant, de la détresse agricole ou du poids de la dette sur le budget 2027.</p></section><section class="content"><p class="">Protéiformes, les crises s’additionnent mais ne coagulent pas pour le moment. C’est pourtant une perspective que craint le gouvernement, à la manœuvre pour tenter d’éteindre les points chauds.</p></section></section></section></section></section>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.leparisien.fr/politique/crise-lyceenne-3000-profs-remplacants-vont-rejoindre-des-etablissements-dans-les-heures-qui-viennent-annonce-edouard-geffray-08-10-2026-Z4Z4EK7QWVHFPB3VT35TCHIDJI.php</link>
      <guid>https://www.leparisien.fr/politique/crise-lyceenne-3000-profs-remplacants-vont-rejoindre-des-etablissements-dans-les-heures-qui-viennent-annonce-edouard-geffray-08-10-2026-Z4Z4EK7QWVHFPB3VT35TCHIDJI.php</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 08 Oct 2026 21:28:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Fallait croire en l'âme des cartes poto]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/rance/comments/1x0zf6f/fallait_croire_en_l%C3%A2me_des_cartes_poto/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/3d3zcyxqiauh1.png?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=767f3cb0b9a62fc6d450c2f9b74edba26c6b73f6" alt="Fallait croire en l'âme des cartes poto" title="Fallait croire en l'âme des cartes poto"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Coffeeobsi"> /u/Coffeeobsi </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/rance/"> r/rance </a> <br> <span><a href="https://i.redd.it/3d3zcyxqiauh1.png">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/rance/comments/1x0zf6f/fallait_croire_en_l%C3%A2me_des_cartes_poto/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><p><img src="https://i.redd.it/3d3zcyxqiauh1.png"></p></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://i.redd.it/3d3zcyxqiauh1.png</link>
      <guid>https://i.redd.it/3d3zcyxqiauh1.png</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 08 Oct 2026 20:56:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Kira never being let off the hook]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/lovethissmug/comments/1x0z218/kira_never_being_let_off_the_hook/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/inajth5lgauh1.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=989dc4112b67e0085f4a5d401814d42a5800a084" alt="Kira never being let off the hook" title="Kira never being let off the hook"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Peanut_butter_19"> /u/Peanut_butter_19 </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/lovethissmug/"> r/lovethissmug </a> <br> <span><a href="https://i.redd.it/inajth5lgauh1.jpeg">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/lovethissmug/comments/1x0z218/kira_never_being_let_off_the_hook/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><p><img src="https://i.redd.it/inajth5lgauh1.jpeg"></p></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://i.redd.it/inajth5lgauh1.jpeg</link>
      <guid>https://i.redd.it/inajth5lgauh1.jpeg</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 08 Oct 2026 20:42:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Meme manigancé avec djellaba]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/FrenchMemes/comments/1x0ypac/meme_maniganc%C3%A9_avec_djellaba/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/wpt4bpc9eauh1.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=375206f47ae929f84b612f2b4514d86fb0214e3f" alt="Meme manigancé avec djellaba" title="Meme manigancé avec djellaba"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Dexen3356"> /u/Dexen3356 </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/FrenchMemes/"> r/FrenchMemes </a> <br> <span><a href="https://i.redd.it/wpt4bpc9eauh1.jpeg">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/FrenchMemes/comments/1x0ypac/meme_maniganc%C3%A9_avec_djellaba/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><p><img src="https://i.redd.it/wpt4bpc9eauh1.jpeg"></p></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://i.redd.it/wpt4bpc9eauh1.jpeg</link>
      <guid>https://i.redd.it/wpt4bpc9eauh1.jpeg</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 08 Oct 2026 20:29:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[L'hypocrisie des anti manifestations]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>Les gens qui condamnent les violences lors des manifestations tout en profitant des acquis des mouvements sociaux précédents devraient y aller doucement avec l'hypocrisie :</p> <p>- 1936 : congés payés, 40h, hausses de salaires</p> <p>- 1968 : +35 % du SMIG, +10 % de salaires, droits syndicaux</p> <p>- 1995 : recul sur le plan Juppé</p> <p>- 2006 : retrait du CPE</p> <p>- 2018-2019 : abandon de la taxe carbone</p> <p>Ces acquis n'ont pas été obtenus en contre argumentant bien gentiment avec pascal praud: grèves, blocages et rapport de force ont contraint le pouvoir à céder.</p> <p>Ça ne justifie pas chaque violence.</p> <p>Mais si vous condamnez le rapport de force tout en profitant de ses résultats, il faut au moins avoir l'honnêteté d'assumer cette faiblesse intellectuelle.</p> </div><!-- SC_ON -->   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/silfers"> /u/silfers </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/besoinderaler/"> r/besoinderaler </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/besoinderaler/comments/1x0ykto/lhypocrisie_des_anti_manifestations/">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/besoinderaler/comments/1x0ykto/lhypocrisie_des_anti_manifestations/">[comments]</a></span><br/><hr/><br/><p>You've been blocked by network security.</p><div class="text-16 text-neutral-content-weak"><div class="pt-md">To continue, log in to your Reddit account or use your developer token<p>If you think you've been blocked by mistake, file a ticket below and we'll look into it.</p><p><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-primary" href="https://www.reddit.com/login/">Log in </a><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-secondary" href="https://support.reddithelp.com/hc/en-us/requests/new?ticket_form_id=21879292693140">File a ticket</a></p></div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.reddit.com/r/besoinderaler/comments/1x0ykto/lhypocrisie_des_anti_manifestations/</link>
      <guid>https://www.reddit.com/r/besoinderaler/comments/1x0ykto/lhypocrisie_des_anti_manifestations/</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 08 Oct 2026 20:25:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Accusé d'avoir foncé sur des lycéens, le chef de la police municipale de Port-de-Bouc suspendu de ses fonctions]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x0y7gk/accus%C3%A9_davoir_fonc%C3%A9_sur_des_lyc%C3%A9ens_le_chef_de_la/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/1ITtrPiHt-M6vv3VoT12qHX8EqU-efWQFD0fLGO7PAE.png?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=1395ad26eac146d98767b453b1455cac297366eb" alt="Accusé d'avoir foncé sur des lycéens, le chef de la police municipale de Port-de-Bouc suspendu de ses fonctions" title="Accusé d'avoir foncé sur des lycéens, le chef de la police municipale de Port-de-Bouc suspendu de ses fonctions"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Ishtu_"> /u/Ishtu_ </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/"> r/france </a> <br> <span><a href="https://france3-regions.franceinfo.fr/provence-alpes-cote-d-azur/bouches-du-rhone/marseille/accuse-d-avoir-fonce-sur-des-lyceens-le-chef-de-la-police-municipale-de-port-de-bouc-suspendu-de-ses-fonctions-3430254.html">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x0y7gk/accus%C3%A9_davoir_fonc%C3%A9_sur_des_lyc%C3%A9ens_le_chef_de_la/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><p>À Port-de-Bouc, le chef de la police municipale a été suspendu après la publication d'une vidéo montrant son véhicule fonçant sur des lycéens en marge des manifestations étudiantes, a révélé <a href="https://marsactu.fr/port-de-bouc-le-chef-de-la-police-municipale-suspendu-apres-avoir-fonce-sur-des-lyceens/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" data-tooltip-url="https://marsactu.fr/port-de-bouc-le-chef-de-la-police-municipale-suspendu-apres-avoir-fonce-sur-des-lyceens/">Marsactu</a>, confirmé par ICI Provence-Alpes.</p><p>Les faits remontent au vendredi 2 octobre, alors que des élèves manifestaient devant le lycée Jean-Moulin dans le cadre du mouvement lycéen, le conducteur d’une voiture de la police municipale a foncé à vive allure sur trois lycéens. Un événement capté en vidéo par un témoin de la scène. On y voit les lycéens courir pour tenter d'éviter le véhicule roulant à vive allure.</p><p>Selon les informations de <em>Marsactu</em>, confirmées à ICI Provence-Alpes, il s’agit du chef de poste de la police municipale. Le journal indépendant indique par ailleurs avoir contacté le principal concerné. Ce dernier aurait répondu en invoquant ne pas avoir eu l’autorisation de s’exprimer.</p><p>La municipalité de Port-de-Bouc regrette quant à elle un événement <em>"profondément choquant"</em>. Le maire Laurent Belsola (PCF), a ainsi signé un courrier décidant de la suspension du policier municipal ce mercredi 7 octobre. Ce dernier a donc été convoqué jeudi 8 octobre avant son entretien préalable à une sanction disciplinaire, vendredi 9 octobre.</p><p>À lire aussi : <a href="https://france3-regions.franceinfo.fr/provence-alpes-cote-d-azur/bouches-du-rhone/marseille/un-crs-en-plein-saut-frappant-un-lyceen-maintenu-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-l-enquete-confiee-a-l-igpn-apres-l-usage-de-la-force-sur-un-manifestant-a-marseille-3429984.html" class="media-embed__link" data-media-embed-link="">Un CRS en plein saut, frappant un lycéen maintenu… Ce que l'on sait de l'enquête confiée à l'IGPN après l'usage de la force sur un manifestant à Marseille</a></p><p>Une rétrogradation pourrait être envisagée, mais le directeur de cabinet de Laurent Belsola précise à Marsactu : <em>"Ça, c’est s’il nous dit qu’il voulait tuer les lycéens, mais ce qui est plus ou moins envisagé, c’est une mise à pied disciplinaire".</em></p><p><em>"Il était seul, comme ça peut arriver dans ses obligations de service, [mais] l’intervention du véhicule est disproportionnée"</em>, a-t-il reconnu auprès du média d’investigation. Sa présence aurait été justifiée par des feux de poubelles déclenchés, la veille, devant le lycée Charles-Montgrand, l’autre établissement technique de la ville.</p>]]></description>
      <link>https://france3-regions.franceinfo.fr/provence-alpes-cote-d-azur/bouches-du-rhone/marseille/accuse-d-avoir-fonce-sur-des-lyceens-le-chef-de-la-police-municipale-de-port-de-bouc-suspendu-de-ses-fonctions-3430254.html</link>
      <guid>https://france3-regions.franceinfo.fr/provence-alpes-cote-d-azur/bouches-du-rhone/marseille/accuse-d-avoir-fonce-sur-des-lyceens-le-chef-de-la-police-municipale-de-port-de-bouc-suspendu-de-ses-fonctions-3430254.html</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 08 Oct 2026 20:11:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Je vais en manif : je fais quoi ? tuto]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>Préambule : ceci est un post pour les jeunes manifestants voulant soutenir calmement le mouvement sans faire de crise dnangoisse ou se faire piétiner en foule, aucune violence n’est encouragée ici :)</p> <p>Bonjour tout le monde j’espère que vous allez bien :)</p> <p>Je sors tout juste de mobilisation, petit tips utile si vous allez en manif à l’avenir :</p> <p>- On n’y va pas tout seul, soyez au moins à 2, quatre c’est mieux quand même</p> <p>- ne vous séparez jamais, JAMAIS et on garde toujours un œil sur les autres</p> <p>- on retient le nom d’un avocate et on prévient au moins un proche qu’on va manifester</p> <p>- sérum phy et masque, au moins pour vous. Vous vous ferez peut être fouiller. Fouille = on ne part pas en manif avec son opinel</p> <p>- on ne COURT PAS, on marche toujours calmement</p> <p>- si vous vous faites gazer, sérum, et ne toucher pas vos yeux ni vos habits, passez tout à la machine et lavez vous les cheveux le soir</p> <p>- gardez toujours un œil sur ce qu’il se passe, prenez pas de risque et écoutez vous</p> <p>Bonus : si vous êtes blanc et adulte ramenez + de matos pour en filer aux personnes qui se sont faites confisquer leurs affaires. Par matos j’entends sérum phy, masques et compresses. Attendez vous à vous les faire confisquer cependant.</p> <p>Voilà bisous faites attention à vous surtout 🙏</p> <p>EDIT : d’après des utilisateur juste en dessous : "Et n’hésitez pas à donner des cookies des gâteaux des brioches etc aux lycéens pour les soutenir<br> Et pour le num d’1 avocat : écrivez le sur votre bras au marker". "Si blessures il y a (perte de sang ou autres), écrire son groupe sanguin et le nom de sa personne de confiance sur le bras"</p> <p>EDIT 2 : l’arrêté préfectoral du 2 octobre empêche de venir avec du "port d’équipements de protection destinés à mettre en échec tout ou partie des moyens utilisés par les représentants de la force publique pour le maintien de l’ordre public" donc on ne vient pas avec ses lunettes de piscine</p> </div><!-- SC_ON -->   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/elecktractopelle"> /u/elecktractopelle </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/etudiants/"> r/etudiants </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/etudiants/comments/1x0xh69/je_vais_en_manif_je_fais_quoi_tuto/">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/etudiants/comments/1x0xh69/je_vais_en_manif_je_fais_quoi_tuto/">[comments]</a></span><br/><hr/><br/><p>You've been blocked by network security.</p><div class="text-16 text-neutral-content-weak"><div class="pt-md">To continue, log in to your Reddit account or use your developer token<p>If you think you've been blocked by mistake, file a ticket below and we'll look into it.</p><p><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-primary" href="https://www.reddit.com/login/">Log in </a><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-secondary" href="https://support.reddithelp.com/hc/en-us/requests/new?ticket_form_id=21879292693140">File a ticket</a></p></div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.reddit.com/r/etudiants/comments/1x0xh69/je_vais_en_manif_je_fais_quoi_tuto/</link>
      <guid>https://www.reddit.com/r/etudiants/comments/1x0xh69/je_vais_en_manif_je_fais_quoi_tuto/</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 08 Oct 2026 19:42:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[on m'a demandé de vendre un stylo en entretien]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>pour un poste de "agent/employé polyvalent" chez ugc.</p> <p>la nana avait un stylo bic et elle m'a dit "vends moi ce stylo"</p> <p>ils étaient 2 pendant l'entretien, ce genre de truc je l'avais déjà entendu sur internet mais je pensais que c'était du troll ou que ça se faisait seulement dans les années 90.</p> <p>je me demande si d'autres ont vécus ça avec ugc ou pathé? car j'ai l'impression qu'ils se moquaient de moi les 2 ?</p> <p>aussi ils m'ont demandés si ça me dérangerait de me salir les mains pour nettoyer les toilettes et faire le ménage dans les salles à la fin des séances..</p> <p>je pensais que je serais à la caisse moi à la base ou bien verification des tickets.</p> <p>payé au smic et elle a rigolée quand j'ai demandé si on avais une carte ugc illimité ou quelque chose comme ça en avantages</p> </div><!-- SC_ON -->   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Formal-Ebb5616"> /u/Formal-Ebb5616 </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/emploi/"> r/emploi </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/emploi/comments/1x0xaoe/on_ma_demand%C3%A9_de_vendre_un_stylo_en_entretien/">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/emploi/comments/1x0xaoe/on_ma_demand%C3%A9_de_vendre_un_stylo_en_entretien/">[comments]</a></span><br/><hr/><br/><p>You've been blocked by network security.</p><div class="text-16 text-neutral-content-weak"><div class="pt-md">To continue, log in to your Reddit account or use your developer token<p>If you think you've been blocked by mistake, file a ticket below and we'll look into it.</p><p><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-primary" href="https://www.reddit.com/login/">Log in </a><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-secondary" href="https://support.reddithelp.com/hc/en-us/requests/new?ticket_form_id=21879292693140">File a ticket</a></p></div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.reddit.com/r/emploi/comments/1x0xaoe/on_ma_demand%C3%A9_de_vendre_un_stylo_en_entretien/</link>
      <guid>https://www.reddit.com/r/emploi/comments/1x0xaoe/on_ma_demand%C3%A9_de_vendre_un_stylo_en_entretien/</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 08 Oct 2026 19:36:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Another blow to French-German defense cooperation: The French chief of staff announces that "the Germans have decided to pull out of the project" for the future tank, four months after the failure of the FCAS [Future Combat Air System]]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/europe/comments/1x0x567/another_blow_to_frenchgerman_defense_cooperation/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/hoZgnFjDtPEE3oCIRyRmpjOJnWePJAw0Xnbqs_L1FR0.jpeg?width=320&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=da728ff4152a5580bade0823648c475b9285ae67" alt='Another blow to French-German defense cooperation: The French chief of staff announces that "the Germans have decided to pull out of the project" for the future tank, four months after the failure of the FCAS [Future Combat Air System]' title='Another blow to French-German defense cooperation: The French chief of staff announces that "the Germans have decided to pull out of the project" for the future tank, four months after the failure of the FCAS [Future Combat Air System]'> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Shiirooo"> /u/Shiirooo </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/europe/"> r/europe </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.bfmtv.com/economie/entreprises/defense/nouveau-coup-de-tonnerre-pour-la-defense-franco-allemande-le-chef-d-etat-major-des-armees-annonce-que-les-allemands-ont-decide-de-quitter-le-projet-de-char-du-futur_AN-202610080740.html">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/europe/comments/1x0x567/another_blow_to_frenchgerman_defense_cooperation/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><p>Nouveau revers majeur pour la coopération militaire franco-allemande. Le chef d&amp;#39;état-major des Armées, le général Fabien Mandon, annonce ce jeudi 8 octobre que &amp;quot;les Allemands ont décidé de quitter le projet&amp;quot; du MGCS, le programme franco-allemand de char du futur. &amp;quot;Ce n&amp;#39;est pas un échec complet, c&amp;#39;est un choix allemand important. Nos armées de terre ont travaillé ensemble pendant plusieurs années pour réfléchir à ce que devait être un futur char de combat&amp;quot;, a-t-il détaillé lors d&amp;#39;une audition à l&amp;#39;Assemblée nationale. &amp;quot;Les grands principes du char sont validés, ça n&amp;#39;a pas été un travail vain&amp;quot;, cherche à rassurer le chef d&amp;#39;état-major des Armées qui reconnaît que &amp;quot;ce n&amp;#39;est pas une bonne nouvelle au plan industriel&amp;quot;. Des études sur le successeur du char Leclerc en 2027 Ce programme MGCS avec un système de combat terrestre autour d&amp;#39;un char était attendu vers 2045. Lancé en 2017 comme le Scaf par la France et l’Allemagne, le MGCS avait pour objectif de remplacer les chars Leclerc français et Leopard 2 allemand. L&amp;#39;arrivée en 2019 de Rheinmetall dans le projet MGCS a bousculé l&amp;#39;équilibre initial et le projet est depuis ralenti par des tensions industrielles et politiques franco-allemandes. &amp;quot;Sur mon besoin, il demeure d&amp;#39;avoir toujours une capacité de combat lourde, une puissance de feu d&amp;#39;un char reste pertinente. On voit qu&amp;#39;on doit penser des plateformes qui se complètent avec des robots, de l&amp;#39;intelligence artificielle, des plateformes peut-être moins gourmandes en hommes et femmes pour les mettre en œuvre et s&amp;#39;appuyer plus sur les échanges de données&amp;quot;, imagine le général Fabien Mandon. Ce dernier estime qu&amp;#39;&amp;quot;il faut continuer de travailler sur l&amp;#39;avenir du char&amp;quot;. &amp;quot;On aura un retrait progressif du Leclerc à partir de 2038. En 2027, on doit lancer les études pour être au rendez-vous de cette échéance&amp;quot;, poursuit-il. &amp;quot;On doit aller vers des systèmes qui interagissent entre eux où chaque pilote de char est parfaitement conscient de la meilleure manœuvre à concevoir&amp;quot;, selon le chef d&amp;#39;état major des Armées. Un projet qui bat de l&amp;#39;aile Le projet accumulait les retards et les désaccords industriels. Les tensions portaient notamment sur la répartition des tâches entre les entreprises françaises et allemandes, le financement du programme et les choix technologiques. Le calendrier s&amp;#39;est progressivement éloigné, avec une mise en service qui ne serait désormais pas envisageable avant les années 2040, voire 2045. Les doutes s&amp;#39;étaient encore accentués ces derniers mois. Dans un entretien au quotidien allemand Welt am Sonntag, le patron de Rheinmetall, Armin Papperger, avait publiquement évoqué le risque d&amp;#39;un retrait français du programme. Selon ses informations, Paris envisageait de réduire drastiquement sa contribution financière, à moins de la moitié du budget initialement prévu. Ce retrait allemand intervient quatre mois seulement après l&amp;#39;échec d&amp;#39;un autre grand programme militaire franco-allemand, le Scaf (Système de combat aérien du futur). Lancé lui aussi en 2017 par Emmanuel Macron et Angela Merkel, ce projet devait permettre à la France, à l&amp;#39;Allemagne et à l&amp;#39;Espagne de développer un avion de combat de nouvelle génération destiné à remplacer le Rafale et l&amp;#39;Eurofighter à partir des années 2040.</p>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.bfmtv.com/economie/entreprises/defense/nouveau-coup-de-tonnerre-pour-la-defense-franco-allemande-le-chef-d-etat-major-des-armees-annonce-que-les-allemands-ont-decide-de-quitter-le-projet-de-char-du-futur_AN-202610080740.html</link>
      <guid>https://www.bfmtv.com/economie/entreprises/defense/nouveau-coup-de-tonnerre-pour-la-defense-franco-allemande-le-chef-d-etat-major-des-armees-annonce-que-les-allemands-ont-decide-de-quitter-le-projet-de-char-du-futur_AN-202610080740.html</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 08 Oct 2026 19:30:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Nouveau coup de tonnerre pour la défense franco-allemande: le chef des armées annonce que "les Allemands ont décidé de quitter le projet" de char du futur, 4 mois après l'échec du Scaf]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x0wqnv/nouveau_coup_de_tonnerre_pour_la_d%C3%A9fense/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/hoZgnFjDtPEE3oCIRyRmpjOJnWePJAw0Xnbqs_L1FR0.jpeg?width=320&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=da728ff4152a5580bade0823648c475b9285ae67" alt="Nouveau coup de tonnerre pour la défense franco-allemande: le chef des armées annonce que &quot;les Allemands ont décidé de quitter le projet&quot; de char du futur, 4 mois après l'échec du Scaf" title="Nouveau coup de tonnerre pour la défense franco-allemande: le chef des armées annonce que &quot;les Allemands ont décidé de quitter le projet&quot; de char du futur, 4 mois après l'échec du Scaf"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/SweeneyisMad"> /u/SweeneyisMad </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/"> r/france </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.bfmtv.com/economie/entreprises/defense/nouveau-coup-de-tonnerre-pour-la-defense-franco-allemande-le-chef-d-etat-major-des-armees-annonce-que-les-allemands-ont-decide-de-quitter-le-projet-de-char-du-futur_AN-202610080740.html">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x0wqnv/nouveau_coup_de_tonnerre_pour_la_d%C3%A9fense/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><p>Nouveau revers majeur pour la coopération militaire franco-allemande. Le chef d&amp;#39;état-major des Armées, le général Fabien Mandon, annonce ce jeudi 8 octobre que &amp;quot;les Allemands ont décidé de quitter le projet&amp;quot; du MGCS, le programme franco-allemand de char du futur. &amp;quot;Ce n&amp;#39;est pas un échec complet, c&amp;#39;est un choix allemand important. Nos armées de terre ont travaillé ensemble pendant plusieurs années pour réfléchir à ce que devait être un futur char de combat&amp;quot;, a-t-il détaillé lors d&amp;#39;une audition à l&amp;#39;Assemblée nationale. &amp;quot;Les grands principes du char sont validés, ça n&amp;#39;a pas été un travail vain&amp;quot;, cherche à rassurer le chef d&amp;#39;état-major des Armées qui reconnaît que &amp;quot;ce n&amp;#39;est pas une bonne nouvelle au plan industriel&amp;quot;. Des études sur le successeur du char Leclerc en 2027 Ce programme MGCS avec un système de combat terrestre autour d&amp;#39;un char était attendu vers 2045. Lancé en 2017 comme le Scaf par la France et l’Allemagne, le MGCS avait pour objectif de remplacer les chars Leclerc français et Leopard 2 allemand. L&amp;#39;arrivée en 2019 de Rheinmetall dans le projet MGCS a bousculé l&amp;#39;équilibre initial et le projet est depuis ralenti par des tensions industrielles et politiques franco-allemandes. &amp;quot;Sur mon besoin, il demeure d&amp;#39;avoir toujours une capacité de combat lourde, une puissance de feu d&amp;#39;un char reste pertinente. On voit qu&amp;#39;on doit penser des plateformes qui se complètent avec des robots, de l&amp;#39;intelligence artificielle, des plateformes peut-être moins gourmandes en hommes et femmes pour les mettre en œuvre et s&amp;#39;appuyer plus sur les échanges de données&amp;quot;, imagine le général Fabien Mandon. Ce dernier estime qu&amp;#39;&amp;quot;il faut continuer de travailler sur l&amp;#39;avenir du char&amp;quot;. &amp;quot;On aura un retrait progressif du Leclerc à partir de 2038. En 2027, on doit lancer les études pour être au rendez-vous de cette échéance&amp;quot;, poursuit-il. &amp;quot;On doit aller vers des systèmes qui interagissent entre eux où chaque pilote de char est parfaitement conscient de la meilleure manœuvre à concevoir&amp;quot;, selon le chef d&amp;#39;état major des Armées. Un projet qui bat de l&amp;#39;aile Le projet accumulait les retards et les désaccords industriels. Les tensions portaient notamment sur la répartition des tâches entre les entreprises françaises et allemandes, le financement du programme et les choix technologiques. Le calendrier s&amp;#39;est progressivement éloigné, avec une mise en service qui ne serait désormais pas envisageable avant les années 2040, voire 2045. Les doutes s&amp;#39;étaient encore accentués ces derniers mois. Dans un entretien au quotidien allemand Welt am Sonntag, le patron de Rheinmetall, Armin Papperger, avait publiquement évoqué le risque d&amp;#39;un retrait français du programme. Selon ses informations, Paris envisageait de réduire drastiquement sa contribution financière, à moins de la moitié du budget initialement prévu. Ce retrait allemand intervient quatre mois seulement après l&amp;#39;échec d&amp;#39;un autre grand programme militaire franco-allemand, le Scaf (Système de combat aérien du futur). Lancé lui aussi en 2017 par Emmanuel Macron et Angela Merkel, ce projet devait permettre à la France, à l&amp;#39;Allemagne et à l&amp;#39;Espagne de développer un avion de combat de nouvelle génération destiné à remplacer le Rafale et l&amp;#39;Eurofighter à partir des années 2040.</p>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.bfmtv.com/economie/entreprises/defense/nouveau-coup-de-tonnerre-pour-la-defense-franco-allemande-le-chef-d-etat-major-des-armees-annonce-que-les-allemands-ont-decide-de-quitter-le-projet-de-char-du-futur_AN-202610080740.html</link>
      <guid>https://www.bfmtv.com/economie/entreprises/defense/nouveau-coup-de-tonnerre-pour-la-defense-franco-allemande-le-chef-d-etat-major-des-armees-annonce-que-les-allemands-ont-decide-de-quitter-le-projet-de-char-du-futur_AN-202610080740.html</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 08 Oct 2026 19:15:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[An adult woman whose bodily growth stopped at age 8 (due to the side effect of cancer therapy)]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/interestingasfuck/comments/1x0wo42/an_adult_woman_whose_bodily_growth_stopped_at_age/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/dGx4eHplbzgwYXVoMe3j89beQsi5Ow6xu8I9OPwkUTXKbe_yKpiC4cK-HP0Z.png?width=320&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=930931acb7248e2566fa23a6be2fa94ef1319e5d" alt="An adult woman whose bodily growth stopped at age 8 (due to the side effect of cancer therapy)" title="An adult woman whose bodily growth stopped at age 8 (due to the side effect of cancer therapy)"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Parking-Ad6983"> /u/Parking-Ad6983 </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/interestingasfuck/"> r/interestingasfuck </a> <br> <span><a href="https://v.redd.it/nc2zt1n80auh1">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/interestingasfuck/comments/1x0wo42/an_adult_woman_whose_bodily_growth_stopped_at_age/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><p>You've been blocked by network security.</p><div class="text-16 text-neutral-content-weak"><div class="pt-md">To continue, log in to your Reddit account or use your developer token<p>If you think you've been blocked by mistake, file a ticket below and we'll look into it.</p><p><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-primary" href="https://www.reddit.com/login/">Log in </a><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-secondary" href="https://support.reddithelp.com/hc/en-us/requests/new?ticket_form_id=21879292693140">File a ticket</a></p></div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://v.redd.it/nc2zt1n80auh1</link>
      <guid>https://v.redd.it/nc2zt1n80auh1</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 08 Oct 2026 19:12:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Bismillah c'est les ténèbres cette bannière]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>Wesh wesh les individus</p> </div><!-- SC_ON -->   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/France-soir"> /u/France-soir </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/"> r/france </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x0wefv/bismillah_cest_les_t%C3%A9n%C3%A8bres_cette_banni%C3%A8re/">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x0wefv/bismillah_cest_les_t%C3%A9n%C3%A8bres_cette_banni%C3%A8re/">[comments]</a></span><br/><hr/><br/><p>You've been blocked by network security.</p><div class="text-16 text-neutral-content-weak"><div class="pt-md">To continue, log in to your Reddit account or use your developer token<p>If you think you've been blocked by mistake, file a ticket below and we'll look into it.</p><p><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-primary" href="https://www.reddit.com/login/">Log in </a><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-secondary" href="https://support.reddithelp.com/hc/en-us/requests/new?ticket_form_id=21879292693140">File a ticket</a></p></div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x0wefv/bismillah_cest_les_t%C3%A9n%C3%A8bres_cette_banni%C3%A8re/</link>
      <guid>https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x0wefv/bismillah_cest_les_t%C3%A9n%C3%A8bres_cette_banni%C3%A8re/</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 08 Oct 2026 19:02:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Sometimes love can be found right under your comment section!]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/MadeMeSmile/comments/1x0vmm6/sometimes_love_can_be_found_right_under_your/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/2pry5lvet9uh1.png?width=140&amp;height=140&amp;crop=1:1,smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=d3fca4e3b29234c8d8717111c2579f2845e685f9" alt="Sometimes love can be found right under your comment section!" title="Sometimes love can be found right under your comment section!"> </a> </td><td> <!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>most wholesome thing I saw all week</p> </div><!-- SC_ON -->   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/HarshitaS"> /u/HarshitaS </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/MadeMeSmile/"> r/MadeMeSmile </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/gallery/1x0vmm6">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/MadeMeSmile/comments/1x0vmm6/sometimes_love_can_be_found_right_under_your/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><p>You've been blocked by network security.</p><div class="text-16 text-neutral-content-weak"><div class="pt-md">To continue, log in to your Reddit account or use your developer token<p>If you think you've been blocked by mistake, file a ticket below and we'll look into it.</p><p><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-primary" href="https://www.reddit.com/login/">Log in </a><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-secondary" href="https://support.reddithelp.com/hc/en-us/requests/new?ticket_form_id=21879292693140">File a ticket</a></p></div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.reddit.com/gallery/1x0vmm6</link>
      <guid>https://www.reddit.com/gallery/1x0vmm6</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 08 Oct 2026 18:33:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[[08/10/2026] - Violences policières sur des manifestants bloqués place de la Nation, à Paris]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x0ulrn/08102026_violences_polici%C3%A8res_sur_des/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/a29oMDFtaGVtOXVoMbBMu3vc4jEmRWO4PXQt6k-CDIPzoQbU4f9coclxRKtf.png?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=aa123a3d4123961ddfc3337d919c9b774e662007" alt="[08/10/2026] - Violences policières sur des manifestants bloqués place de la Nation, à Paris" title="[08/10/2026] - Violences policières sur des manifestants bloqués place de la Nation, à Paris"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Niafron"> /u/Niafron </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/"> r/france </a> <br> <span><a href="https://v.redd.it/evvd19hem9uh1">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x0ulrn/08102026_violences_polici%C3%A8res_sur_des/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><p>You've been blocked by network security.</p><div class="text-16 text-neutral-content-weak"><div class="pt-md">To continue, log in to your Reddit account or use your developer token<p>If you think you've been blocked by mistake, file a ticket below and we'll look into it.</p><p><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-primary" href="https://www.reddit.com/login/">Log in </a><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-secondary" href="https://support.reddithelp.com/hc/en-us/requests/new?ticket_form_id=21879292693140">File a ticket</a></p></div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://v.redd.it/evvd19hem9uh1</link>
      <guid>https://v.redd.it/evvd19hem9uh1</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 08 Oct 2026 17:54:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[[Sad Specific IRL Trope] A character made by someone ends up being used by the worst people ever as a meme, thus making you feel bad for the original creator]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/TopCharacterTropes/comments/1x0rj9b/sad_specific_irl_trope_a_character_made_by/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/c7t8pddzw8uh1.jpg?width=140&amp;height=140&amp;crop=1:1,smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=b942145f4c94bcc05b583a01f163c1f90e2c9a4f" alt="[Sad Specific IRL Trope] A character made by someone ends up being used by the worst people ever as a meme, thus making you feel bad for the original creator" title="[Sad Specific IRL Trope] A character made by someone ends up being used by the worst people ever as a meme, thus making you feel bad for the original creator"> </a> </td><td> <!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p><strong>Chill Guy (My New Character) - Phillip Banks</strong></p> <p>Chill Guy was used as a meme coin in 2024, resulting in Banks having to copyright the character, but this resulting in him getting doxxed by Crypto-Bros</p> <p><strong>Silly Cat (Later known as Boykisser) - Mauzymice</strong></p> <p>Silly Cat was only used for silly gifs, but later on someone else made a caption that would later be known as the Boykisser, what made it worse is that the boykisser gif was later used for predatory purposes. Resulting in Mauzymice to get harrassed off the internet. (wait what do you mean it got worse recently?)</p> </div><!-- SC_ON -->   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/OswaldFan001"> /u/OswaldFan001 </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/TopCharacterTropes/"> r/TopCharacterTropes </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/gallery/1x0rj9b">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/TopCharacterTropes/comments/1x0rj9b/sad_specific_irl_trope_a_character_made_by/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><p>You've been blocked by network security.</p><div class="text-16 text-neutral-content-weak"><div class="pt-md">To continue, log in to your Reddit account or use your developer token<p>If you think you've been blocked by mistake, file a ticket below and we'll look into it.</p><p><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-primary" href="https://www.reddit.com/login/">Log in </a><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-secondary" href="https://support.reddithelp.com/hc/en-us/requests/new?ticket_form_id=21879292693140">File a ticket</a></p></div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.reddit.com/gallery/1x0rj9b</link>
      <guid>https://www.reddit.com/gallery/1x0rj9b</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 08 Oct 2026 15:54:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[TRANSPARENCE. Dans quelles conditions le journal de 13 heures de France 2 a-t-il diffusé une image de pancarte insultante à l'égard du président de la République et de son épouse ?]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x0r241/transparence_dans_quelles_conditions_le_journal/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/f6kEqZWGwc9K0Vfux-ee7iGJR2qUJKWNartklBjHNHg.png?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=327fec1cf449bca20b8b24358b361426ba7c8d37" alt="TRANSPARENCE. Dans quelles conditions le journal de 13 heures de France 2 a-t-il diffusé une image de pancarte insultante à l'égard du président de la République et de son épouse ?" title="TRANSPARENCE. Dans quelles conditions le journal de 13 heures de France 2 a-t-il diffusé une image de pancarte insultante à l'égard du président de la République et de son épouse ?"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/SweeneyisMad"> /u/SweeneyisMad </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/"> r/france </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.franceinfo.fr/une-information-transparente-franceinfo/transparence-dans-quelles-conditions-le-journal-de-13-heures-de-france-2-a-t-il-diffuse-une-image-de-pancarte-insultante-a-l-egard-du-president-de-la-republique-et-de-son-epouse_8227024.html">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x0r241/transparence_dans_quelles_conditions_le_journal/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><section class="fi-layout-section"><div class="fi-article-bloc"><p class="c-chapo">
  Il s'agit d'une image fugace derrière le présentateur du "13 Heures", Julian Bugier. Elle dure à peine une seconde. Un média numérique, contempteur régulier de France Télévisions, a jugé bon de la diffuser sous forme d'image arrêtée. Le médiateur revient sur cette erreur opportunément exploitée.
</p></div><div class="fi-article-bloc"><div class="c-cover"><figure role="group"><picture class="picture-wrapper"><img srcset="https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/7e123C-7tAPMoB9UsOeA942kgIo/3x0:2546x1430/432x243/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/08/6ac766e382b2c826072849.png 432w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/8FcA_MgUTb8LRgiUNgiQz8WS-os/3x0:2546x1430/720x405/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/08/6ac766e382b2c826072849.png 720w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/czidKjhmjRn3P0ZC7NlSWcT3c3c/3x0:2546x1430/1024x576/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/08/6ac766e382b2c826072849.png 1024w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/fZ83mk2wksCIBf7_y7auUHKi1a8/3x0:2546x1430/1328x747/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/08/6ac766e382b2c826072849.png 1328w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/47H3dn5Dhsggtr56ye_aSAXHeW8/3x0:2546x1430/2656x1494/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/08/6ac766e382b2c826072849.png 2656w" sizes="(min-width: 1440px) 885px, (min-width: 1200px) 50vw, 90vw" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="image" /><source srcset="https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/_7DDpLkhvGh9vYfBjEDIkJl7W4Y/3x0:2546x1430/432x243/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/08/6ac766e382b2c826072849.png 432w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/UI4317DWOCu6cEnAX7Y3VO-VkAo/3x0:2546x1430/720x405/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/08/6ac766e382b2c826072849.png 720w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/Jajh1eBYDVYMMb-7n0mP6tn4iD4/3x0:2546x1430/1024x576/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/08/6ac766e382b2c826072849.png 1024w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/m2aQMrR2Tzf661f1e8or_7_PHU8/3x0:2546x1430/1328x747/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/08/6ac766e382b2c826072849.png 1328w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/9zb6GKoiGkf1ztLiMEYwx3FI-9E/3x0:2546x1430/2656x1494/filters:format(webp)/2026/10/08/6ac766e382b2c826072849.png 2656w" sizes="(min-width: 1440px) 885px, (min-width: 1200px) 50vw, 90vw" /></picture><figcaption>Image du "13 Heures" du 6 octobre 2026 (France Télévisions)</figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="c-body"><p>Il s'agit d'une séquence vidéo diffusée dans les écrans du plateau du "13 Heures" de France 2du 6 octobre, derrière le présentateur Julian Bugier :</p><p>Le média <em>Destination télé </em>l'a relayée 6 minutes plus tard sur son compte X en arrêtant l'image et en désignant la pancarte par une flèche rouge :</p><figure role="group" class="fig-cms-media-image"><div class="disclaimer-wrapper"><div class="disclaimer"><p>Contenu sensible</p></div><picture class="picture-wrapper"><img sizes="" srcset="https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/XTPhbPTSs6XxC-0WgTEh_rYg77o/0x121:589x453/fit-in/750x/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/07/6ac66b0eeabb0138427408.png 750w, https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/BLJGGDLwjJJAUlY8akLHTf_v5-E/0x121:589x453/fit-in/1400x/filters:format(avif):quality(50)/2026/10/07/6ac66b0eeabb0138427408.png 1400w" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="image" /><img src="https://www.franceinfo.fr/pictures/3lpc7F03rsbYCYuOQkMhfoiV4Q8/0x121:589x453/fit-in/750x/filters:format(jpg)/2026/10/07/6ac66b0eeabb0138427408.png" class="cms-media-image" alt="Capture d'écran d'un message de Destination Télé sur X (France Télévisions)" width="750" height="422.75042444822" data-sizes="auto" /></picture></div>
    </figure></div>
      <figcaption>Capture d'écran d'un message de Destination Télé sur X (France Télévisions)</figcaption><p>Le procédé, certes courant, altère la perception et rend cette image bien plus visible qu'elle ne l'a été en vidéo. Très vite, les protestations sont apparues sur les réseaux sociaux, formulées par des internautes accusant le "13 Heures" de parti pris <em>"anti-Macron".</em> La médiation de France Télévisions a reçu quant à elle quelques courriels, comme celui-ci :</p><blockquote class="ftvi_content_quote"><p class="ftvi_citation_quote">"Bonjour, les infos du 13 H présentées par Julien Bugier avaient en fond d'écran la photo en attaché. c'est choquant de manquer de respect au Président de la Republique de cette façon ; vous êtes capables de flouter un logo reconnaissable entre 1000 malgré cette action? Vos choix sont plus que contestables"</p><div><p class="ftvi_citation_source">Courriel au médiateur de France Télévisions</p></div></blockquote><p>Cette téléspectatrice fait allusion au fait que des logos de marques, par exemple, sont floutés pour des raisons juridiques dans de nombreux JT alors que chacun les connaît. Elle compare cette pratique précautionneuse au choix d'image fait par le "13 heures". Après échange avec l'équipe de la médiation, elle a joint à son courriel la photo publiée sur les réseaux sociaux. Elle semble persuadée qu'il s'agissait d'une image arrêtée et non d'une vidéo de cette pancarte parmi d'autres. C'est le cas de nombreux interlocuteurs, qui ont vu l'image arrêtée sur les réseaux sociaux et non la vidéo diffusée à l'antenne.</p><p>Il n'en reste pas moins que cette image, même moins caricaturale que la présentation qui en a été faite, n'aurait pas dû se retrouver à l'écran. L'équipe du "13 Heures" plaide la bonne foi : <em>"Il n’y a évidemment aucune volonté de mettre en avant un slogan plutôt qu’un autre".</em></p><p><em>"Nous ne sommes pas responsables de ce qui y est écrit sur des pancartes de manifestants"</em>, explique Julien Duperray, directeur de la rédaction nationale de France Télévisions, "<em>et au milieu d’une foule il y a des dizaines et parfois des centaines de pancartes</em>". Il reconnaît toutefois :</p><blockquote class="ftvi_content_quote"><p class="ftvi_citation_quote">"Notre travail est de maîtriser ce que nous diffusons sur nos antennes. En particulier lorsque certains mots peuvent être insultants. Ce rappel a été a fait par la direction à toutes les équipes de la rédaction."</p><div><p class="ftvi_citation_source">Directeur de la rédaction nationale de France Télévisions</p></div></blockquote><p>Des insultes sur les pancartes et dans la bouche des participants, il y a en beaucoup, depuis toujours, dans de nombreuses manifestations. Les journalistes ne doivent ni les censurer, ni les véhiculer complaisamment lorsqu'elles diffament ou portent atteinte à la dignité, ce qui est le cas de cette pancarte aperçue à de nombreuses reprises dans les cortèges.</p><p>Ce principe est valable pour tout type de diffusion, mais il est renforcé lorsque le traitement de l'image modifie son "statut". Le fait que cette image, même si elle est fugace en vidéo, soit utilisée dans l'écran derrière le présentateur renforce son impact. C'est ce que j'appelle le "statut" de l'image. Cette pratique aurait dû être maîtrisée, comme elle l'est une bonne dizaine de fois par JT, tout au long de l'année. Cette fois-ci elle ne l'a pas été.</p><div class="preferred-source"><p class="preferred-source__text">
    Vous pouvez désormais <strong class="preferred-source__strong">privilégier l'affichage des articles de franceinfo</strong> dans les résultats de recherche Google. <a class="preferred-source__content-link" href="https://www.franceinfo.fr/une-information-transparente-franceinfo/transparence-qu-est-ce-que-la-nouvelle-fonctionnalite-source-preferee-visible-sur-les-contenus-de-franceinfo-fr_8044718.html">Comment ça marche ?</a>
  </p></div></section><section class="fi-layout-section"><section data-cy="generic-vertical-rebound" class="generic-vertical-rebound  generic-vertical-rebound--reduced"><p>Sur le même thème</p><ul class="generic-vertical-rebound__items"><li class="generic-vertical-rebound__item">
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    vidéo</div>
  <div class="card-article-list-s__text-wrapper"><p class="card-article-list-s__title js--bind-title">"Je n'ai plus aucune confiance en Monsieur Nuñez" : après les mobilisations lycéennes, Danielle Simonnet pointe du doigt la "stratégie" du gouvernement et son "coût terrible pour les jeunes"</p></div>
  </a></article></li>
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        </ul></section></section><section class="fi-layout-section"></section><section class="fi-layout-section"></section>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.franceinfo.fr/une-information-transparente-franceinfo/transparence-dans-quelles-conditions-le-journal-de-13-heures-de-france-2-a-t-il-diffuse-une-image-de-pancarte-insultante-a-l-egard-du-president-de-la-republique-et-de-son-epouse_8227024.html</link>
      <guid>https://www.franceinfo.fr/une-information-transparente-franceinfo/transparence-dans-quelles-conditions-le-journal-de-13-heures-de-france-2-a-t-il-diffuse-une-image-de-pancarte-insultante-a-l-egard-du-president-de-la-republique-et-de-son-epouse_8227024.html</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 08 Oct 2026 15:33:00 +0200</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title><![CDATA[Besançon. Des policiers entrent sans autorisation à la fac, son président indigné]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x0qqty/besan%C3%A7on_des_policiers_entrent_sans_autorisation/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/m1tEtZ-9fP2s0A76vuyXWCMsIm8Tkg85tNZP5_DhHQY.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=76665ab6b55da628a0e2d8225c7a1b88deb725fd" alt="Besançon. Des policiers entrent sans autorisation à la fac, son président indigné" title="Besançon. Des policiers entrent sans autorisation à la fac, son président indigné"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Folivao"> /u/Folivao </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/"> r/france </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.estrepublicain.fr/education/2026/10/02/des-policiers-entrent-sans-autorisation-a-la-fac-son-president-indigne">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x0qqty/besan%C3%A7on_des_policiers_entrent_sans_autorisation/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div class="GXCO_content modal GXCO_Identification modalContent normal-connect-container"><p class="title">Connectez-vous ou créez un compte</p><p>Pour pouvoir enregistrer un article, un compte est nécessaire.</p><a href="https://www.estrepublicain.fr/e-services/login?_cm_url=https%3a%2f%2fwww.estrepublicain.fr%2feducation%2f2026%2f10%2f02%2fdes-policiers-entrent-sans-autorisation-a-la-fac-son-president-indigne" class="bt_default">Se connecter ou créer un compte</a></div><div id="ad_portal" class="main layout_detail education"><section class="section S_top noPrint"><section class="section S_main"><div class="constrain"><ul class="GFWK_breadcrumb noPrint"><li class="accueil"><a href="https://www.estrepublicain.fr/" class="UA-trackEvent" data-uaval1="Navigation" data-uaval2="clic-fil-ariane" data-uaval3="clic-lien-accueil" title="accueil L'Est Républicain">Accueil</a></li>
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<li class="last">Des policiers entrent sans autorisation à la fac, son président indigné</li>
</ul></div><div class="constrain"><article class="richcontent viewPartial detail2"><div class="col_main"><div class="topContent"><div class="non-paywall"><p>Alors que se tenaient des mouvements près de l’université de lettres de Besançon, ce vendredi en début d’après-midi, des policiers ont pénétré l’enceinte sans aucune autorisation, en dépit de la franchise universitaire. Le président de l’université dénonce cette violation d’un fondamental.</p></div><p>Benoît Caurette - 02 oct. 2026 à 19:38 | mis à jour le 03 oct. 2026 à 10:03 - Temps de lecture :</p><p><a href="https://www.ebra.fr/dp/ler?deeplink=eipresseler%3A%2F%2Fcontent%2Fdetail%3FcmsUrl%3D%2feducation%2f2026%2f10%2f02%2fdes-policiers-entrent-sans-autorisation-a-la-fac-son-president-indigne%26utm_campaign%3dDes+policiers+entrent+sans+autorisation%c2%a0%c3%a0+la+fac%2c+son+pr%c3%a9sident+indign%c3%a9%26utm_content%3dD%c3%a9tail%26utm_medium%3dDeep+Link%26utm_source%3dLER" class="noDesktop bt-linkApp" data-event-observe-click="click.exit" data-event_data-observe-click="{ &quot;click&quot;: &quot;Deep link&quot;, &quot;click_placement&quot;: &quot;Détail de contenu&quot;, &quot;click_purpose&quot;: &quot;Promotion application&quot;, &quot;click_item_detail&quot;: &quot;Des policiers entrent sans autorisation&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;agrave; la fac, son pr&amp;amp;eacute;sident indign&amp;amp;eacute;&quot;, &quot;click_item_type&quot;: &quot;Bouton&quot;, &quot;click_text&quot;: &quot;Lire dans l'application&quot;, &quot;click_url&quot;: &quot;https://www.ebra.fr/dp/ler?deeplink=eipresseler%3A%2F%2Fcontent%2Fdetail%3FcmsUrl%3D%2feducation%2f2026%2f10%2f02%2fdes-policiers-entrent-sans-autorisation-a-la-fac-son-president-indigne%26utm_campaign%3dDes+policiers+entrent+sans+autorisation%c2%a0%c3%a0+la+fac%2c+son+pr%c3%a9sident+indign%c3%a9%26utm_content%3dD%c3%a9tail%26utm_medium%3dDeep+Link%26utm_source%3dLER&quot; }">Lire dans l'application</a> <a href="https://www.google.com/preferences/source?q=estrepublicain.fr" class="bt-googleAction" data-event-observe-click="click.action" data-event_data-observe-click="{ &quot;click&quot;: &quot;Favoris Google&quot;, &quot;click_text&quot;: &quot;Ajoutez-nous à vos favoris&quot;, &quot;click_url&quot;: &quot;https://www.google.com/preferences/source?q=estrepublicain.fr&quot;, &quot;click_purpose&quot;: &quot;Audience&quot;}" target="_blank">Ajoutez-nous à vos favoris</a></p><div class="non-paywall1 illustration"><figure class="mainImage"><a href="https://cdn-s-www.estrepublicain.fr/images/ca6d4f4f-7ca7-4ac7-8367-b67ef8cdd164/NW_raw/les-policiers-rue-megevand-a-besancon-peu-avant-de-repousser-les-manifestants-ce-vendredi-apres-midi-seul-un-petit-detachement-s-est-introduit-dans-l-etablissement-photo-arnaud-castagne-1790963863.jpg" title="Les policiers, rue Mégevand à Besançon, peu avant de repousser les manifestants ce vendredi après-midi. Seul un petit détachement s’est introduit dans l’établissement.  Photo Arnaud Castagné" class="chocolat-image GA-tracking" data-ga_type="click" data-ga_category="Détail" data-ga_action="zoomer" data-ga_label="aggrandir image"><img src="https://cdn-s-www.estrepublicain.fr/images/ca6d4f4f-7ca7-4ac7-8367-b67ef8cdd164/NW_detail/les-policiers-rue-megevand-a-besancon-peu-avant-de-repousser-les-manifestants-ce-vendredi-apres-midi-seul-un-petit-detachement-s-est-introduit-dans-l-etablissement-photo-arnaud-castagne-1790963863.jpg" srcset="https://cdn-s-www.estrepublicain.fr/images/ca6d4f4f-7ca7-4ac7-8367-b67ef8cdd164/NW_detail/les-policiers-rue-megevand-a-besancon-peu-avant-de-repousser-les-manifestants-ce-vendredi-apres-midi-seul-un-petit-detachement-s-est-introduit-dans-l-etablissement-photo-arnaud-castagne-1790963863.jpg 1000w, https://cdn-s-www.estrepublicain.fr/images/ca6d4f4f-7ca7-4ac7-8367-b67ef8cdd164/NW_detail_M/title-1790963863.jpg 500w" sizes="100vw" alt="Les policiers, rue Mégevand à Besançon, peu avant de repousser les manifestants ce vendredi après-midi. Seul un petit détachement s’est introduit dans l’établissement.  Photo Arnaud Castagné" data-mobile="NW_detail_M|1790963863" data-base="NW_detail|1790963863" /></a>
<figcaption class="caption">Les policiers, rue Mégevand à Besançon, peu avant de repousser les manifestants ce vendredi après-midi. Seul un petit détachement s’est introduit dans l’établissement.  Photo Arnaud Castagné</figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="content sec-detail content_element"><div class="preview non-paywall2"><div class="previewContent"><p>Comme jadis on ne guerroyait pas dans les églises, point de forces de l’ordre dans les amphis. C’est la fameuse franchise universitaire, édictée depuis le Moyen Âge, et inscrite à l’article L712-2 du code de l‘éducation.</p><p>Vendredi 2 octobre à Besançon, en début d’après-midi et alors que plusieurs centaines de <a href="https://www.estrepublicain.fr/social/2026/10/02/des-etablissements-bloques-par-les-eleves-ce-matin-la-colere-reprend-suivez-la-mobilisation" target="_blank">manifestants</a> agitaient les abords de l’université de lettres, rue Mégevand, quelques policiers se sont pourtant introduits dans l’enceinte de la fac. « Sans aucune autorisation du président, alors qu’ils s’en sont prévalus auprès du concierge », s’indigne Philippe Tempesta, directeur de cabinet du...</p></div></div><div id="paywall-dynamic"><div class="paywall-content"><p class="subtitle">et accédez à l'intégralité de nos articles sur le site et l'application mobile</p><p class="price-detail">à partir de 1 € le 1er mois, sans engagement de durée</p><p class="listSKU c5">{'skus': ['lerswgpremium16']}</p></div><p><a href="https://www.estrepublicain.fr/e-services/Login">Déjà abonné ? Je me connecte</a></p></div><noscript>
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</noscript></div><div class="zoneAside"><div class="zoneFixe mostviewmod"><div class="list list_3c"><article class="article"><p>1 <a href="https://www.estrepublicain.fr/social/2026/10/07/cours-suspendus-manifestations-revendications-suivez-la-mobilisation-en-lorraine-ce-mercredi" class="article_content">
</a></p><h3 class="titleArticle">Mobilisation lycéenne.Trois mineurs arrêtés à Metz, des commerçants barricadés à Nancy... Revivez la ...</h3>
</article><article class="article"><p>2 <a href="https://www.estrepublicain.fr/social/2026/10/08/contestation-des-lyceens-blocage-suivez-la-journee-de-mobilisation-en-lorraine" class="article_content">
</a></p><h3 class="titleArticle">Mobilisation lycéenne.L'entrée d'un lycée et une voiture incendiées à Nancy, 400 personnes ont défilé à ...</h3>
</article><article class="article"><p>3 <a href="https://www.estrepublicain.fr/faits-divers-justice/2026/10/07/interpellation-d-un-lyceen-dans-la-savoureuse-l-igpn-saisie" class="article_content">
</a></p><h3 class="titleArticle">Belfort.Interpellation d'un lycéen dans une rivière : une enquête ouverte pour tentative ...</h3>
</article></div></div></div></div></article></div></section><section class="section S_bottom noPrint"></section></section></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.estrepublicain.fr/education/2026/10/02/des-policiers-entrent-sans-autorisation-a-la-fac-son-president-indigne</link>
      <guid>https://www.estrepublicain.fr/education/2026/10/02/des-policiers-entrent-sans-autorisation-a-la-fac-son-president-indigne</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 08 Oct 2026 15:20:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Margareth Hamilton nous a quitté ... Elle pose ici avec le code de la mission apollo de 1969]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x0q5v0/margareth_hamilton_nous_a_quitt%C3%A9_elle_pose_ici/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/a8y5u6pcq8uh1.jpeg?width=216&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=5c94ee5ee2c820fca777c2c2b47aef7c881afb7f" alt="Margareth Hamilton nous a quitté ... Elle pose ici avec le code de la mission apollo de 1969" title="Margareth Hamilton nous a quitté ... Elle pose ici avec le code de la mission apollo de 1969"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/gazoogazoo"> /u/gazoogazoo </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/"> r/france </a> <br> <span><a href="https://i.redd.it/a8y5u6pcq8uh1.jpeg">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x0q5v0/margareth_hamilton_nous_a_quitt%C3%A9_elle_pose_ici/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><p><img src="https://i.redd.it/a8y5u6pcq8uh1.jpeg"></p></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://i.redd.it/a8y5u6pcq8uh1.jpeg</link>
      <guid>https://i.redd.it/a8y5u6pcq8uh1.jpeg</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 08 Oct 2026 14:54:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Comment s’appelle ce type de câble et à quoi il sert ?]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/AskFrance/comments/1x0q2fx/comment_sappelle_ce_type_de_c%C3%A2ble_et_%C3%A0_quoi_il/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/7xmtdcikp8uh1.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=cfcebd98de537a8b401a51f5322660e6cf2dfb04" alt="Comment s’appelle ce type de câble et à quoi il sert ?" title="Comment s’appelle ce type de câble et à quoi il sert ?"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Independent-Equal-87"> /u/Independent-Equal-87 </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/AskFrance/"> r/AskFrance </a> <br> <span><a href="https://i.redd.it/7xmtdcikp8uh1.jpeg">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/AskFrance/comments/1x0q2fx/comment_sappelle_ce_type_de_c%C3%A2ble_et_%C3%A0_quoi_il/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><p><img src="https://i.redd.it/7xmtdcikp8uh1.jpeg"></p></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://i.redd.it/7xmtdcikp8uh1.jpeg</link>
      <guid>https://i.redd.it/7xmtdcikp8uh1.jpeg</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 08 Oct 2026 14:49:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA["Ils ont foncé là où il y avait des enfants" : Enquête de l'IGPN sur une voiture bélier de la police]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x0p7xg/ils_ont_fonc%C3%A9_l%C3%A0_o%C3%B9_il_y_avait_des_enfants/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/rM2gUy9qjcwsEqWvvDGQk54A4HVwpXSUijW1rMcaAPg.jpeg?width=320&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=6592b451fa29f5ac6cf7780351946d46cfdbe35f" alt="&quot;Ils ont foncé là où il y avait des enfants&quot; : Enquête de l'IGPN sur une voiture bélier de la police" title="&quot;Ils ont foncé là où il y avait des enfants&quot; : Enquête de l'IGPN sur une voiture bélier de la police"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Negative-Bank-8702"> /u/Negative-Bank-8702 </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/"> r/france </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eHKh1oDbl4A">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x0p7xg/ils_ont_fonc%C3%A9_l%C3%A0_o%C3%B9_il_y_avait_des_enfants/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><h2>"Ils ont foncé là où il y avait des enfants" : Enquête de l'IGPN sur une voiture bélier de la police</h2><p><img src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/eHKh1oDbl4A/hqdefault.jpg"></p><iframe width="200" height="113" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/eHKh1oDbl4A?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen title="&quot;Ils ont foncé là où il y avait des enfants&quot; : Enquête de l&#39;IGPN sur une voiture bélier de la police"></iframe></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eHKh1oDbl4A</link>
      <guid>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eHKh1oDbl4A</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 08 Oct 2026 14:08:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Ça va trop loin.]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/rance/comments/1x0ohy6/%C3%A7a_va_trop_loin/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/khqmelwgb8uh1.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=2358b07c63fc481c74f0e455208dfd5e2a91a587" alt="Ça va trop loin." title="Ça va trop loin."> </a> </td><td> <!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>bismillah, c'est les ténèbres askip</p> </div><!-- SC_ON -->   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/cypher-dex"> /u/cypher-dex </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/rance/"> r/rance </a> <br> <span><a href="https://i.redd.it/khqmelwgb8uh1.jpeg">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/rance/comments/1x0ohy6/%C3%A7a_va_trop_loin/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><p><img src="https://i.redd.it/khqmelwgb8uh1.jpeg"></p></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://i.redd.it/khqmelwgb8uh1.jpeg</link>
      <guid>https://i.redd.it/khqmelwgb8uh1.jpeg</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 08 Oct 2026 13:30:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Blocus des lycéens : «Je ne pense pas que le rôle d’un politique soit d’aller manifester», déclare Raphaël Glucksmann]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/FranceDigeste/comments/1x0n3i1/blocus_des_lyc%C3%A9ens_je_ne_pense_pas_que_le_r%C3%B4le/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/uxoph--sc5wgqB6l3c8v9MsDZ_YrxAf2XlGrxndFHj8.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=c802208a312140791701a20f47831c521fc79f41" alt="Blocus des lycéens : «Je ne pense pas que le rôle d’un politique soit d’aller manifester», déclare Raphaël Glucksmann" title="Blocus des lycéens : «Je ne pense pas que le rôle d’un politique soit d’aller manifester», déclare Raphaël Glucksmann"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/AdrienBalG"> /u/AdrienBalG </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/FranceDigeste/"> r/FranceDigeste </a> <br> <span><a href="https://video.lefigaro.fr/figaro/blocus-des-lyceens-je-ne-pense-pas-que-le-role-d-un-politique-soit-d-aller-manifester-declare-raphael-glucksmann-20261008">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/FranceDigeste/comments/1x0n3i1/blocus_des_lyc%C3%A9ens_je_ne_pense_pas_que_le_r%C3%B4le/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><p class="fig-standfirst">. «Je ne pense pas que le rôle d’un politique soit d’aller manifester. (…) Ce qui compte, c’est qu’on apporte une réponse», a déclaré Raphaël Glucksmann, sur le plateau de France 2, ce jeudi 8 octobre.</p><p><time datetime="2026-10-08T10:13:21+02:00">Publié le 08/10/2026 à 10h13</time></p>]]></description>
      <link>https://video.lefigaro.fr/figaro/blocus-des-lyceens-je-ne-pense-pas-que-le-role-d-un-politique-soit-d-aller-manifester-declare-raphael-glucksmann-20261008</link>
      <guid>https://video.lefigaro.fr/figaro/blocus-des-lyceens-je-ne-pense-pas-que-le-role-d-un-politique-soit-d-aller-manifester-declare-raphael-glucksmann-20261008</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 08 Oct 2026 12:08:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Vingt-trois grands économistes pressent les élus d’agir enfin pour stopper le décrochage français]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x0myvk/vingttrois_grands_%C3%A9conomistes_pressent_les_%C3%A9lus/"> <img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/yidqXPdVwRSfDGsM3cdYN1KMVyFtJ2D8LsTD5pNeEp4.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=05d94c36028e9c182f5535eef7376b41051d3fee" alt="Vingt-trois grands économistes pressent les élus d’agir enfin pour stopper le décrochage français" title="Vingt-trois grands économistes pressent les élus d’agir enfin pour stopper le décrochage français"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/BochocK"> /u/BochocK </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/"> r/france </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2026/10/08/vingt-trois-grands-economistes-pressent-les-elus-d-agir-enfin-pour-stopper-le-decrochage-francais_6790181_823448.html">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/france/comments/1x0myvk/vingttrois_grands_%C3%A9conomistes_pressent_les_%C3%A9lus/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><img class="logo" src="https://www.lemonde.fr/bucket/resources/front/static/img/logos/pwa-256.png" alt="Le Monde" /><p>Si vous êtes partenaire autorisé, abonné au Monde, ou si vous souhaitez obtenir une autorisation d’accès à ce contenu, merci de contacter : licensing[@]groupelemonde.fr en joignant une copie de cette page d’erreur, incluant votre adresse IP et votre identifiant de requête (RID).</p><p>English version</p><p>Your traffic has been identified as automated (bot activity).</p><p>If you are an authorized partner, a Le Monde subscriber, or if you would like to request permission to access this content, please contact: licensing[@]groupelemonde.fr and include a copy of this error page showing your IP address and request ID (RID).</p><p class="ip">IP: 185.189.159.122<br />RID: 5f120f3b73fb408eb4c2000000000001</p>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2026/10/08/vingt-trois-grands-economistes-pressent-les-elus-d-agir-enfin-pour-stopper-le-decrochage-francais_6790181_823448.html</link>
      <guid>https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2026/10/08/vingt-trois-grands-economistes-pressent-les-elus-d-agir-enfin-pour-stopper-le-decrochage-francais_6790181_823448.html</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 08 Oct 2026 12:01:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Allez-y, trouvez la légende pour ce meme]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/memeElitiste/comments/1x0mx5t/allezy_trouvez_la_l%C3%A9gende_pour_ce_meme/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/9okbgjo0v7uh1.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=fa1b029c2af3c6bd1f035319d5afab83ca2bb598" alt="Allez-y, trouvez la légende pour ce meme" title="Allez-y, trouvez la légende pour ce meme"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/MariaKalash"> /u/MariaKalash </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/memeElitiste/"> r/memeElitiste </a> <br> <span><a href="https://i.redd.it/9okbgjo0v7uh1.jpeg">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/memeElitiste/comments/1x0mx5t/allezy_trouvez_la_l%C3%A9gende_pour_ce_meme/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><p><img src="https://i.redd.it/9okbgjo0v7uh1.jpeg"></p></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://i.redd.it/9okbgjo0v7uh1.jpeg</link>
      <guid>https://i.redd.it/9okbgjo0v7uh1.jpeg</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 08 Oct 2026 11:58:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Je m’étend bien avec mon camarade mais ses regards sur mon corps deviennent gênants : que faire ?]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>Coucou les filles !<br> Je (F25) voulais avoir des avis extérieurs sur une situation qui commence à me peser.<br> En gros, je m’entends bien avec un camarade de classe à l’université, mais ces derniers temps, je ne me sens plus très à l’aise avec lui.<br> J’avais déjà remarqué quelques petits regards furtifs sur ma poitrine au début de notre rencontre. Il faut savoir que j’ai une poitrine généreuse, donc je suis malheureusement habituée à ce genre de regards. Les deux ou trois premières fois que j’ai remarqué ça, ça ne m’a pas plus dérangée que ça, car, encore une fois, j’y suis habituée.<br> Mais là, ça se produit à chaque fois qu’on se voit (toujours dans un cadre scolaire), et plusieurs fois, pendant plusieurs secondes ! Ça devient vraiment lourd et gênant!!!<br> Je pense que la goutte d’eau qui a fait déborder le vase, c’était lundi et hier.<br> Lundi, j’avais mis un petit chemisier avec des froufrous au niveau de la poitrine (sans décolleté). Le matin, dès que j’ai dit bonjour à mes camarades, la première chose qu’il a regardée, c’était ma poitrine.<br> Et hier, nous nous sommes retrouvés à la bibliothèque avec d’autres personnes. Je me suis assise à côté de lui et là, j’ai senti un regard assez insistant sur mes fesses (il regardait par-dessus mon épaule). Puis, lors d’une pause, une fois de plus, il a regardé mes seins de manière insistante.<br> Franchement, ça devient très lourd et gênant, au point que je commence même à réfléchir à la façon dont je vais m’habiller quand je sais qu’il sera là.<br> Ce qui me dérange, c’est qu’en dehors de ça, je m’entends bien avec lui et qu’il est très sympa et serviable ! Je pense aussi qu’il ne se rend pas vraiment compte que je remarque ses regards…</p> <p>Du coup, je ne sais pas trop comment gérer la situation.<br> Est-ce que certaines d’entre vous ont déjà vécu des expériences similaires ? Et si oui, comment avez-vous géré la situation ?<br> Ah oui, et je précise que je n’ai jamais manifesté d’intérêt particulier à son égard, en dehors d’une relation amicale et de camaraderie.</p> </div><!-- SC_ON -->   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/CornerPrestigious279"> /u/CornerPrestigious279 </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/AskMeuf/"> r/AskMeuf </a> <br> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/AskMeuf/comments/1x0mx9s/je_m%C3%A9tend_bien_avec_mon_camarade_mais_ses_regards/">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/AskMeuf/comments/1x0mx9s/je_m%C3%A9tend_bien_avec_mon_camarade_mais_ses_regards/">[comments]</a></span><br/><hr/><br/><p>You've been blocked by network security.</p><div class="text-16 text-neutral-content-weak"><div class="pt-md">To continue, log in to your Reddit account or use your developer token<p>If you think you've been blocked by mistake, file a ticket below and we'll look into it.</p><p><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-primary" href="https://www.reddit.com/login/">Log in </a><a class="items-center justify-center button button-medium inline-flex px-[var(--rem14)] button-secondary" href="https://support.reddithelp.com/hc/en-us/requests/new?ticket_form_id=21879292693140">File a ticket</a></p></div></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://www.reddit.com/r/AskMeuf/comments/1x0mx9s/je_m%C3%A9tend_bien_avec_mon_camarade_mais_ses_regards/</link>
      <guid>https://www.reddit.com/r/AskMeuf/comments/1x0mx9s/je_m%C3%A9tend_bien_avec_mon_camarade_mais_ses_regards/</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 08 Oct 2026 11:58:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Acrons explosion]]></title>
      <description><![CDATA[<table> <tr><td> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/rance/comments/1x0mpdf/acrons_explosion/"> <img src="https://preview.redd.it/xibsywjjs7uh1.jpeg?width=640&amp;crop=smart&amp;auto=webp&amp;s=6efba22af948fdf8942dd2b55d4db41cbe7e25fc" alt="Acrons explosion" title="Acrons explosion"> </a> </td><td>   submitted by   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/BillyKido"> /u/BillyKido </a>   to   <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/rance/"> r/rance </a> <br> <span><a href="https://i.redd.it/xibsywjjs7uh1.jpeg">[link]</a></span>   <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/rance/comments/1x0mpdf/acrons_explosion/">[comments]</a></span> </td></tr></table><br/><hr/><br/><div><p><img src="https://i.redd.it/xibsywjjs7uh1.jpeg"></p></div>]]></description>
      <link>https://i.redd.it/xibsywjjs7uh1.jpeg</link>
      <guid>https://i.redd.it/xibsywjjs7uh1.jpeg</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 08 Oct 2026 11:44:00 +0200</pubDate>
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